Introduction
Acute appendicitis has been the most common intra-abdominal condition requiring operation. Emergency appendectomy at the time of diagnosis was the standard of care for treatment of acute appendicitis during last century. Any delay in operation has been believed to increase postoperative morbidity or progress to complicated appendicitis such as perforated appendicitis or periappendiceal abscess [1, 2].
However, the concept of emergency appendectomy has been recently challenged by studies which suggested that acute appendicitis could be treated medically, or delaying surgery did not show any increasing morbidity [3‐7]. On the other hand, there are other studies which supported that appendicitis needed emergency surgical procedure and delay in surgery increased complication and length of hospital stay [8‐10].
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The controversy still exists about the timing of operation for appendicitis. The aim of this study was to compare the outcomes between early appendectomy and delayed appendectomy and assess the feasibility of delayed operation.
Materials and methods
Patients
This study was designed as a retrospective, observational study at a single institution. The medical records of patients with acute appendicitis who received operation between January 1, 2011 and December 31, 2011, were retrospectively reviewed. We excluded the following patients: (1) those who were under 16 years or over 65 years old, (2) those who underwent other surgical procedures along with appendectomy, such as cholecystectomy or oophorectomy, (3) pregnant women, and those with severe other medical disease requiring intensive care, (4) those who underwent incidental, interval, and negative appendectomies. The patients were then divided into two groups for comparison: Group A, those with a time from arrival to incision less than 8 hours and Group B, those with a time from arrival to incision longer than 8 hours.
Data collection
The data were collected from the electronic medical records (EMR). The following parameters were included: demographics, duration from onset of symptoms to visit our hospital, time from arrival to diagnosis as appendicitis, time form diagnosis to operation, initial vital signs, initial laboratory findings, method of appendectomy, combined drainage procedures, pathologic findings, postoperative laboratory findings, time to a soft diet, postoperative complications, length of hospital stay, hospital costs, and readmissions within 30 days of surgery. We analyzed preoperative, operative, and postoperative clinical data obtained from each group. Hospital costs consisted of the total costs covered by National Health Insurance (NHI) and charges for non-covered items―non-covered bed charges or materials. The data on the following items were analyzed: the total hospital costs, the total costs covered by NHI and copayment by patients.
Outcome measures
Outcome measures were white blood cell (WBC) count at postoperative first day, time to soft diet, complication rate, surgical site infection (SSI), length of hospital stay, and readmission within 30 days.
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Statistical analysis
The data were analyzed using SAS enterprise ver. 5.1 statistical software (SAS Inc, Cary, NC, USA). Demographics and clinical characteristics were expressed as means for continuous variables or proportions for categorical variables. The chi-square test was used to compare differences in categorical variables. Student’s t test or the Wilcoxon rank sum test was used to compare differences in continuous variables. The p value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant.
Results
During the study period, a total of 478 patients underwent appendectomies, and 145 patients were excluded, leaving 333 who met inclusion criteria. Demographics and clinical characteristics of included cases are shown in Table 1. The mean age of patients was 35.4 years. There were 190 males (57.1%) and 143 females (42.9%). The average time from arrival at our hospital to diagnosis was 3.0 hours. The average time from diagnosis as appendicitis to skin incision was 6.6 hours. The average time form arrival to incision was 9.6 hours. Based on the time from arrival at our hospital to incision, they were divided into two groups: 177 (53.2%) in group A and 156 (46.8%) in group B.
Table 1
Demographics and clinical characteristics
Total number of cases | 333 |
|---|---|
Age (years) | 35.4 ± 12.4 |
Male: Female | 190 (57.1%): 143 (42.9%) |
Body mass index (kg/m2) | 23.0 ± 3.3 |
Initial body temperature (°C) | 37.4 ± 0.7 |
Initial white blood cell (WBC) count (×103/mm3) | 12.9 ± 3.9 |
Comorbidities | 32 (9.6%) |
Hours from onset of symptoms to hospital | 24.3 ± 29.9 |
Hours from arrival to diagnosis | 3.0 ± 2.0 |
Hours from diagnosis to incision | 6.6 ± 4.7 |
Hours from arrival to incision | 9.6 ± 5.0 |
Method of appendectomy (OA: LA) | 248 (74.5%): 85 (25.5%) |
Operation at night (22:00–06:00), case (%) | 47 (14.1%) |
Complicated appendicitis, case (%) | 68 (20.4%) |
Appendicoliths, case (%) | 128 (38.4%) |
Combined drainage, case (%) | 63 (19.0%) |
WBC, postoperative first day (×103/mm3) | 10.0 ± 3.3 |
Time to soft diet (day) | 1.8 ± 1.0 |
Postoperative hospital stay (day) | 4.6 ± 2.7 |
Complication, case (%) | 11 (3.3%) |
Readmission within 30 days, case (%) | 2 (0.6%) |
Comparisons of demographics and preoperative characteristics between two groups are shown in Table 2. There were significant differences in time parameter due to study design. There were no significant differences in age, sex ratio, body mass index (BMI), body temperature, initial WBC count, and comorbidities between two groups. Comparisons of operative characteristics between two groups are shown in Table 3. There were no significant differences in the ratio of laparoscopic appendectomy, operating time, the ratio of complicated appendicitis, and the ratio of accompanying external drainage procedure, and the ratio of accompanied by appendicoliths. There were significant differences between two groups in the ratio of operation at night (Group A, 22.0% and Group B, 5.1%; p < 0.0001), and in the ratio of accompanying external drainage procedure (Group A, 24.9% and Group B, 12.2%; p = 0.0033).
Table 2
Comparisons of demographics and preoperative characteristics between two groups
Group A (≤ 8 hours) | Group B (> 8 hours) | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|
Number of cases | 177 (53.2%) | 156 (46.8%) | |
Age (yrs) | 35.9 ± 125 | 34.7 ± 12.1 | 0.3758 |
Sex ratio (Male: Female) | 103:74 | 87:69 | 0.6592 |
Body mass index (kg/m2) | 23.1 ± 3.4 | 22.7 ± 3.1 | 0.2822 |
Body temperature (°C) | 37.4 ± 0.7 | 37.4 ± 0.6 | 0.7701 |
Initial white blood cell count (×103/mm3) | 12.6 ± 3.8 | 13.3 ± 4.0 | 0.1150 |
Comorbidities | 21 (11.9%) | 11 (7.0%) | 0.1915 |
Hours from onset of symptoms to hospital | 26.4 ± 22.5 | 22.0 ± 16.7 | 0.1835 |
Hours from arrival to diagnosis | 2.4 ± 1.1 | 3.6 ± 2.6 | <0.0001 |
Hours from diagnosis to operation | 3.4 ± 1.4 | 10.4 ± 4.3 | <0.0001 |
Hours from arrival to operation | 5.8 ± 1.5 | 13.9 ± 4.0 | <0.0001 |
Table 3
Comparisons of operative characteristics between two groups
Group A (≤ 8 hours) | Group B (> 8 hours) | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|
Laparoscopic appendectomy, case (%) | 42 (23.7%) | 43 (27.6%) | 0.4513 |
Operation at night (22:00–06:00), case (%) | 39 (22.0%) | 8 (5.1%) | <0.0001 |
Operating time (minute) | 56.3 ± 21.8 | 53.5 ± 19.4 | 0.2236 |
Complicated appendicitis, case (%) | 40 (22.6%) | 28 (18.0%) | 0.3408 |
Appendicoliths, case (%) | 73 (41.2%) | 55 (35.3%) | 0.3097 |
Combined drainage, case (%) | 44 (24.9%) | 19 (12.2%) | 0.0033 |
Comparisons of postoperative outcomes between two groups are shown in Table 4. The mean WBC count at postoperative first day of group B were lower than that of group A (p = 0.0039). There were no significant differences in time to soft diet, length of postoperative hospital stay, complication rate, and readmission rate between two groups. Although surgical site infection (SSI) rate including intra-abdominal abscess (IA) of group B was slightly higher than that of group A, there was also no significant statistical difference (Group A, 1.7% and Group B, 3.9%; p = 0.3143). Table 5 shows results of hospital costs between two groups and there were no significant differences in all comparative variables.
Table 4
Comparisons of postoperative outcomes between two groups
Group A (≤ 8 hours) | Group B (> 8 hours) | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|
WBC, postoperative first day (×103/mm3) | 10.5 ± 3.2 | 9.5 ± 3.3 | 0.0039 |
Time to soft diet (day) | 1.9 ± 1.1 | 1.7 ± 0.8 | 0.0806 |
Postoperative hospital stay (day) | 4.9 ± 2.8 | 4.4 ± 2.7 | 0.0719 |
Complication, case (%) | 3 (1.7%) | 8 (5.1%) | 0.1225 |
Surgical site infection, case (%) | 3 (1.7%) | 6 (3.9%) | 0.3143 |
Readmission within 30 days, case (%) | 1 (0.6%) | 1 (0.6%) | 1.0000 |
Table 5
Comparisons of hospital costs between two groups
Group A (≤ 8hours) | Group B (> 8 hours) | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|
Total hospital costs | 2,682,450 ± 733,183 | 2,618,006 ± 727,865 | 0.4225 |
Total costs covered by NHI | 1,477,012 ± 378,827 | 1,449,149 ± 408,321 | 0.5189 |
Copayment by a patient | 479,003 ± 115,575 | 461,984 ± 149,649 | 0.2511 |
Discussion
In Korea, the imaging modalities are so popular, and the payments are covered by national health insurance system. Radiologic evaluation could help surgeons to confirm the diagnosis and to recognize the location of appendix, and/or other intra-abdominal conditions requiring other procedures. All patients in this study received radiologic evaluation such as abdominal computed tomography (CT), abdominal ultrasonography and they were diagnosed with acute appendicitis.
Appendectomy has still been the most common non-elective surgical procedure performed by general surgeons [11, 12]. It was usually prepared at the time of diagnosis as appendicitis and done within hours to prevent the progression of inflammation. However, the quality of antibiotics was improved in the last few decades and interval appendectomy for periappendiceal abscess was shown better outcomes than early operation. Recent studies suggested that periappendiceal abscess in selected cases could be managed by nonsurgical treatment without interval appendectomy [13, 14]. Furthermore, successful results of nonsurgical antibiotics treatment for selected cases with uncomplicated appendicitis were reported in recent literatures [6, 15, 16]. However, at the present, we do not agree that appendicitis is medical disease.
Controversies regarding the timing of operation in patients needed operation still exist. Some studies still supported that the outcomes of immediate or prompt appendectomy were better than those of delayed appendectomy [8‐10, 17, 18]. They advocated that delayed appendectomy produced more postoperative complication such as surgical site infection. On the other hand, some studies suggested that there was no significant difference of outcomes between early and delayed appendectomy [7, 19, 20]. In addition, several studies showed negative impact of prolonged working hours for residents or sleep deprivation on clinical performance and cognitive abilities [21, 22].
The timing of surgery was actually affected by other factors such as limited operating room availability, limited anesthesia availability, limited equipment availability, as well as decision of a surgeon like results in survey of pediatric surgeons [23]. In our hospital, all of eight surgeons preferred early appendectomy and they performed appendectomy within a few hours after diagnosis except midnight, if possible. However, number of surgical residents was reduced and diseases to need operation were increased during last decade. Therefore waiting time to appendectomy has been naturally lengthened although early appendectomy was planned.
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In our study, there were no significant differences in demographics, preoperative clinical characteristics between early appendectomy and delayed appendectomy groups. It means that disease severity such as fever, WBC count either uncomplicated or complicated appendicitis did not affect the timing of surgery. In addition, there was no significant difference in the ratio of accompanied by appendicoliths between two groups. In our study, the presence of appendicoliths did not affect the timing of surgery unlike with results of recent studies [24, 25].
There were no significant differences in time to soft diet and length of postoperative hospital stay between two groups. There were also no significant differences in all parameters regarding hospital costs between two groups. Especially, there was no significant difference in complication rate including surgical site infection. One patient in group A and one patient in group B readmitted due to postoperative intra-abdominal abscess within 30 days. These results were similar with previous other studies [7, 19, 20]. Therefore delayed appendectomy is safe similar with early appendectomy.
Moreover, mean WBC count at postoperative first day of group B was lower than that of group A. These results might be due to sufficient and effective preoperative intravenous (IV) antibiotics injection to cover aerobic and anaerobic colonic flora [26]. In our hospital, when a patient was diagnosed as uncomplicated appendicitis by clinical and radiologic evaluation, IV cephalosporin (first or second generation) was given to the patient. If a patient was diagnosed as complicated appendicitis, IV metronidazole was added. As a result, patients in group A received single dose preoperative antibiotics and patients in group B received those twice or three times.
There are several limitations of this study. Firstly, this study was retrospective observational study. As above mentioned, several situations such as lack of resident, tight operation schedule made prospective study difficult. Secondly, optimal timing of appendectomy could not be elucidated. We expect to solve these limitations through the large prospective randomized trial in the near future.
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Conclusions
We still consider that appendicitis is not a medical disease but a surgical disease. This study revealed that delayed appendectomy was safe and feasible for adult patients with appendicitis although the clinical outcomes of delayed appendectomy were not superior to those of early appendectomy. Therefore, we suggest that surgeons would decide the appropriate timing of appendectomy with consideration other situations such as available hospital resources.
Open Access
This article is published under license to BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0
), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly credited. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (
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Competing interests
This work was supported by the 2012 Inje University research grant. We declare that we have no competing interests.
Authors’ contributions
CSS, YNR, and JIK carried out study design, acquisition and analysis of data, and drafted the manuscript. JIK carried out the statistical analysis. YNR and JIK revised the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.