Introduction
Methods
Inclusion and exclusion criteria
Search strategy
Study selection
Data extraction and quality assessment
Results
References | Type of study (Level of evidence) | MINORS-Score | Number of patients | Imaging | Definition acute | Definition traumatic | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Haviv et al. (2019) [35] | Retrospective case series (IV) | 9 (nc) | 38 | MRI | “Rotator cuff tear following shoulder trauma in patient that was previously asymptomatic” | |
2 | Bashir et al. (2019) [36] | Prospective cohort study (II) | 12 (nc) | 30 | MRI | “Direct or indirect trauma to the shoulder. | |
3 | Hasler et al. (2019) [37] | Retrospective case series (IV) | 10 (nc) | 19 | MRI | “Clear traumatic event” | |
4 | Plachel et al. (2019) [38] | Retrospective case series (IV) | 12 (nc) | 24 | MRI | “A traumatic onset of symptoms was recorded in all patients (100%) with a high impact sport accident in 6 patients (30%) and with a low impact accident in 14 patients (70%). None of the patients reported on any shoulder complaints of the affected arm prior to injury” | |
5 | Haviv et al. (2018) [25] | Prospective cohort study (II) | 19 (c) | 37 | MRI | “A traumatic group included patients with sudden onset of symptoms that occurred after direct or indirect trauma to the shoulder without prior ongoing shoulder disability“ | |
6 | Aagaard et al. (2017) [13] | Prospective cohort study (II) | 13 (nc) | 79 | MRI | “We defined acute rotator cuff tears as tears that occurred after direct or indirect trauma to the shoulder with sudden onset of symptoms in patients without ongoing shoulder discomfort or dysfunction“ | |
7 | Teratani (2017) [15] | Retrospective cohort study (III) | 18 (c) | 33 | MRI | “In cases involving trauma at the onset of symptoms, the rotator cuff tear was determined to be traumatic and the mechanism of injury was recorded However, in this study, it was defined as traumatic rotator cuff tear only patients who were asymptomatic in the affected shoulder before the traumatic event and who were able to recall the specific date of the symptom“ | |
8 | Walcott et al. (2017) [16] | Retrospective case series (IV) | 12 (nc) | 7 | MRI | “traumatic fall on abducted arm with a transtendinous rupture“ | |
9 | Tan et al. (2016) [14] | Retrospective case–control study (III) | 19 (c) | 811 | Ultrasound | “We asked patients if they recalled a specific injury that caused their symptoms. If there was an injury, we recorded the date and mechanism of injury involved We categorized the mechanism of injury for patients with a history of trauma into 7 types (impacts to shoulders, sports injuries, assaults, falls, motor vehicle accidents, violent pulls, and unclear)“ | |
10 | Balke et al. (2016) [17] | Retrospective cohort study (III) | 18 (c) | 64 | X-ray | “Patients were defined as traumatic cases if they reported a sudden injury with an accepted mechanism, e.g., a fall to the retroverted or externally rotated arm or a dislocation of the shoulder. Patients had to report pain and/or loss of function directly after trauma and to be previously without any complaints or impairments“ | |
11 | Loew et al. (2015) [31] | Prospective diagnostic study (II) | 20 (c) | 25 | MRI | “Group A comprised 25 consecutive patients who underwent a shoulder injury with no history of problems with the involved joint. Trauma was defined as a sudden, unexpected external event determined by date and place. Only falls from standing height or greater onto the abducted outstretched arm were classified as trauma. Cases of simple contusions, a direct force on the shoulder (e.g., falling on the adducted arm), and distortion during active weight lifting were excluded“ | |
12 | Dilisio et al. (2015) [23] | Retrospective case series (IV) | 12 (nc) | 9 | MRI | “Shoulder pain induced by a single traumatic episode; Patients younger than 25“ | |
13 | Kukkonen et al. (2013) [29] | Registry study (III) | 18 (c) | 112 | X-ray | “In case of a clear trauma at the onset of symptoms, the rupture was regarded as traumatic and the mechanism was recorded“ | |
14 | Lin et al. (2013) [3] | Retrospective case series (IV) | 10 (nc) | 53 | “Sudden traumatic etiology due to a fall, lifting heavy objects or an athletic event“ | ||
15 | Bjornsson et al. (2011) [19] | Retrospective cohort study (III) | 10 (nc) | 42 | MRI or Ultrasound | “Trauma to the shoulder, sudden onset of symptoms, asymptomatic shoulder before trauma, pseudoparalysis, full-thickness rotator cuff tear of at least 1 tendon with an acute appearance when sutured, and no signs off previous cuff tearing or other cuff pathology“ | |
16 | Bartl et al. (2011) [18] | Retrospective case series (IV) | 12 (nc) | 30 | MRI and ultrasound | “Traumatic onset of the symptoms, mechanism described for every patient“ | |
17 | Safran et al. (2011) [33] | Retrospective case series (IV) | 12 (nc) | 51 | Ultrasound | “Patients reported that a traumatic event initiated their symptoms in the year before their initial ultrasound examination“ | |
18 | Tambe et al. (2009) [34] | Retrospective case series (IV) | 12 (nc) | 11 | MRI or Ultrasound | “All players sustained an injury during matchplay. Three players gave a convincing history of an Abduction-External rotation type impact without a dislocation, while one player sustained a true dislocation. Six players had sustained a direct impact injury, with their arm adducted and internally rotated at the time of impact.“ | |
19 | Krishnan et al. (2008) [5] | Retrospective case series (IV) | 13 (nc) | 22 | MRI | “Patients recalled a single traumatic incident that incited their shoulder pain“ | |
20 | Ide et al. (2007) [27] | Retrospective case series (IV) | 14 (nc) | 20 | MRI | “All patients had sustained an injury that was associated with the acute onset of shoulder pain and followed by functional impairment of the involved arm. Twelve patients were injured in a fall; in seven patients, the mechanism of injury was resistance to an external rotation force with the shoulder in a position of abduction and external rotation; and one patient was injured in a motor-vehicle accident“ | |
21 | Kreuz et al. (2005) [28] | Prospective cohort study (II) | 14 (nc) | 16 | MRI and Ultrasound | “Isolated traumatic rupture. In 11 cases (including all the complete tears), the mechanism of injury was hyperextension or external rotation of the abducted arm. One patient injured his shoulder chopping wood, three were skiers and four were injured while attempting to prevent a fall down stairs. One athlete twisted his shoulder during a javelin throw and two handball players were blocked while throwing. Four patients with partial tears sustained a direct blow to the shoulder and one was involved in a motor vehicle accident.“ | |
22 | Braune et al. (2003) [21] | Retrospective cohort study (III) | 20 (c) | 20 | MRI | “Those criteria included no pre-existing shoulder pain or malfunction, complete, sudden loss of shoulder function, sharp trauma- related pain with correlated dead arm sign in combination with an adequate trauma mechanism such as passive forced external or internal rotation with abducted or adducted arm, passive ventral, medial or caudal traction, axial compression in cranioventral or ventromedial direction, and the combination of traumatic shoulder dislocation Additional information was provided by the intraoperative macroscopic tear shape. References for a traumatic origin were the isolated complete tear of the subscapularis muscle and luxation of the head of the long biceps tendon with a subsequent rotator interval lesion. History of chronic shoulder pain and pre-existing shoulder malfunction, mechanical outlet impingement signs such as acromioclavicular joint arthritis or acromion traction osteophytes, patient age 50 years or older were used as exclusion criteria for a traumatic origin“ | |
23 | Goldberg et al. (2003) [24] | Retrospective case series (IV) | 12 (nc) | 6 | MRI | “Four patients sustained the injuries while tackling, whereas two players fell with the ball in their arm, sustaining forced abduction injuries as they hit the ground. One patient sustained a frank dislocation at the time of the injury. All patients had also trauma before the index injury“ | |
24 | Hawkins et al. (1999) [26] | Retrospective case series (IV) | 11 (nc) | 16 | X-ray | “Patients recalled an acute injury that heralded the onset of symptoms“ | |
25 | Deutsch et al. (1997) [22] | Retrospective case series (IV) | 9 (nc) | 13 | MRI | “All patients sustained a traumatic injury before the onset of symptoms“ | |
26 | Payne et al. (1997) [32] | Retrospective cohort study (IV) | 19 (c) | 14 | “Patients had acute onset of pain after a single traumatic event such as a direct blow or fall on the shoulder“ | ||
27 | Le Huec et al. (1996) [30] | Retrospective case series (IV) | 12 (nc) | 10 | MRI | “For each of the patients, the symptoms appeared after trauma: indirect trauma after a fall on the upper limb in abduction and internal rotation, fall with anterointernal dislocation, and fall with substantial torque in internal rotation with abduction“ | |
28 | Blevins et al. (1996) [20] | Retrospective case series (IV) | 11 (nc) | 10 | MRI | “All patients recalled a specific event that precipitated pain and weakness in the injured shoulder. Each patient stated that he sustained a direct blow to the shoulder while playing football, either from a fall on to the shoulder or from direct contact with another player. One player had an anterior glenohumeral dislocation“ | |
29 | Raneboet al. (2019) [54] | Randomized controlled trial (I) | (rct) | 58 | MRI | < 3 months | “Patients without previous shoulder complaints seeking help for pain and/or decreased elevation after a shoulder trauma. Shoulder trauma was defined as any fall, impact, sudden pulling, or sudden stretching involving the symptomatic shoulder” |
30 | Aagaard et al. (2019) [52] | Prospective cohort study (II) | 14 (nc) | 62 | MRI | < 6 weeks | “Patients who suffered from shoulder trauma, limited abduction and normal plain radiographs. Exclusion criteria include the following: chronic shoulder problems, rheumatoid arthritis, severe comorbidity, or previous surgery to the affected shoulder” |
31 | Aagaard et al. (2019) [53] | Prospective cohort study (II) | 12 (nc) | 32 | MRI | < 6 weeks | “Patients who suffered from shoulder trauma, limited abduction and normal plain radiographs. Exclusion criteria include the following: chronic shoulder problems, rheumatoid arthritis, severe comorbidity, or previous surgery to the affected shoulder” |
32 | Spross et al. (2019) [56] | Retrospective case series (IV) | 13 (nc) | 21 | MRI | < 2 months | “Acute trauma without previous shoulder pain, impairment, or surgery” |
33 | Artul and Habib (2017) [40] | Prospective cohort study (II) | 14 (c) | 112 | Ultrasound | < 2 months | “An acute traumatic RCT was defined as when the clinical history revealed a distinct injury in a previously asymptomatic shoulder“ |
34 | Abechain et al. (2017) [39] | Retrospective cohort study (III) | 17 (c) | 35 | MRI | < 6 months | “The traumatic rotator cuff tear group was defined by trauma followed by acute shoulder pain associated with impaired active range of motion of the affected limb. This trauma can be a cause of a medial rotation or lateral force with the arm adducted or abducted, a ventral, medial or caudal passive draw force, an axial compressive force toward the cranial and ventral or ventromedial direction or secondary to a shoulder dislocation. It was expected that the patient did not have any pain before the trauma“ |
35 | Duncan et al. (2015) [44] | Prospective cohort study (II) | 19 (c) | 20 | MRI and Ultrasound | < 6 months | “This was defined as a sudden episode of shoulder pain precipitated by a traumatic episode resulting in a deterioration in shoulder function with self-reported normal shoulder function before injury“ |
36 | Loew et al. (2014) [48] | Prospective case control study (II) | 21 (c) | 25 | MRI | < 6 weeks | “First appearance of shoulder disability caused by a fall or violence on the joint“ |
37 | Butler et al. (2013) [43] | Retrospective case series (IV) | 12 (nc) | 15 | MRI | < 6 weeks | “Self-reported injury, no previous shoulder pain“ |
38 | Petersen et al. (2011) [55] | Retrospective case control study (IV) | 16 (c) | 36 | MRI | < 4 months | “All patients in this study had a previously asymptomatic shoulder prior to injury and had sustained an acute, traumatic, full-thickness rotator cuff tear that resulted in immediate pain and the inability to achieve greater than 90 of active abduction of the shoulder. In all instances, the patients experienced a traumatic injury from a variety of mechanisms that resulted in their shoulder symptoms. All study patients had an asymptomatic, fully functional shoulder prior to injury” |
39 | Hantes et al. (2011) [46] | Prospective cohort study (II) | 19 (c) | 35 | MRI | < 3 weeks | “Diagnosis of a traumatic RCT was based on the recommendations of the German Association of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery. These criteria included no pre-existing shoulder pain or malfunction, complete, sudden loss of shoulder function, sharp trauma-related pain with correlated dead arm sign in combination with an adequate trauma mechanism such as passive forced external or internal rotation with abducted or adducted arm, passive ventral, medial or caudal traction, axial compression in cranioventral or ventromedial direction, and the combination of traumatic shoulder dislocation. In the contrary, history of chronic shoulder pain or pain with onset irrelevant to the traumatic incident, pre-existing shoulder malfunction, acromioclavicular joint arthritis, and acromion osteophytes were criteria of non-traumatic RC tear“ |
40 | Sorensen et al. (2007) [49] | Prospective diagnostic study (II) | 12 (nc) | 109 | Ultrasound | < 2 weeks | “Patients were included if they had had an acute shoulder trauma to a previous healthy shoulder“ |
41 | Lähteenmäki et al. (2006) [47] | Retrospective case series (IV) | 11 (nc) | 29 | Arthro-graphy, ultrasound or MRI | < 3 weeks | “The patients had a history of trauma with the acute onset of symptoms accompanied by a full-thickness tear of the rotator cuff“ |
42 | Braune et al. (2000) [42] | Prospective cohort study (II) | 18 (c) | 12 | MRI | < 12 weeks | “An adequate trauma with an defined and energetic appropriate accident caused a sudden and durable pain and loss of function; no pain before trauma“ |
43 | Teefey et al. (2000) [50] | Retrospective cohort study (III) | 12 (nc) | 24 | Ultrasound | < 6 months | “An acute RCT was considered to be present when (1) the clinical history revealed a distinct injury within 6 months from the time of operation in a previously asymptomatic shoulder and (2) the operative findings showed blunt, frayed cuff edges, tendon quality and thickness comparable to those of an intact cuff, and a freely mobile cuff“ |
44 | Zanetti et al. (1999) [51] | Prospective cohort study (II) | 20 (c) | 24 | MRI | < 6 weeks | “Rotator cuff tear by a recent (< 6 weeks) trauma, clinically normal shoulder before trauma (absence of prior injury, shoulder pain, functional abnormality, or surgery)“ |
45 | Farin and Jaroma (1995) [45] | Prospective diagnostic study (II) | 13 (nc) | 94 | Ultrasound | < 3 weeks | “Patients experienced acute trauma“ |
46 | Bassett and Cofield (1983) [41] | Prospective cohort study (II) | 10 (nc) | 37 | < 3 weeks | “Patients had a significant trauma“ |