There are no published studies regarding the efficacy of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) for the prevention of osteoporotic fracture. Therefore, we conducted this nationwide, population-based cohort study to investigate the probable effect of TCM to decrease the fracture rate.
Methods
We identified cases with osteoporosis and selected a comparison group that was frequency-matched according to sex, age (per 5 years), diagnosis year of osteoporosis, and index year. The difference between the two groups in the development of fracture was estimated using the Kaplan–Meier method and the log-rank test.
Results
After inserting age, gender, urbanization level, and comorbidities into the Cox’s proportional hazard model, patients who used TCM had a lower hazard ratio (HR) of fracture (adjusted HR: 0.47, 95% CI: 0.37–0.59) compared to the non-TCM user group. The Kaplan-Meier curves showed that osteoporosis patients who used TCM had a lower incidence of fracture events than those who did not (p < 0.00001). Our study also demonstrated that the longer the TCM use, the lesser the fracture rate.
Conclusion
Our study showed that TCM might have a positive impact on the prevention of osteoporotic fracture.
Abkürzungen
HR
Hazard ratios
LHID2000
Longitudinal Health Insurance Database 2000
NHI
National Health Insurance
NHIRD
National Health Insurance Research Database
PTH
Parathyroid hormone
TCM
Traditional Chinese medicine
Background
Osteoporosis is defined as a skeletal disorder that occurs with the decrease in bone density and quality, leading to an increased risk of fracture [1]. The most frequent fracture areas are the hip, wrist, and spine. In the United States, 1.5 million osteoporotic patients over 50 years of age suffer from hip fractures each year [2] and over 3.5 million fragility fractures occur each year in Europe [3]. Osteoporotic fracture is an economic burden which cost US$17 billion annually in the United States in 2005 and €37 billion in Europe in 2010 [3, 4]. In Taiwan, the incidence of hip fracture increases 9.3% annually, with 13,892 women and 8616 men over 50 years of age suffering from hip fracture in 2010. According to the data from Health Promotion Administration, approximately 40% of women over the age of 70 need long-term bed rest and care due to hip fracture, and 10% die from hip fracture in Taiwan. In Taiwan, every case requires more than NT$100,000 during the acute phase, and more resources are needed in the long run [5]. The incidence of fractures is expected to increase over the next 30 years because of the increase in the aged population [6]. Half of all hip fractures will occur in Asia by 2050 where the amount of older people will be most markedly increased [7].
There are numerous drugs available for treating osteoporosis; however, only bisphosphonates and denosumab have been demonstrated to have antifracture efficacy. Besides, only teriparatide and intact Parathyroid hormone (PTH) are approved to stimulate bone formation; the others are antiresorptive agents. In view of this, people might wonder whether other therapies have been ignored. There are no published studies regarding the efficacy of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) for the prevention of osteoporotic fracture. Some studies revealed the effects of TCM, such as Cistanche deserticola extract, Baicalin, Semen Astragali Complanati decoction, and Rhizoma Cibotii decoction, in regard to promoting bone formation, mineralization, and decreasing bone loss [8‐10]. However, these studies used cell-lines and animal models. Therefore, large-scale, population-based analyses examining the preventative effect of TCM herbal products for osteoporotic fracture are needed.
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To investigate the probable effect of TCM to decrease the fracture rate in patients with osteoporosis, we analyzed the National Health Insurance Research Database (NHIRD) of Taiwan from 2000 to 2010. TCM has been reimbursed by the National Health Insurance (NHI) program since 1996 in Taiwan, including Chinese herbal products, acupuncture/moxibustion, and manipulative therapy [11]. At the end of 2011, more than 99% of the population were enrolled in the NHI program [12]. This study provides important information for clinicians and shows that Chinese herbal prescriptions could also be useful for further pharmacological investigation or clinical trials.
Methods
Data source
Taiwan launched the mandatory National Health Insurance (NHI) program in 1995 and has been reimbursing Western and TCM since 1996. TCM treatment includes Chinese herbal medicine, acupuncture, and moxibustion therapy in ambulatory clinics. Large computerized data (NHIRD) was used to perform our nationwide population-based cohort study. We used the LHID2000 (Longitudinal Health Insurance Database 2000) provided by the National Health Insurance Administration, which is managed by the National Health Research Institutes. The LHID2000 includes data from 1 million randomly selected patients who were NHI beneficiaries in 2000. Similar distributions of beneficiaries based on age and gender of beneficiary age and gender in the LHID2000 and the general NHI database were observed. The registration and claim dataset from the LHID2000 spans the years 2000 to 2011. Ambulatory care claims contain an individual’s gender, date of birth, visit date, and the International Classification of Disease, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD-9-CM) codes for three primary diagnoses. Inpatient claims contain ICD-9-CM codes for the principal diagnosis and up to four secondary diagnoses. A disease diagnosis without valid supporting clinical findings may be considered as medical fraud by the NHI with a penalty of 100-fold the payment claimed by the treating physician or hospital. This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of China Medical University (CMUH104-REC2–115).
Study population
Our population cohort study used newly diagnosed osteoporosis patients (aged ≥18 years) identified between 2000 and 2010 and followed up until the December 31, 2011 or the first manifestation of fracture. Subjects with osteoporosis were required to have at least two outpatient claims or at least one inpatient claim with the diagnosis of ICD—CM code 733.0 during the study period. The exclusion criteria included less than 18 years old, incomplete information of age and sex, and withdrawal from the NHIRD during the follow-up period. Patients who received TCM treatment for their osteoporosis from the initial diagnosis to December 31, 2010, were identified as the TCM user cohort. The date of the first TCM treatment after a new diagnosis of osteoporosis was used as the index date for the cohort group. No diagnosis and TCM treatment code in the database was categorized as non-TCM users. Figure 1 shows the subject recruitment flowchart of osteoporosis patients from the NHIRD in Taiwan.
Fig. 1
The recruitment flowchart of subjects from the one million samples randomly selected from the National Health Insurance Research Database (NHIRD) in Taiwan. There were a total of 54,075 osteoporosis patients registered in the NHIRD, with 37,960 patients diagnosed between 2000 and 2010. After ruling out patients with missing information and aged > 18 years, as well as matching 1:1 by sex, age, diagnosis year of osteoporosis, and index year, both groups contained 804 patients
×
Covariate assessment
Sociodemographic factors included age and sex. Patients were divided into two groups based on their age; < 65 years and ≥ 65 years old. The townships in which subjects registered for insurance were grouped into four levels of urbanization based on a score calculated by incorporating variables indicating population density (people/km2), population ratio of different educational levels, population ratio of elderly, population ratio of agriculture workers, and the number of physicians per 100,000 people [13]. Baseline comorbidities comprised alcohol-related disease (ICD-9-CM: 291, 303, 305.00, 305.01, 305.02, 305.03, 571.0–571.3, 790.3, V11.3), cancer (140–208), cardiovascular disease (410–414, 428, 430–438, 440–448), chronic kidney disease (585–586, 588.8–588.9), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (491, 492, 493, 496), diabetes mellitus (250), dementia (290.0, 290.1, 290.2, 290.3, 290.4, 294.1, 331.0), depression (296.2, 296.3, 300.4, 311), hyperlipidemia (272.0, 272.1, 272.2, 272.3, 272.4), hypertension (401–405), and Parkinson’s disease (332.x).
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Data analysis
Categorical variables were reported as numbers and percentages. The difference in proportions was assessed using the chi-square test. Cox’s proportional hazard model estimated hazard ratios (HR) of TCM usage on fractures. The difference in fracture development between the two groups was estimated using the Kaplan–Meier method and the log-rank test. Statistical analysis was performed and figures were created using SAS 9.4 (SAS Institute, Cary, NC, U.S.A.) and R software, with p < 0.05 in two-tailed tests indicating statistical significance.
Results
Overall, there were 1427 TCM users and 3067 non-TCM users among the osteoporosis patients. After frequency matching, there were 804 patients in the TCM user and non-TCM user groups. Table 1 shows the baseline characteristics according to TCM usage. Osteoporosis patients in both groups had a similar distribution of gender and age. The mean age of the TCM user and non-TCM user groups was 64.48 ± 11.08 and 64.57 ± 11.08, respectively, and the female and male percentages were 76.49 and 23.51%, respectively. Compared with non-TCM user group, TCM users had a higher proportion of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and hyperlipidemia, but had a lower proportion of cancer.
Table 1
Characteristics of osteoporosis patients according to use of traditional Chinese medicine
Variable
TCM
No (N = 804)
Yes (N = 804)
p-value
n
%
n
%
Gender
0.99*
Female
615
76.49
615
76.49
Male
189
23.51
189
23.51
Age group, year
0.99*
< 65
386
48.01
386
48.01
≥ 65
418
51.99
418
51.99
Mean (SD)
64.57 (11.08)
64.48 (11.08)
0.8813a
Urbanization level†
0.0104*
1 (highest)
207
25.75
240
29.85
2
238
29.6
226
28.11
3
106
13.18
134
16.67
4 (lowest)
253
31.47
204
25.37
Baseline comorbidity
Alcohol-related disease
4
0.5
1
0.12
0.3742b
Cancer
45
5.6
22
2.74
0.0041*
Cardiovascular disease
307
38.18
305
37.94
0.9182*
Chronic kidney disease
25
3.11
25
3.11
0.99*
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
188
23.38
241
29.98
0.0028*
Diabetes mellitus
212
26.37
185
23.01
0.1184*
Dementia
19
2.36
12
1.49
0.2043*
Depression
44
5.47
54
6.72
0.2972*
Hyperlipidemia
168
20.9
218
27.11
0.0035*
Hypertension
447
55.6
416
51.74
0.1211*
Parkinson’s disease
8
1
11
1.37
0.4887*
Interval between diagnosis and initial TCM use, mean (days)
611
Follow-up time, mean (median; years)
3.75 (2.86)
5.38 (5.18)
*Chi-Square Test, a t-test, bFisher’s exact test
†: The urbanization level was categorized into four levels based on the population density of the residential area, with level 1 as the most urbanized and level 4 as the least urbanized
Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) included Chinese herbal remedies, acupuncture, and manipulative
A total of 323 patients were newly diagnosed with a fracture during the follow-up period (59% non-TCM users and 40% TCM users). A reduced risk of fracture recurrence was associated with TCM use (Crude HR: 0.50, 95% CI: 0.4–0.63). After inserting age, gender, urbanization level, alcohol-related disease, cancer, cardiovascular disease, chronic kidney disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, diabetes mellitus, dementia, depression, hyperlipidemia, hypertension, and Parkinson’s disease into the Cox’s proportional hazard model, TCM use had a lower HR of fracture (adjusted HR: 0.47, 95% CI: 0.37–0.59) compared to the non-TCM user group (Table 2).
Table 2
Cox model with hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals of fracture associated with TCM and covariates among osteoporosis patients
Variable
Fracture no. (n = 323)
Crude*
Adjusted†
HR
(95%CI)
p-value
HR
(95%CI)
p-value
TCM use
No
193
1.00
reference
1.00
reference
Yes
130
0.50
(0.4–0.63)
<.0001
0.47
(0.37–0.59)
<.0001
Gender
Female
266
1.00
reference
1.00
reference
Male
57
0.78
(0.59–1.04)
0.0939
0.58
(0.43–0.79)
0.0004
Age group, year
< 65
107
1.00
reference
1.00
reference
≥ 65
216
2.28
(1.81–2.87)
<.0001
2.62
(2.03–3.39)
<.0001
Urbanization level
1 (highest)
73
1.00
reference
1.00
reference
2
94
1.28
(0.94–1.73)
0.1173
1.24
(0.91–1.69)
0.1665
3
52
1.46
(1.02–2.08)
0.0372
1.43
(0.99–2.05)
0.0534
4 (lowest)
104
1.54
(1.14–2.07)
0.0049
1.31
(0.97–1.77)
0.0824
Baseline comorbidity
Alcohol-related disease (Yes vs. No)
4
5.20
(1.94–13.96)
0.0011
4.38
(1.6–12.02)
0.0041
Cancer (Yes vs. No)
9
0.83
(0.43–1.61)
0.5758
0.70
(0.36–1.37)
0.2979
Cardiovascular disease (Yes vs. No)
139
1.38
(1.1–1.71)
0.0046
1.07
(0.83–1.38)
0.5856
Chronic kidney disease (Yes vs. No)
9
1.22
(0.63–2.36)
0.5608
1.05
(0.53–2.07)
0.8909
Chronic obstructive pulmonary (Yes vs. No)disease
92
1.25
(0.98–1.59)
0.0759
1.20
(0.93–1.54)
0.1688
Diabetes mellitus (Yes vs. No)
87
1.20
(0.94–1.54)
0.1442
1.11
(0.85–1.44)
0.4518
Dementia (Yes vs. No)
6
1.62
(0.72–3.64)
0.2432
1.00
(0.43–2.29)
0.9909
Depression (Yes vs. No)
25
1.41
(0.94–2.12)
0.0972
1.62
(1.05–2.5)
0.0285
Hyperlipidemia (Yes vs. No)
62
0.79
(0.6–1.04)
0.0922
0.73
(0.54–0.98)
0.0352
Hypertension (Yes vs. No)
186
1.28
(1.03–1.59)
0.0292
0.92
(0.72–1.19)
0.5362
Parkinson’s disease (Yes vs. No)
5
1.25
(0.52–3.02)
0.6248
0.92
(0.37–2.27)
0.8498
Crude HR* represented relative hazard ratio; Adjusted HR† represented adjusted hazard ratio: mutually adjusted for TCM use, age, gender, urbanization level and baseline comorbidity in Cox proportional hazard regression
The Kaplan-Meier curves showed that osteoporosis patients using TCM had a lower incidence rate of fracture events than those not using it (p < 0.0001; Fig. 2).
Fig. 2
Kaplan–Meier curve of the difference between the TCM user and non-TCM user groups in the development of fracture
×
Table 3 shows the distribution of TCM users according to their accumulated days of herbal use. Patients with < 30 days of Chinese herb medicine use per year (including non-TCM users) were selected as the reference. Patients who accumulated between 30 and 180 days of herbal use showed an aHR of 0.60 (95% CI: 0.43–0.84), and those with more than 180 days of herbal use showed an aHR of 0.37 (0.20–0.68). When analyzing patients with more than 30 accumulated days of herbal use, those who cumulatively used herbal prescriptions for more than 180 days had a lower risk of fracture (aHR: 0.63, 95% CI: 0.32–1.24) than in the compared cohort; however, this was not statistically significant.
Table 3
Hazard Ratios and 95% confidence intervals of fracture risk associated with cumulative use day of traditional Chinese herb medicine among osteoporosis patients
TCM used (days per year)
N
No. of Event
Hazard Ratio (95% CI)
Hazard Ratio (95% CI)
Crude
Adjusted†
Crude
Adjusted†
Non-TCM users or Chinese herb users < 30 days per year
1245
269
1(reference)
1(reference)
–
–
Chinese herb users (≥ 30 days per year) ‡
30–180 days per year
270
43
0.63 (0.46–0.87)**
0.60 (0.43–0.84)**
1(reference)
1(reference)
180 days per year
93
11
0.42 (0.23–0.78)**
0.37 (0.20–0.68)**
0.65 (0.33–1.25)
0.63 (0.32–1.24)
Crude HR* represented relative hazard ratio; Adjusted HR† represented adjusted hazard ratio: mutually adjusted for age, gender, baseline comorbidity, and urbanization level in Cox proportional hazard regression
*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001
The HR of the 10-single herb and multiherb products most commonly prescribed for the treatment of osteoporosis are listed in Table 4. Frequency meant how many times the single herb or multiple herb formula was used during the research. Number of person-days meant how many days the single herb or multiple herb formula was used during the research.
Table 4
Ten most common herbal formulas prescribed
Herbal formula
Frequency
Number of person-days
Average daily dose
Average duration for prescription
(g)
(days)
Single Herb
Eucommiae Cortex (Du-Zhong)
803
10,832
1.2
13.5
Salviaemiltiorrhizae Radix (Dan-shen)
592
7850
1.3
13.3
Chaenomelis Fructus (Mu-gua)
520
6651
1.0
12.8
Achuranthes (Huai-niu-xi)
432
5181
1.1
12.0
Dipsaci Radix (Xu-Duan)
393
4701
1.3
12.0
Sepiae Endoconcha (Haipiaoxiao)
337
4476
1.4
13.3
Corydalis Rhizoma (Yan-hu-suo)
346
4284
1.5
12.4
Spatholobi Caulis
272
3570
1.4
13.1
Testudinis Plastrum (Gui-ban)
279
3477
0.9
12.5
Drynariae Rhizoma (Gu sui-bu)
259
3282
1.3
12.7
Multiple Herb Formula
Du Huo Ji Sheng Tang
1109
13,795
5.7
12.4
Gui Lu Er Xian Jiao
433
8083
7.0
18.7
Shu Jing Huo Xue Tang
564
7427
4.6
13.2
zuo Gui Wan
516
5625
5.2
10.9
ji Sheng Shen Qi Wan
308
4478
5.1
14.5
Zhi Bai Di Huang Yin
322
4365
4.7
13.6
Hu Qian Wan Without Hugu
312
4211
7.2
13.5
You Gui Wan
302
3982
4.3
13.2
Ma Zi Ren Wan
219
3572
1.8
16.3
Xiang Sha Liu Jun Zi Tang
220
3423
4.2
15.6
Discussion
With the increase in osteoporosis prevalence and incidence, prevention of osteoporotic fracture is of great importance [14]. People have become more interested in natural products in recent years and TCM is becoming a common choice in complementary and alternative medicine. There are some difficulties when surveying the preventive effect of TCM for osteoporotic fracture in operational studies. First, a long follow-up time is required for bone mass and fracture events. The longest reported follow-up time in Western medicine for osteoporosis was ten years [15]. Therefore, most studies focus on the benefit to bone health [16] rather than the fracture rate. Secondly, a common problem of studying TCM is that it is difficult to quantify Chinese herbs. Current Chinese herb studies focus on extracts or simple herbs [9, 17, 18], which greatly differ from those used in the clinical setting. For the above reasons, there are no studies on the fracture incidence following TCM therapy in patients with osteoporosis. Therefore, we could conduct this survey using NHIRD analysis.
Our results showed a decreased risk of fracture following the use of TCM therapy among osteoporosis patients (HR: 0.47, 95% CI: 0.37–0.59; p < 0.0001). The follow-up period was also longer in the TCM user group than in the non-TCM user group (5.38 and 3.75 years, respectively). It means TCM use might delayed the occurrence of fracture after osteoporosis was diagnosed. The Kaplan–Meier curve also demonstrated that patients who took TCM had a lower incidence of fracture. In addition, our study demonstrated that the longer the use of TCM, the lesser the fracture rate. Patients who took TCM between 30 to 180 days were at less risk than those who took TCM for less than 30 days. Similarly, patients who took TCM for more than 180 days were at less risk than those who took TCM between 30 to 180 days. This result strengthens the relationship between TCM and osteoporotic fracture.
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We should consider the possibility of a decreased fracture rate after using TCM therapy. First, TCM may improve bone strength [16], while falls are also a prominent factor for which one tenth lead to fracture [19]. Some studies demonstrate that the most important cause of a fracture is a fall rather than bone strength [20‐22]. TCM may improve the quality of life by reducing limb pain or strengthening muscle endurance [23‐25]. Some Chinese herbal clinical trials conducted in China showed that people who took Chinese herbs had a better quality of life or reduced symptoms including pain, muscle fatigue, and limited mobility. While these trials were included in a review study [26], they did not match the standard of peer-reviewed journals.
The frequency of major osteoporotic fractures varies in different races, especially in hip fractures, with rates varying by > 200-fold. White women have a higher fracture risk than black women. Furthermore, variation was also observed in different regions with northern Europe and Mediterranean areas experience the highest rates and the lowest rates, respectively [27]. Based on these differences, it is difficult to conclude the benefit of TCM when comparing ethnic groups.
The most commonly prescribed single herbs and formulas were presented in Table 4. While this is not the discussion point of our research, it may be important for clinicians and researchers. The results provide future research candidates for basic and clinical trials. Some herbs have been proven to be beneficial to bone health, such as Eucommiae Cortex (Du-Zhong) [28], Achuranthes (Huai-niu-xi) [29, 30], Salviae miltiorrhizae Radix [18], Dipsaci Radix (Xu-Duan) [31], Testudinis Plastrum (Gui-ban) [32‐34], Drynariae Rhizoma (Gu sui-bu) [35‐37], Du Huo Ji Sheng Tang [38], and zuo Gui Wan [39]. We found patients lived in highly urbanized areas were more likely to receive TCM treatment. In addition, some comorbidities showed significant difference between two groups in baseline. It might mean the patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and hyperlipidemia preferred to receive TCM, and the patients with cancer were not disposed to use TCM. Besides, less cancer rate might also mean patients in TCM group take care themselves better than another group usually. Because of this, they go further to seek TCM treatment when osteoporosis is diagnosed.
There are some limitations to our research. Firstly, we were unable to include medicines taken at the patient’s own expense. According to the specification of the NHI program, Western medicine for osteoporosis can only be applied after a fracture occurred. It is possible that the patients source such medicines at their own expense when they were diagnosed with osteoporosis before a fracture happens. Secondly, some data related to fractures, such as a patient’s exercise, lifestyle, BMI, alcohol, and cigarette use is not available from the NHI program. Thirdly, the Kaplan–Meier curve might be influenced by economic levels and patient severity. However, we can conclude that TCM might have a positive impact on the prevention of osteoporotic fracture from Tables 2 and 3. Moreover, this study is derived from a very large, well-indicated data set, which provided a practical method to investigate the effect of TCM in osteoporotic patients. Our study not only reveals the preventative value of TCM use for patients with osteoporosis in the clinical setting, but also provides valuable information regarding the most common prescriptions provided to osteoporotic patients.
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Conclusions
In conclusion, our study had a relatively large population and long follow-up time, which demonstrated that TCM might have a positive impact on the prevention of osteoporotic fracture. Further research is needed to verify the causal relationship between TCM and the outcomes. More clinical trials are also required to confirm whether this relationship is true in non-Asian patients.
Acknowledgements
We would like to thank Uni-edit for editing and proofreading this manuscript.
Funding
The data analysis of this study is supported by Taiwan Ministry of Health and Welfare Clinical Trial Center (MOHW106-TDU-B-212-113004), China Medical University Hospital, Academia Sinica Taiwan Biobank Stroke Biosignature Project (BM10601010036), Taiwan Clinical Trial Consortium for Stroke (MOST 106–2321-B-039-005), Tseng-Lien Lin Foundation, Taichung, Taiwan, Taiwan Brain Disease Foundation, Taipei, Taiwan, and Katsuzo and Kiyo Aoshima Memorial Funds, Japan.
Availability of data and materials
Large computerized data (NHIRD; [40]) was used to perform our nationwide population-based cohort study. We used the LHID2000 (Longitudinal Health Insurance Database 2000) provided by the National Health Insurance Administration, which is managed by the National Health Research Institutes.
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Ethics approval and consent to participate
Not applicable.
Consent for publication
Not applicable.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
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