Dendritic cells are essential for priming but inefficient for boosting antitumour immune response in an orthotopic murine glioma model

The prognosis of malignant gliomas remains dismal and alternative therapeutic strategies are required. Immunotherapy with dendritic cells (DCs) pulsed with tumour antigens emerges as a promising approach. Many parameters influence the efficacy of DC-based vaccines and need to be optimised in preclinical models. The present study compares different vaccine schedules using DCs loaded with tumour cell lysate (DC-Lysate) for increasing long-term survival in the GL26 orthotopic murine glioma model, focusing on the number of injections and an optimal way to recall antitumour immune response. Double vaccination with DC-Lysate strongly prolonged median survival compared to unvaccinated animals (mean survival 87.5 daysvs. 25 days; p < 0.0001). In vitro data showed specific cytotoxic activity against GL26. However, late tumour relapses frequently occurred after 3 months and only 20% of mice were finally cured at 7 months. While one, two or three DC injections gave identical survival, a boost using only tumour lysate after initial DC-Lysate priming dramatically improved long-term survival in vaccinated mice, compared to the double DC-Lysate group, with 67.5% of animals cured at 7 months (p < 0.0001). In vitro data showed better specific CTL response and also the induction of specific anti-GL26 antibodies in the DC-Lysate/Lysate group, which mediated Complement Dependent Cytotoxicity. These experimental data may be of importance for the design of clinical trials that currently use multiple DC injections.