Background
Methods
Plant collection and extraction
Fractionation
Extraction of crude saponins
Extraction of Flavonoids
Gas chromatography (GC) analysis
Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analysis
Identification of components
Antibacterial investigations
Bacterial strains
Preparation and standardization of inoculums
Antibacterial assay
Determination of MICs
Anthelmintic investigations
Insecticidal investigations
Anti-beetle
Anti-termite investigations
Anti-Pharaoh (ants) investigations
Statistical analysis
Results
Gas chromatography mass spectroscopy
S. No | Compound Label | RT | Name | Formula | Hits (DB) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. | Cyclohexanone (CAS) $$ Anon $$ Anone $$ Nadone $$ Hexanon $$ Sextone | 3.858 | Cyclohexanone | C6H10O | 10 |
2. | Ethanol, 2-ethoxy-, acetate (CAS) $$ 2-Ethoxyethyl acetate $$ Oxitol acetate | 3.936 | Oxitol acetate | C6H12O3 | 10 |
3. | Cyclopentane, 1,1,3,4-tetramethyl-, trans- (CAS) | 4.726 | Nf | C9H18 | 10 |
4. | 1-(4-Tosyloxybutyl)-3-(1-methoxy-1-methylethoxy)clopentene | 4.842 | Nf | C20H30O5S | 1 |
5. | (1.alpha.,5.alpha.,6.alpha.,7.alpha.)-6,7-(Z,E)-Dipropenyl-3-oxabicyclo[3.2.... | 5.428 | Nf | C12H18O | 6 |
6. | Butanedioic acid, ethyl methyl ester (CAS) $$ 1-Ethyl 4-methyl succinate | 7.031 | Nf | C7H12O4 | 10 |
7. | N-Butylpropargylamine | 7.156 | Butylpropargylamine | C7H13N | 10 |
8. | 2-Cyclohexen-1-one, 3,5,5-trimethyl- (CAS) $$ 3,5,5-Trimethyl-2-cyclohexenone | 7.366 | Nf | C9H14O | 10 |
9. | Succinic acid, butyl ethyl ester | 8.151 | Nf | C10H18O4 | 10 |
10. | Butanedioic acid (CAS) $$ Succinic acid (CAS) $$ Asuccin $$ Amber acid | 8.234 | Amber acid | C4H6O4 | 10 |
11. | Undecane, 4-methyl- (CAS) $$ 4-Methylundecane $$ 4 - methyl - undecane | 8.456 | Nf | C12H26 | 10 |
12. | 1-(1,1-dimethyl-2-propenyl)-1-cyclohexene | 10.256 | Nf | C11H18 | 10 |
13. | Dodecane, 2-methyl- (CAS) $$ 2-Methyldodecane $$ 11-Methyldodecane | 11.258 | Nf | C13H28 | 10 |
14. | (+)-(E)-N,N-Di-tert-butoxycarbonyl-1,3-diphenylprop-2-enyamine | 12.008 | Nf | C25H31NO4 | 1 |
15. | Benzene, 1-(bromomethyl)-3-nitro- $$ m-(Bromomethyl)nitrobenzene | 12.284 | Nf | C7H6BrNO2 | 10 |
16. | rac-.gamma.(2)-muurolene | 12.418 | rac-γ(2)-muurolene | C16H24 | 10 |
17. | Decane, 3-bromo- $$ 3-Bromodecane # | 12.54 | Nf | C10H21Br | 1 |
18. | Acetic Acid 2-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)ethyl Ester | 13.523 | Nf | C10H12O3 | 10 |
19. | Tetradecane, 1-chloro- $$ Myristyl chloride $$ Tetradecyl chloride | 13.738 | Myristyl chloride | C14H29Cl | 10 |
20. | alpha.-Amorphene $$. ALPHA. AMORPHENE $$ 6.alpha.-Cadina-4,9-diene, (−)- | 14.153 | α-Amorphene | C15H24 | 10 |
21. | alpha.-Copaene $$ Copaene (CAS) $$ Copaen $$ (−)-.alpha.-Copaene | 14.516 | Copaen | C15H24 | 10 |
22. | alpha.-Cadinol $$ Cadin-4-en-10-ol $$ l-.alpha.-Cadinol $$ 10-.ALPHA.-CADINOL | 14.64 | α-Cadinol | C15H26O | 10 |
23. | 4-((1E)-3-Hydroxy-1-propenyl)-2-methoxyphenol | 15.859 | Nf | C10H12O3 | 10 |
24. | (−)-Loliolide $$ Loliolide $$ Loliolid $$ Digiprolactone $$ Calendin | 16.428 | Loliolide | C11H16O3 | 2 |
25. | Neophytadiene $$ 7,11,15-TRIMETHYL,3-METHYLENE-1-HEXADECENE | 17.314 | Neophytadiene | C20H38 | 10 |
26. | R-7-endo-p-phenylbenzoyloxy-6-anti-(.beta.-phenylethenyl)-2-oxa-bicyclo[3.3.... | 17.447 | Nf | C27H24O3 | 1 |
27. | 2-Hexadecen-1-ol, 3,7,11,15-tetramethyl-, [R-[R*,R*-(E)]]- (CAS) | 18.25 | Nf | C20H40O | 10 |
28. | Hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester (CAS) $$ Methyl palmitate $$ Uniphat A60 | 19.316 | Methyl palmitate | C17H34O2 | 10 |
29. | n-Hexadecanoic acid $$ Hexadecanoic acid $$ n-Hexadecoic acid $$ Palmitic acid | 20.498 | Palmitic acid | C16H32O2 | 10 |
30. | Hexadecanoic acid, ethyl ester (CAS) $$ Ethyl palmitate $$ Ethyl hexadecanoate | 21.386 | Ethyl palmitate | C18H36O2 | 10 |
31. | CIS-11,14,17-EICOSATRIENOIC ACID ME | 25.548 | Nf | C21H36O2 | 10 |
32. | Phytol $$ 2-Hexadecen-1-ol, 3,7,11,15-tetramethyl-, [R-[R*,R*-(E)]]- | 26.041 | Phytol | C20H40O | 10 |
33. | 17-Octadecynoic acid | 27.132 | Nf | C18H32O2 | 10 |
34. | Linoleic acid ethyl ester $$ Ethyl linoleate $$ Ethyl linolate $$ Mandenol | 27.616 | Mandenol | C20H36O2 | 10 |
35. | Acetic acid, chloro-, hexadecyl ester $$ Chloro-acetic acid hexadecyl ester | 27.817 | Nf | C18H35ClO2 | 10 |
36. | 9,12,15-Octadecatrienoic acid, methyl ester, (Z,Z,Z)- $$ Methyl linolenate | 27.831 | Methyl linolenate | C19H32O2 | 10 |
37. | Octadecanoic acid, ethyl ester (CAS) $$ Ethyl stearate $$ Ethyl octadecanoate | 28.617 | Ethyl stearate | C20H40O2 | 10 |
38. | Neophytadiene $$ 7,11,15-TRIMETHYL,3-METHYLENE-1-HEXADECENE | 29.321 | Neophytadiene | C20H38 | 10 |
39. | Hexadecanoic acid, ethyl ester (CAS) $$ Ethyl palmitate $$ Ethyl hexadecanoate | 33.473 | Ethyl palmitate | C18H36O2 | 10 |
40. | Naphthalene, 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-1-isopropyl-1,2,4,4,7-pentamethyl- | 35.4 | Nf | C18H28 | 1 |
41. | 3,4,8-trimethyl-9-oxy-1-trimethylsilyloxybicyclo[4.3.1]non-1-ene | 35.883 | Nf | C15H26O2Si | 10 |
42. | Di-(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate $$ 1,2-BENZENEDICARBOXYLIC ACID | 36.417 | Nf | C24H38O4 | 10 |
43. | Hinokione $$ (+)-Hinokione | 36.604 | Hinokione | C20H28O2 | 10 |
44. | 37.056 | Nf | C15H14N4O3S | 1 | |
45. | Hinokiol $$ (+)-Hinokiol | 37.242 | Hinokiol | C20H30O2 | 4 |
46. | 7,8,9-Trimethoxy-4,5-dihydro-1H-benzo[g]indazole | 39.446 | Nf | C14H16N2O3 | 1 |
47. | 13b–methyl-3-propyl-1,3,4,6,7,8,13,13b–octahydro-2 h-pyrido[1′,2′:1,2]azepino... | 40.14 | Nf | C20H28N2 | 10 |
48. | 7,7-Dimethyl-6,7-diihydro-5H-benzo[f]pyrano[2,3-h]quinoxaline | 40.607 | Nf | C17H16N2O | 2 |
49. | 3-[(3,4-dimethoxy-benzylamino)-methyl]-8a–methyl-5-methylene-decahydro-napht... | 40.934 | Nf | C24H33NO4 | 1 |
50. | 1-Hexadecanol (CAS) $$ Cetal $$ Ethal $$ Ethol $$ Cetanol $$ Cetylol $$ Adol 52 | 43.494 | Cetylol | C16H34O | 10 |
51. | dl-.alpha.-Tocopherol $$ (.+/−.)-.alpha.-Tocopherol $$ Vitamin E | 45.326 | Vitamin E | C29H50O2 | 7 |
52. | 1,3-Diethyladamantane | 49.926 | Nf | C14H24 | 2 |
53. | Stigmasta-5,22-dien-3-ol, acetate, (3.beta.)- $$ Stigmasterol acetate | 50.163 | Stigmasterol acetate | C31H50O2 | 6 |
54. | Viminalol $$ Urs-12-en-3-ol, (3.beta.)- (CAS) $$ .alpha.-Amyrin $$ ALPHA-AMYRIN | 50.299 | Viminalol | C30H50O | 10 |
55. | 4,6-Dimethoxy-2,3-diphenyl-7-(1-pyrrolin-2-yl)indole | 51.53 | Nf | C26H24N2O2 | 3 |
56. | Stigmast-4-en-3-one $$ 4-Stigmasten-3-one $$ Sitostenone | 51.622 | Sitostenone | C29H48O | 1 |
57. | 4-Hydroxy-1,2-dimethoxyanthraquinone | 62.475 | Nf | C16H12O5 | 3 |
S.No | RT | Height | Height % | Area | Area % | Area Sum % | Base Peak m/z | Width |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. | 3.857 | 54,336 | 6.81 | 66,940 | 1.91 | 0.65 | 55.1 | 0.05 |
2. | 3.938 | 57,317 | 7.19 | 70,955 | 2.03 | 0.69 | 43.1 | 0.054 |
3. | 7.029 | 40,590 | 5.09 | 80,194 | 2.29 | 0.78 | 115 | 0.07 |
4. | 7.367 | 581,648 | 72.95 | 1E + 06 | 29.17 | 9.92 | 82 | 0.107 |
5. | 8.15 | 74,641 | 9.36 | 122,166 | 3.49 | 1.19 | 101 | 0.054 |
6. | 9.698 | 44,503 | 5.58 | 70,074 | 2 | 0.68 | 70.1 | 0.06 |
7. | 11.73 | 62,937 | 7.89 | 90,543 | 2.59 | 0.88 | 93 | 0.05 |
8. | 21.386 | 542,089 | 67.99 | 2E + 06 | 66.56 | 22.64 | 88 | 0.171 |
9. | 27.829 | 797,352 | 100 | 3E + 06 | 100 | 34.02 | 79 | 0.178 |
10. | 29.319 | 754,398 | 94.61 | 3E + 06 | 78.36 | 26.66 | 68.1 | 0.137 |
Antibacterial studies
Sensitivity pattern
Bacterial strains | Diameter of the inhibitory zone (mm) Mean ± SEM (n = 5) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ciprofloxacin | Cefixime | Amoxycillin | Gentamycin | Cephradine | Cloxacillin | |
Escherichia coli (739) | 24.67 ± 1.20 | 18.33 ± 0.88 | 07.67 ± 0.67 | 26.67 ± 0.67 | 06.67 ± 0.88 | 09.33 ± 0.33 |
Klebsiella pneumoniae (700603) | 19.00 ± 0.57 | 06.67 ± 0.67 | 08.00 ± 0.57 | 22.00 ± 0.57 | 08.67 ± 0.88 | 06.67 ± 1.20 |
Pseudomonas aeruginosa (27853) | 22.33 ± 0.88 | 16.67 ± 1.20 | 07.67 ± 1.20 | 20.67 ± 1.20 | 10.33 ± 1.45 | 08.33 ± 0.33 |
Enterococcus faecalis (29212) | 16.33 ± 0.33 | 12.33 ± 0.88 | 09.33 ± 0.88 | 26.67 ± 0.67 | 14.00 ± 1.15 | 06.67 ± 0.67 |
Proteus mirabilis (13315) | 18.67 ± 1.20 | 06.67 ± 0.33 | 10.67 ± 0.33 | 27.33 ± 0.88 | 10.00 ± 0.57 | 12.33 ± 0.88 |
Staphylococcus aureus (29213) | 26.67 ± 0.67 | 08.33 ± 0.33 | 14.00 ± 0.57 | 29.00 ± 0.57 | 12.33 ± 0.88 | 08.00 ± 0.57 |
Bacillus cereus
| 23.00 ± 0.57 | 11.67 ± 0.67 | 11.33 ± 0.88 | 26.00 ± 1.15 | 12.67 ± 0.67 | 09.67 ± 1.20 |
Salmonella typhi
| 23.33 ± 0.33 | 26.67 ± 1.20 | 7.67 ± 1.20 | 24.33 ± 0.33 | 10.00 ± 1.15 | 07.00 ± 1.15 |
Zone of inhibitions
Samples |
P. m
|
S. a
|
E. c
|
B. c
|
S. t
|
K. p
|
P. a
|
E. f
|
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ir.Cr | 17.2 ± 0.37 | 9.1 ± 0.34 | 7.2 ± 0 .55 | --- | 28.2 ± 0.40 | 18.2 ± 0.35 | 9.3 ± 0.31 | 21.3 ± 0.36 |
Ir.Hex | 07.3 ± 0.34 | 9.1 ± 0.52 | --- | 7.1 ± 0.49 | 18.2 ± 0.37 | 17.2 ± 0.37 | 8.3 ± 0.25 | 23.3 ± 0.36 |
Ir.Cf | 11.2 ± 0.32 | 19.2 ± 0.47 | 7.1 ± 0.26 | --- | 6.1 ± 0.46 | 15.3 ± 0.35 | 9.2 ± 0.31 | 19.3 ± 0.39 |
Ir.EtAc | 9.2 ± 0.40 | 29.3 ± 0.28 | 21.2 ± 0.40 | 17.1 ± 0.46 | 28.2 ± 0.35 | 18.2 ± 0.40 | 7.1 ± 0.46 | 8.2 ± 0.37 |
Ir.Aq | 21.2 ± 0.31 | 9.2 ± 0.31 | --- | 13.2 ± 0.20 | 9.2 ± 0.40 | 9.2 ± 0.40 | 17.2 ± 0.37 | --- |
Ir.Sp | 18.2 ± 0.43 | 27.2 ± 0.23 | 24.1 ± 0.52 | 26.3 ± 0.34 | 8.2 ± 0.37 | 21.3 ± 0.39 | 9.2 ± 0.40 | 19.3 ± 0.38 |
Ir.Flv | 33.1 ± 0.49 | 16.2 ± 0.54 | 12.2 ± 0.54 | 31.3 ± 0.31 | 16.2 ± 0.23 | 27.3 ± 0.35 | 19.2 ± 0.38 | 13.2 ± 0.45 |
Ceft | 35.2 ± 0.37 | 31.1 ± 0.34 | 9.2 ± 0.44 | 29.3 ± 0.42 | 19.2 ± 0.37 | 25.4 ± 0.40 | 36.1 ± 0.34 | 21.3 ± 0.41 |
Minimum inhibitory concentration (MICs)
Samples
|
P. m
|
S. a
|
E. c
|
B. c
|
S. t
|
K. p
|
P. a
|
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ir.Cr | 6.66 ± 0.83 | 2.50 ± 0.00 | 8.33 ± 0.83 | 2.66 ± 1.30 | 12.50 ± 2.88 | 8.33 ± 0.83 | 4.16 ± 1.66 |
Ir.Hex | 18.33 ± 0.83 | 16.66 ± 0.83 | 2.83 ± 1.16 | 1.33 ± 0.60 | 8.33 ± 2.20 | 10.83 ± 2.20 | 12.50 ± 1.44 |
Ir.Cf | 2.50 ± 0.00 | 3.66 ± 1.96 | 1.00 ± 0.00 | 5.33 ± 2.60 | 2.01 ± 0.50 | 1.16 ± 0.66 | 2.50 ± 0.00 |
Ir.EtAc | 7.50 ± 1.44 | 7.50 ± 1.44 | 4.16 ± 0.83 | 2.83 ± 1.16 | 3.33 ± 0.83 | 1.33 ± 0.60 | 2.83 ± 1.16 |
Ir.Aq | 9.16 ± 0.83 | 11.66 ± 0.83 | 10.00 ± 1.44 | 10.83 ± 2.20 | 7.50 ± 1.44 | 5.00 ± 1.44 | 5.00 ± 1.44 |
Ir.Sp | 1.00 ± 0.00 | 0.83 ± 0.16 | 5.00 ± 1.44 | 2.50 ± 0.00 | 4.50 ± 1.89 | 1.00 ± 0.00 | 3.33 ± 0.83 |
Ir.Flv | 2.83 ± 1.16 | 1.00 ± 0.00 | 1.50 ± 0.50 | 6.66 ± 2.20 | 2.00 ± 0.50 | 2.66 ± 1.30 | 5.00 ± 1.44 |
Ceftriaxone | 0.50 ± 0.00 | 0.66 ± 0.16 | 2.50 ± 0.00 | 0.83 ± 0.16 | 0.66 ± 0.16 | 0.50 ± 0.00 | 1.33 ± 0.60 |
Anthelmintic activity
Samples | Concentration (mg/ml) |
Pheretima posthuma
|
Ascaridia galli
| ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Paralysis time in Minutes (mean ± SD) | Death time in Minutes (mean ± SD) | Paralysis time in Minutes (mean ± SD) | Death time in Minutes (mean ± SD) | ||
Ir.Cr | 10 | 24.33 ± 1.15***
| 67.00 ± 2.00***
| 20.25 ± 0.57***
| 69.39 ± 0.60***
|
20 | 18.67 ± 1.53**
| 60.00 ± 2.00***
| 17.01 ± 0.46***
| 61.18 ± 0.67***
| |
40 | 11.33 ± 1.56ns
| 40.67 ± 1.53***
| 13.48 ± 0.52***
| 53.19 ± 0.36***
| |
Ir.Hex | 10 | 23.33 ± 2.08***
| 67.33 ± 2.08***
| 28.89 ± 0.52***
| 87.34 ± 0.78***
|
20 | 17.00 ± 1.00*
| 62.33 ± 1.53***
| 17.32 ± 0.96***
| 71.36 ± 0.56***
| |
40 | 11.67 ± 1.53ns
| 49.00 ± 1.00***
| 3.43 ± 0.67**
| 56.63 ± 0.38***
| |
Ir.Cf | 10 | 14.00 ± 1.00ns
| 50.00 ± 1.00ns
| 14.53 ± 0.67ns
| 53.01 ± 0.44***
|
20 | 10.00 ± 2.00ns
| 37.67 ± 1.53ns
| 11.95 ± 0.34ns
| 41.77 ± 0.40ns
| |
40 | 7.33 ± 1.53ns
| 30.67 ± 2.52ns
| 9.85 ± 0.50ns
| 34.39 ± 0.55ns
| |
Ir.EtAc | 10 | 18.00 ± 2.00ns
| 52.00 ± 2.00ns
| 18.13 ± 0.49***
| 58.37 ± 1.16***
|
20 | 13.00 ± 2.00ns
| 45.00 ± 2.00*
| 13.63 ± 0.40**
| 49.31 ± 0.82***
| |
40 | 10.00 ± 2.00ns
| 38.67 ± 1.53**
| 10.29 ± 0.56*
| 42.25 ± 0.89***
| |
Ir.Aq | 10 | 21.00 ± 2.00**
| 61.00 ± 2.00***
| 19.66 ± 0.88***
| 68.54 ± 0.81***
|
20 | 19.00 ± 2.00**
| 56.00 ± 2.00***
| 15.4 ± 0.61***
| 57.15 ± 0.85***
| |
40 | 15.00 ± 2.00**
| 47.67 ± 1.53***
| 13.40 ± 0.69***
| 52.85 ± 0.50***
| |
Ir.Sp | 10 | 13.33 ± 1.53ns
| 44.00 ± 2.00ns
| 8.40 ± 0.9***
| 43.00 ± 1.00**
|
20 | 9.00 ± 2.00ns
| 33.67 ± 3.05ns
| 8.33 ± 0.58ns
| 32.79 ± 0.54***
| |
40 | 5.67 ± 1.53ns
| 27.67 ± 1.53ns
| 4.33 ± 0.58ns
| 29.22 ± 0.61**
| |
Albendazole | 10 | 12.33 ± 2.08 | 48.67 ± 1.53 | 13.10 ± 1.85 | 47.40 ± 1.50 |
20 | 10.33 ± 2.57 | 37.33 ± 1.53 | 9.80 ± 1.60 | 40.20 ± 2.25 | |
40 | 7.00 ± 2.00 | 28.67 ± 1.53 | 7.10 ± 1.01 | 33.60 ± 1.76 | |
Negative control | ----- | ----- | ----- | ----- | ------ |
Insecticidal activity
Anti-termite activity
Samples | Number of Termites treated | Days | Percent lethality (mean ± SEM) |
---|---|---|---|
Ir.Cr | 25 | 1 | 45.00 ± 1.15***
|
2 | 77.32 ± 1.32***
| ||
3 | 100.0 ± 0.00ns
| ||
Ir.Hex | 25 | 1 | 50.33 ± 0.88***
|
2 | 69.32 ± 1.32***
| ||
3 | 100.0 ± 0.00ns
| ||
Ir.Cf | 25 | 1 | 77.32 ± 1.32***
|
2 | 96.67 ± 1.20ns
| ||
3 | 100.0 ± 0.00ns
| ||
Ir.EtAc | 25 | 1 | 93.00 ± 0.57ns
|
2 | 100.0 ± 0.00ns
| ||
3 | 100.0 ± 0.00ns
| ||
Ir.Aq | 25 | 1 | 48.33 ± 0.88***
|
2 | 74.00 ± 0.57***
| ||
3 | 100.0 ± 0.00ns
| ||
Ir.Sp | 25 | 1 | 100.0 ± 0.00ns
|
2 | 100.0 ± 0.00ns
| ||
3 | 100.0 ± 0.00ns
| ||
Permethrin | 25 | 1 2 3 | 100.0 ± 0.00100.0 ± 0.00100.0 ± 0.00 |
Anti-Pharaoh (ants) activity
Samples | Dose (mg/ml) | Total treated | No. repeated | Mortality(%) mean ± SEM | LD50 (mg/ml) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ir.Cr | 0.5 | 20 | 3 | 41.33 ± 0.88***
| 0.85 |
1 | 20 | 52.00 ± 0.57***
| |||
2 | 20 | 57.67 ± 0.67***
| |||
4 | 20 | 58.00 ± 0.57***
| |||
6 | 20 | 70.00 ± 0.00***
| |||
8 | 20 | 81.33 ± 0.88***
| |||
Ir.Hex | 0.5 | 20 | 3 | 39.67 ± 1.20***
| 1.13 |
1 | 20 | 49.00 ± 1.15***
| |||
2 | 20 | 53.00 ± 0.57***
| |||
4 | 20 | 56.67 ± 0.67***
| |||
6 | 20 | 58.00 ± 0.57***
| |||
8 | 20 | 80.67 ± 1.20***
| |||
Ir.Cf | 0.5 | 20 | 3 | 67.33 ± 1.45***
| <0.1 |
1 | 20 | 68.67 ± 0.67***
| |||
2 | 20 | 73.33 ± 0.88***
| |||
4 | 20 | 76.00 ± 1.15***
| |||
6 | 20 | 85.00 ± 0.57**
| |||
8 | 20 | 95.33 ± 0.88ns
| |||
Ir.EtAc | 0.5 | 20 | 3 | 72.00 ± 1.15 ***
| <0.1 |
1 | 20 | 77.67 ± 0.67 ***
| |||
2 | 20 | 80.33 ± 0.33**
| |||
4 | 20 | 86.33 ± 0.88*
| |||
6 | 20 | 90.67 ± 0.67ns
| |||
8 | 20 | 100.0 ± 0.57ns
| |||
Ir.Aq | 0.5 | 20 | 3 | 29.00 ± 1.15***
| 3.37 |
1 | 20 | 41.33 ± 0.88 ***
| |||
2 | 20 | 44.67 ± 1.20***
| |||
4 | 20 | 53.33 ± 0.33 ***
| |||
6 | 20 | 66.00 ± 0.57***
| |||
8 | 20 | 80.67 ± 1.76***
| |||
Ir.Sp | 0.5 | 20 | 3 | 96.33 ± 0.88ns
| <0.1 |
1 | 20 | 100.0 ± 0.00ns
| |||
2 | 20 | 100.0 ± 0.00ns
| |||
4 | 20 | 100.0 ± 0.00ns
| |||
6 | 20 | 100.0 ± 0.00ns
| |||
8 | 20 | 100.0 ± 0.00ns
| |||
Permithrin | 0.5 | 20 | 3 | 93.33 ± 4.40 | <0.1 |
1 | 20 | 98.33 ± 1.66 | |||
2 | 20 | 100.0 ± 0.00 | |||
4 | 20 | 100.0 ± 0.00 | |||
6 | 20 | 100.0 ± 0.00 | |||
8 | 20 | 100.0 ± 0.00 | |||
Distilled Water | Negative control | 20 | 3 | 0.00 | 0.00 |