Introduction
Methods
Reasons for Unmet Need | Survey Responses |
---|---|
Cost | Could not afford the costs of treatment |
Health insurance does not cover mental health treatment | |
Health insurance does not cover enough for mental health treatment | |
Stigma | Might cause neighbours to have a negative opinion |
Might have a negative effect on job | |
Did not want others to find out | |
Concerned about confidentiality | |
Concerned about being committed/medicated | |
Minimisation | Did not feel that they needed mental health treatment |
Felt that they could handle the problem without treatment | |
Low Perceived Effectiveness of Treatment | Did not feel that mental health treatment would help |
Structural Barriers | Did not know where to go for mental health treatment |
Did not have the time | |
Inconvenient to attend mental health treatment | |
Other Reasons | Other reason than those listed above |
Results
Year | 2002 | 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n
|
36370
|
37026
|
37308
|
37227
|
36965
|
37708
|
37504
|
37707
|
38919
|
39133
|
37869
|
37424
|
41671
|
43561
|
42625
|
Age | |||||||||||||||
18–25 | 48.7% | 49.6% | 49.5% | 49.6% | 48.5% | 48.6% | 50.4% | 49.8% | 49.0% | 49.0% | 49.2% | 48.5% | 31.4% | 33.4% | 32.0% |
26–34 | 15.2% | 15.0% | 15.3% | 14.8% | 14.9% | 15.5% | 14.8% | 14.9% | 15.1% | 14.4% | 14.5% | 14.6% | 20.1% | 20.9% | 20.5% |
35–49 | 22.8% | 21.9% | 21.6% | 21.8% | 20.8% | 21.8% | 20.8% | 20.7% | 21.4% | 19.5% | 19.5% | 20.1% | 27.0% | 25.6% | 26.7% |
> 50 | 13.2% | 13.5% | 13.6% | 13.8% | 15.8% | 14.2% | 14.1% | 14.7% | 14.5% | 17.1% | 16.8% | 16.9% | 21.5% | 20.1% | 20.8% |
Female | 53.5% | 53.1% | 53.4% | 54.0% | 53.0% | 53.5% | 53.5% | 53.3% | 53.3% | 52.8% | 53.1% | 54.0% | 53.4% | 54.5% | 53.4% |
Ethnicity | |||||||||||||||
Non-Hispanic White | 70.4% | 67.7% | 66.6% | 65.6% | 65.8% | 65.6% | 63.3% | 63.2% | 64.0% | 62.9% | 62.0% | 61.1% | 62.4% | 59.7% | 60.9% |
Non-Hispanic Black | 11.6% | 11.7% | 11.9% | 11.9% | 12.1% | 11.6% | 12.4% | 12.3% | 12.1% | 12.8% | 12.7% | 13.0% | 11.8% | 12.6% | 12.8% |
Non-Hispanic Native American or Alaskan Native | 1.1% | 1.3% | 1.3% | 1.5% | 1.4% | 1.4% | 1.5% | 1.4% | 1.6% | 1.6% | 1.4% | 1.4% | 1.6% | 1.5% | 1.5% |
Non-Hispanic Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander | 0.5% | 0.4% | 0.4% | 0.5% | 0.5% | 0.5% | 0.5% | 0.4% | 0.5% | 0.4% | 0.6% | 0.6% | 0.5% | 0.5% | 0.5% |
Non-Hispanic Asian | 2.9% | 3.2% | 3.5% | 3.5% | 3.2% | 3.7% | 3.8% | 3.9% | 3.8% | 3.6% | 4.1% | 4.4% | 4.4% | 4.7% | 4.4% |
Non-Hispanic Mixed | 1.6% | 2.0% | 2.3% | 2.3% | 2.3% | 2.5% | 2.5% | 2.9% | 2.7% | 3.0% | 2.9% | 3.1% | 3.0% | 3.3% | 3.2% |
Hispanic | 11.9% | 13.8% | 14.0% | 14.7% | 14.7% | 14.7% | 15.9% | 15.8% | 15.3% | 15.6% | 16.2% | 16.5% | 16.2% | 17.6% | 16.6% |
Marital Status | |||||||||||||||
Never married | 48.3% | 49.1% | 49.6% | 50.3% | 49.7% | 50.5% | 52.8% | 53.1% | 53.0% | 52.9% | 53.3% | 53.7% | 42.7% | 43.7% | 44.8% |
Married | 40.1% | 39.4% | 38.7% | 38.0% | 38.8% | 37.9% | 35.9% | 35.6% | 35.4% | 35.1% | 34.6% | 34.4% | 42.7% | 41.4% | 41.0% |
Widowed | 2.5% | 2.3% | 2.4% | 2.4% | 2.8% | 2.4% | 2.3% | 2.3% | 2.5% | 2.5% | 2.6% | 2.5% | 3.1% | 3.7% | 3.0% |
Divorced or Separated | 9.1% | 9.2% | 9.3% | 9.3% | 8.7% | 9.2% | 8.9% | 9.0% | 9.2% | 9.4% | 9.5% | 9.3% | 11.5% | 11.1% | 11.2% |
MSA/CBSA Size | |||||||||||||||
1 million or more | 34.8% | 34.1% | 34.4% | 42.1% | 42.1% | 41.7% | 42.1% | 42.5% | 41.9% | 40.7% | 41.5% | 42.4% | 43.1% | 43.2% | 42.5% |
Fewer than 1 million | 38.9% | 39.0% | 38.3% | 49.2% | 48.9% | 49.9% | 49.4% | 49.7% | 50.4% | 51.1% | 50.6% | 49.6% | 49.0% | 49.3% | 49.9% |
Not a MSA/CBSA | 26.3% | 26.9% | 27.2% | 8.7% | 9.0% | 8.4% | 8.5% | 7.8% | 7.7% | 8.2% | 7.9% | 7.9% | 7.8% | 7.5% | 7.6% |
Educational Attainment | |||||||||||||||
Elementary School | 0.9% | 1.1% | 1.0% | 1.1% | 1.1% | 1.2% | 1.1% | 1.0% | 0.9% | 0.9% | 1.0% | 0.9% | 1.1% | 0.9% | 0.9% |
Middle School | 2.8% | 3.0% | 2.9% | 3.2% | 3.0% | 2.9% | 2.6% | 2.6% | 2.6% | 2.4% | 2.2% | 2.3% | 2.4% | 2.5% | 2.0% |
High School | 47.5% | 48.8% | 48.1% | 47.3% | 47.3% | 46.2% | 47.4% | 45.9% | 45.2% | 45.0% | 45.2% | 43.7% | 40.2% | 38.1% | 36.6% |
College or Higher | 48.8% | 47.0% | 48.0% | 48.5% | 48.5% | 49.7% | 48.9% | 50.5% | 51.2% | 51.7% | 51.6% | 53.0% | 56.4% | 58.5% | 60.6% |
Employment Status | |||||||||||||||
Full Time | 56.0% | 53.4% | 53.1% | 54.3% | 54.3% | 54.1% | 52.1% | 46.8% | 47.1% | 46.4% | 47.5% | 47.8% | 52.9% | 50.9% | 51.7% |
Part Time | 17.9% | 18.6% | 18.5% | 18.3% | 17.9% | 18.2% | 18.7% | 19.8% | 19.7% | 19.4% | 19.1% | 19.7% | 16.4% | 16.1% | 15.8% |
Unemployed | 5.1% | 6.2% | 5.8% | 5.4% | 5.5% | 5.6% | 6.9% | 10.1% | 9.6% | 9.2% | 8.9% | 8.1% | 6.1% | 6.6% | 6.1% |
Other (including not in labour force) | 21.0% | 21.8% | 22.6% | 22.0% | 22.3% | 22.2% | 22.4% | 23.3% | 23.6% | 25.0% | 24.4% | 24.3% | 24.6% | 26.4% | 26.3% |
Annual Household Income | |||||||||||||||
Less than $20,000 | 25.0% | 26.4% | 27.5% | 26.2% | 25.7% | 24.8% | 24.4% | 25.1% | 26.2% | 26.6% | 26.1% | 26.1% | 22.2% | 22.3% | 21.0% |
$20,000–$49,999 | 39.5% | 38.8% | 37.6% | 36.9% | 36.1% | 35.1% | 34.9% | 34.6% | 33.9% | 34.6% | 34.6% | 33.2% | 31.8% | 32.2% | 31.7% |
$50,000–$74,999 | 16.8% | 16.4% | 15.9% | 16.3% | 16.1% | 16.9% | 17.2% | 16.1% | 15.9% | 15.0% | 15.2% | 15.5% | 16.4% | 15.5% | 15.4% |
$75,000 or more | 18.7% | 18.4% | 19.1% | 20.6% | 22.1% | 23.2% | 23.5% | 24.2% | 24.1% | 23.8% | 24.2% | 25.2% | 29.6% | 30.0% | 32.0% |
Receives Government Assistance | 13.7% | 15.9% | 17.2% | 18.0% | 17.5% | 17.7% | 18.1% | 19.8% | 21.7% | 24.5% | 25.7% | 25.9% | 22.9% | 23.0% | 21.6% |
Self-Rated Health | |||||||||||||||
Good, very good, or excellent | 92.1% | 91.6% | 91.0% | 90.7% | 90.6% | 90.5% | 90.5% | 90.5% | 90.6% | 90.0% | 89.8% | 90.0% | 88.6% | 88.5% | 88.8% |
Fair, poor, or very poor | 7.9% | 8.4% | 9.0% | 9.3% | 9.4% | 9.5% | 9.5% | 9.5% | 9.4% | 10.0% | 10.2% | 10.0% | 11.4% | 11.5% | 11.2% |
Health Insurer | |||||||||||||||
Private | 69.2% | 65.5% | 64.3% | 63.3% | 63.4% | 62.2% | 61.2% | 59.7% | 59.5% | 59.1% | 59.6% | 60.2% | 63.6% | 62.6% | 63.9% |
Medicare | 2.9% | 2.7% | 2.8% | 3.0% | 3.1% | 3.0% | 3.3% | 3.3% | 3.3% | 4.0% | 4.0% | 3.9% | 5.1% | 4.9% | 4.9% |
Medicaid | 6.9% | 8.0% | 8.6% | 9.0% | 8.5% | 9.0% | 9.8% | 10.2% | 10.7% | 11.4% | 11.3% | 11.6% | 11.7% | 14.3% | 14.7% |
Tricare or VA | 1.4% | 1.7% | 1.6% | 1.7% | 1.6% | 1.6% | 1.7% | 1.8% | 2.0% | 2.1% | 2.1% | 2.1% | 2.1% | 2.0% | 2.2% |
Other | 1.8% | 2.4% | 2.4% | 2.4% | 2.5% | 2.8% | 2.6% | 2.8% | 2.9% | 2.8% | 3.0% | 2.9% | 3.0% | 3.7% | 3.0% |
Uninsured | 17.7% | 19.8% | 20.2% | 20.7% | 21.0% | 21.5% | 21.4% | 22.2% | 21.7% | 20.6% | 20.0% | 19.3% | 14.6% | 12.5% | 11.4% |
Past-Year Substance Abuse or Dependence | |||||||||||||||
Alcohol | 12.8% | 12.4% | 12.6% | 12.6% | 12.3% | 12.1% | 12.2% | 12.0% | 11.4% | 10.7% | 10.5% | 9.9% | 8.4% | 7.9% | 7.7% |
Pain Reliever | 0.9% | 0.8% | 0.9% | 1.1% | 1.0% | 1.2% | 1.3% | 1.3% | 1.2% | 1.2% | 1.3% | 1.1% | 0.9% | 1.0% | 0.9% |
Cocaine | 1.0% | 1.0% | 1.1% | 1.1% | 1.0% | 1.0% | 0.9% | 0.7% | 0.5% | 0.5% | 0.5% | 0.5% | 0.4% | 0.4% | 0.4% |
Hallucinogen | 0.4% | 0.3% | 0.3% | 0.3% | 0.3% | 0.3% | 0.3% | 0.3% | 0.3% | 0.2% | 0.2% | 0.2% | 0.1% | 0.2% | 0.2% |
Heroin | 0.1% | 0.1% | 0.2% | 0.2% | 0.2% | 0.2% | 0.2% | 0.3% | 0.2% | 0.3% | 0.4% | 0.4% | 0.3% | 0.3% | 0.4% |
Inhalant | 0.1% | 0.1% | 0.1% | 0.1% | 0.1% | 0.1% | 0.1% | 0.1% | 0.1% | 0.1% | < 0.1% | < 0.1% | < 0.1% | < 0.1% | < 0.1% |
Marijuana | 3.4% | 3.5% | 3.6% | 3.3% | 3.3% | 3.2% | 3.4% | 3.3% | 3.2% | 3.1% | 3.2% | 3.0% | 2.3% | 2.3% | 2.3% |
Sedative | 0.1% | 0.1% | 0.1% | 0.1% | 0.1% | 0.1% | 0.1% | 0.1% | 0.1% | < 0.1% | 0.1% | 0.1% | 0.1% | 0.1% | 0.1% |
Stimulant | 0.3% | 0.3% | 0.3% | 0.3% | 0.2% | 0.3% | 0.2% | 0.3% | 0.2% | 0.2% | 0.3% | 0.3% | 0.3% | 0.3% | 0.3% |
Tranquilizer | 0.3% | 0.3% | 0.4% | 0.3% | 0.3% | 0.3% | 0.3% | 0.3% | 0.3% | 0.2% | 0.3% | 0.3% | 0.2% | 0.3% | 0.3% |
Past-Year Unmet Need for Mental Health Treatment | 7.4% | 7.1% | 7.2% | 7.2% | 6.4% | 6.8% | 6.8% | 7.1% | 6.6% | 6.6% | 6.7% | 6.6% | 6.4% | 6.3% | 6.8% |
Year | 2002 | 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n
|
2680
|
2640
|
2665
|
2678
|
2368
|
2557
|
2530
|
2687
|
2556
|
2564
|
2537
|
2463
|
2652
|
2718
|
2891
|
Reason for Unmet Need | |||||||||||||||
Cost | 61.8% | 62.3% | 63.8% | 63.0% | 47.3% | 47.3% | 48.7% | 50.8% | 50.9% | 51.6% | 48.4% | 48.5% | 48.5% | 44.5% | 43.8% |
Perceived Stigma | 31.2% | 32.1% | 30.8% | 30.2% | 29.7% | 31.8% | 31.1% | 30.5% | 32.1% | 29.5% | 31.0% | 30.2% | 30.4% | 32.8% | 34.9% |
Minimisation | 13.8% | 34.8% | 34.5% | 32.3% | 31.5% | 32.5% | 30.3% | 30.6% | 30.0% | 27.9% | 29.9% | 29.2% | 28.4% | 31.6% | 33.0% |
Low Perceived Effectiveness | 1.6% | 11.8% | 11.3% | 10.8% | 10.4% | 11.8% | 10.0% | 11.0% | 10.9% | 10.3% | 10.3% | 9.9% | 10.1% | 12.6% | 11.6% |
Structural Barriers | 28.8% | 34.8% | 32.9% | 31.7% | 29.9% | 31.9% | 32.5% | 31.9% | 32.1% | 32.2% | 33.6% | 35.8% | 35.8% | 41.8% | 42.2% |
Other Reason(s) | 4.4% | 8.3% | 7.4% | 7.9% | 7.3% | 7.8% | 7.4% | 7.6% | 7.3% | 7.7% | 7.2% | 7.9% | 8.3% | 9.2% | 9.7% |
Unmet need
Unadjusted | Adjusted | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Age | ||||
18–25 years old | 1 | 1 | ||
26–34 years old | 0.886 | (0.853–0.920) | 1.056 | (1.007–1.108) |
35–49 years old | 0.698 | (0.675–0.722) | 0.895 | (0.851–0.941) |
50 or older | 0.293 | (0.277–0.311) | 0.364 | (0.336–0.395) |
Female | 2.031 | (1.952–2.113) | 2.299 | (2.204–2.399) |
Ethnicity | ||||
Non-Hispanic White | 1 | 1 | ||
Non-Hispanic Black | 0.840 | (0.789–0.895) | 0.568 | (0.530–0.610) |
Non-Hispanic Native American or Alaskan Native | 1.315 | (1.135–1.525) | 0.795 | (0.676–0.934) |
Non-Hispanic Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander | 0.640 | (0.464–0.881) | 0.478 | (0.339–0.672) |
Non-Hispanic Asian | 0.405 | (0.351–0.467) | 0.376 | (0.326–0.433) |
Non-Hispanic Mixed | 1.697 | (1.497–1.925) | 1.244 | (1.094–1.416) |
Hispanic | 0.734 | (0.693–0.777) | 0.547 | (0.510–0.586) |
Marital Status | ||||
Never married | 1 | 1 | ||
Married | 0.428 | (0.413–0.445) | 0.755 | (0.716–0.797) |
Widowed | 0.320 | (0.282–0.364) | 0.612 | (0.528–0.709) |
Divorced or Separated | 0.960 | (0.914–1.009) | 1.228 | (1.154–1.306) |
MSA/CBSA Size | ||||
1 million or more | 1 | 1 | ||
Fewer than 1 million | 1.090 | (1.056–1.125) | 0.983 | (0.951–1.016) |
Not a MSA/CBSA | 0.946 | (0.895–1.001) | 0.854 | (0.801–0.911) |
Educational Attainment | ||||
Elementary School | 1 | 1 | ||
Middle School | 1.307 | (0.972–1.758) | 1.093 | (0.804–1.487) |
High School | 1.709 | (1.322–2.211) | 1.301 | (0.991–1.708) |
College or Higher | 2.062 | (1.600–2.658) | 2.043 | (1.563–2.671) |
Employment Status | ||||
Full Time | 1 | 1 | ||
Part Time | 1.552 | (1.478–1.629) | 1.175 | (1.115–1.239) |
Unemployed | 1.914 | (1.784–2.052) | 1.226 | (1.136–1.323) |
Other (including not in labour force) | 1.118 | (1.069–1.169) | 1.128 | (1.069–1.190) |
Annual Household Income | ||||
Less than $20,000 | 1 | 1 | ||
$20,000–$49,999 | 0.687 | (0.659–0.717) | 0.953 | (0.907–1.000) |
$50,000–$74,999 | 0.580 | (0.551–0.610) | 0.897 | (0.842–0.955) |
$75,000 or more | 0.475 | (0.452–0.498) | 0.785 | (0.740–0.833) |
Receives Government Assistance | 2.045 | (1.969–2.123) | 1.461 | (1.389–1.537) |
Self-Rated Health | ||||
Good, very good, or excellent | 1 | 1 | ||
Fair, poor, or very poor | 1.985 | (1.905–2.069) | 2.433 | (2.320–2.552) |
Health Insurer | ||||
Private | 1 | 1 | ||
Medicare | 0.992 | (0.910–1.082) | 1.074 | (0.965–1.197) |
Medicaid | 2.452 | (2.336–2.574) | 1.196 | (1.118–1.280) |
Tricare or VA | 1.662 | (1.480–1.867) | 1.573 | (1.388–1.783) |
Other | 1.630 | (1.462–1.816) | 1.086 | (0.965–1.221) |
Uninsured | 1.831 | (1.750–1.917) | 1.310 | (1.241–1.382) |
Past-Year Substance Abuse or Dependence | ||||
Alcohol | 3.629 | (3.471–3.795) | 2.628 | (2.499–2.763) |
Pain Relievers | 8.443 | (7.697–9.261) | 2.616 | (2.304–2.970) |
Cocaine | 7.340 | (6.651–8.101) | 2.056 | (1.785–2.369) |
Hallucinogens | 8.146 | (6.778–9.790) | 1.266 | (0.957–1.675) |
Heroin | 7.656 | (6.485–9.038) | 1.471 | (1.112–1.946) |
Inhalants | 9.192 | (6.234–13.55) | 2.325 | (1.351–4.002) |
Marijuana | 4.678 | (4.383–4.993) | 1.955 | (1.800–2.123) |
Sedatives | 16.73 | (11.90–23.51) | 1.546 | (0.832–2.873) |
Stimulants | 12.77 | (10.60–15.37) | 2.156 | (1.623–2.864) |
Tranquilizers | 12.35 | (10.37–14.70) | 1.834 | (1.392–2.418) |
Reasons for unmet need
Cost | Perceived Stigma | Minimisation | Low Perceived Effectiveness | Structural Barriers | Other | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age | ||||||||||||
18–25 years old | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||
26–34 years old | 1.413 | (1.294–1.543) | 0.674 | (0.615–0.739) | 0.755 | (0.685–0.832) | 0.716 | (0.618–0.829) | 0.878 | (0.804–0.959) | 1.139 | (0.970–1.337) |
35–49 years old | 1.486 | (1.341–1.647) | 0.575 | (0.515–0.642) | 0.649 | (0.583–0.723) | 0.612 | (0.519–0.721) | 0.724 | (0.658–0.797) | 1.245 | (1.070–1.448) |
50 or older | 1.121 | (0.981–1.282) | 0.380 | (0.320–0.452) | 0.706 | (0.608–0.819) | 0.688 | (0.535–0.884) | 0.585 | (0.498–0.688) | 1.388 | (1.074–1.795) |
Female | 1.069 | (0.993–1.150) | 0.748 | (0.695–0.806) | 1.015 | (0.928–1.111) | 0.893 | (0.782–1.019) | 1.268 | (1.177–1.366) | 0.965 | (0.836–1.115) |
Ethnicity | ||||||||||||
Non-Hispanic White | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||
Non-Hispanic Black | 0.700 | (0.611–0.803) | 1.070 | (0.946–1.211) | 1.086 | (0.939–1.255) | 0.673 | (0.538–0.841) | 0.890 | (0.783–1.012) | 0.803 | (0.621–1.038) |
Non-Hispanic Native American or Alaskan Native | 0.536 | (0.410–0.701) | 1.070 | (0.789–1.452) | 0.904 | (0.613–1.334) | 0.597 | (0.349–1.021) | 1.007 | (0.729–1.391) | 1.361 | (0.808–2.293) |
Non-Hispanic Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander | 0.734 | (0.369–1.460) | 2.060 | (0.926–4.581) | 1.861 | (0.910–3.804) | 1.162 | (0.542–2.492) | 1.431 | (0.652–3.140) | 0.882 | (0.354–2.201) |
Non-Hispanic Asian | 0.835 | (0.620–1.123) | 1.185 | (0.948–1.482) | 1.101 | (0.869–1.394) | 1.044 | (0.687–1.588) | 1.349 | (1.059–1.716) | 0.858 | (0.504–1.461) |
Non-Hispanic Mixed | 0.889 | (0.707–1.116) | 0.951 | (0.768–1.179) | 0.918 | (0.723–1.167) | 1.026 | (0.790–1.331) | 1.148 | (0.900–1.465) | 1.853 | (1.262–2.722) |
Hispanic | 0.740 | (0.653–0.839) | 1.059 | (0.929–1.209) | 0.993 | (0.873–1.131) | 0.691 | (0.548–0.871) | 1.015 | (0.897–1.148) | 0.893 | (0.717–1.111) |
Marital Status | ||||||||||||
Never married | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||
Married | 0.948 | (0.859–1.046) | 0.944 | (0.847–1.052) | 1.050 | (0.947–1.165) | 0.749 | (0.645–0.869) | 1.034 | (0.943–1.134) | 0.776 | (0.635–0.949) |
Widowed | 0.847 | (0.649–1.107) | 0.743 | (0.536–1.030) | 0.930 | (0.665–1.300) | 0.579 | (0.310–1.083) | 0.812 | (0.582–1.131) | 0.685 | (0.446–1.052) |
Divorced or Separated | 1.119 | (0.998–1.255) | 0.914 | (0.797–1.047) | 0.978 | (0.854–1.120) | 0.791 | (0.639–0.978) | 0.979 | (0.858–1.116) | 0.916 | (0.750–1.119) |
MSA/CBSA Size | ||||||||||||
1 million or more | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||
Fewer than 1 million | 0.989 | (0.916–1.068) | 1.169 | (1.081–1.264) | 1.084 | (1.007–1.167) | 1.044 | (0.920–1.185) | 0.845 | (0.780–0.915) | 1.136 | (0.975–1.322) |
Not a MSA/CBSA | 0.934 | (0.828–1.052) | 1.445 | (1.266–1.649) | 1.167 | (1.023–1.331) | 0.985 | (0.768–1.263) | 0.915 | (0.812–1.032) | 0.836 | (0.638–1.095) |
Educational Attainment | ||||||||||||
Elementary School | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||
Middle School | 1.083 | (0.605–1.939) | 1.085 | (0.570–2.066) | 1.203 | (0.465–3.108) | 0.879 | (0.247–3.121) | 1.153 | (0.654–2.034) | 2.015 | (0.925–4.389) |
High School | 1.095 | (0.648–1.851) | 0.941 | (0.525–1.687) | 1.437 | (0.593–3.486) | 0.893 | (0.318–2.508) | 1.629 | (1.034–2.568) | 4.072 | (1.911–8.678) |
College or Higher | 1.178 | (0.703–1.976) | 1.002 | (0.554–1.810) | 1.672 | (0.691–4.045) | 1.109 | (0.397–3.100) | 2.166 | (1.379–3.400) | 5.125 | (2.389–10.99) |
Employment Status | ||||||||||||
Full Time | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||
Part Time | 1.052 | (0.957–1.155) | 0.885 | (0.796–0.983) | 1.012 | (0.928–1.102) | 1.012 | (0.893–1.147) | 0.880 | (0.801–0.966) | 1.369 | (1.161–1.615) |
Unemployed | 1.127 | (0.977–1.299) | 0.932 | (0.812–1.070) | 0.795 | (0.687–0.920) | 0.794 | (0.615–1.026) | 0.838 | (0.723–0.971) | 1.531 | (1.207–1.943) |
Other (including not in labour force) | 0.804 | (0.732–0.883) | 0.921 | (0.833–1.019) | 1.041 | (0.935–1.159) | 1.118 | (0.967–1.292) | 0.906 | (0.820–1.000) | 1.943 | (1.649–2.290) |
Annual Household Income | ||||||||||||
Less than $20,000 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||
$20,000–$49,999 | 1.096 | (0.995–1.207) | 0.951 | (0.869–1.040) | 0.960 | (0.861–1.070) | 0.962 | (0.830–1.115) | 0.897 | (0.821–0.980) | 1.053 | (0.890–1.245) |
$50,000–$74,999 | 0.881 | (0.786–0.988) | 1.009 | (0.891–1.142) | 1.074 | (0.951–1.212) | 1.232 | (0.997–1.522) | 0.947 | (0.846–1.060) | 0.913 | (0.714–1.167) |
$75,000 or more | 0.569 | (0.511–0.634) | 1.045 | (0.923–1.183) | 1.340 | (1.190–1.509) | 1.224 | (1.014–1.478) | 0.984 | (0.883–1.098) | 1.105 | (0.875–1.395) |
Receives Government Assistance | 1.005 | (0.906–1.116) | 0.982 | (0.886–1.090) | 0.872 | (0.783–0.972) | 0.933 | (0.800–1.088) | 1.109 | (1.001–1.227) | 1.048 | (0.893–1.230) |
Self-Rated Health | ||||||||||||
Good, very good, or excellent | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||
Fair, poor, or very poor | 1.245 | (1.126–1.375) | 1.133 | (1.023–1.256) | 0.750 | (0.668–0.842) | 1.011 | (0.831–1.230) | 0.898 | (0.815–0.989) | 1.101 | (0.925–1.310) |
Health Insurer | ||||||||||||
Private | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||
Medicare | 0.860 | (0.729–1.013) | 1.141 | (0.922–1.413) | 0.649 | (0.506–0.833) | 0.703 | (0.473–1.047) | 0.958 | (0.801–1.147) | 1.119 | (0.834–1.501) |
Medicaid | 0.795 | (0.700–0.902) | 1.095 | (0.968–1.238) | 0.801 | (0.694–0.924) | 0.996 | (0.809–1.227) | 1.038 | (0.908–1.187) | 1.207 | (0.984–1.480) |
Tricare or VA | 0.482 | (0.379–0.613) | 1.168 | (0.894–1.526) | 1.068 | (0.796–1.433) | 0.987 | (0.690–1.410) | 1.092 | (0.806–1.479) | 1.695 | (1.198–2.399) |
Other | 1.609 | (1.343–1.927) | 0.861 | (0.709–1.046) | 0.772 | (0.643–0.927) | 0.786 | (0.544–1.137) | 0.824 | (0.656–1.034) | 0.796 | (0.571–1.110) |
Uninsured | 3.656 | (3.255–4.106) | 0.624 | (0.568–0.685) | 0.497 | (0.443–0.558) | 0.647 | (0.542–0.772) | 0.688 | (0.621–0.761) | 0.914 | (0.771–1.083) |
Past-Year Substance Abuse or Dependence | ||||||||||||
Alcohol | 1.032 | (0.946–1.125) | 1.163 | (1.065–1.271) | 0.882 | (0.797–0.977) | 1.029 | (0.896–1.182) | 0.975 | (0.882–1.077) | 0.670 | (0.358–1.254) |
Pain Relievers | 1.005 | (0.846–1.195) | 1.359 | (1.142–1.619) | 0.708 | (0.571–0.878) | 0.710 | (0.523–0.964) | 0.853 | (0.716–1.015) | 0.601 | (0.226–1.595) |
Cocaine | 0.926 | (0.742–1.156) | 1.186 | (0.955–1.474) | 1.077 | (0.804–1.444) | 0.628 | (0.408–0.967) | 0.821 | (0.612–1.101) | 1.135 | (0.904–1.425) |
Hallucinogens | 1.043 | (0.736–1.479) | 1.056 | (0.754–1.478) | 1.072 | (0.722–1.592) | 0.815 | (0.431–1.542) | 0.773 | (0.547–1.092) | 0.694 | (0.297–1.624) |
Heroin | 1.072 | (0.763–1.505) | 0.515 | (0.378–0.703) | 0.947 | (0.591–1.516) | 0.704 | (0.400–1.241) | 1.029 | (0.703–1.506) | 0.855 | (0.498–1.468) |
Inhalants | 1.200 | (0.674–2.139) | 0.617 | (0.317–1.198) | 0.816 | (0.420–1.583) | 0.598 | (0.278–1.286) | 0.636 | (0.308–1.316) | 1.690 | (1.069–2.671) |
Marijuana | 1.036 | (0.921–1.165) | 0.960 | (0.834–1.105) | 0.886 | (0.766–1.026) | 0.965 | (0.801–1.164) | 0.800 | (0.705–0.909) | 0.670 | (0.358–1.254) |
Sedatives | 0.921 | (0.525–1.616) | 1.537 | (0.855–2.765) | 0.676 | (0.409–1.117) | 0.967 | (0.475–1.970) | 0.550 | (0.328–0.924) | 0.601 | (0.226–1.595) |
Stimulants | 0.996 | (0.762–1.302) | 1.647 | (1.182–2.296) | 0.598 | (0.450–0.794) | 1.140 | (0.726–1.788) | 1.122 | (0.768–1.639) | 1.135 | (0.904–1.425) |
Tranquilizers | 1.063 | (0.783–1.443) | 1.272 | (0.904–1.790) | 0.780 | (0.571–1.066) | 0.980 | (0.645–1.489) | 0.918 | (0.648–1.302) | 0.694 | (0.297–1.624) |