Background
Methods
Data source
Study population
Measures
Data analysis
Results
Characteristics of the study population
No injury (n = 32,544) | Non-occupational injury (n = 1,707) | Occupational injury (n = 904) | |
---|---|---|---|
Selected characteristics | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) |
Sex (%)*
| |||
Men | 16,764 (51.5) | 881 (51.6) | 598 (66.2) |
Women | 15,780 (48.5) | 825 (48.4) | 306 (33.8) |
Mean age (years)
| 38.9 (12.0) | 38.5 (12.1) | 39.5 (11.5) |
Race
| |||
White | 22,691 (69.7) | 1,210 (70.9) | 644 (71.2) |
Black | 4,164 (12.8) | 211 (12.4) | 97 (10.7) |
Other | 5,689 (17.5) | 286 (16.7) | 163 (18.0) |
Education*
| |||
Less than high school | 7,490 (23.0) | 480 (28.1) | 255 (28.2) |
High school graduate | 15,009 (46.1) | 793 (46.5) | 455 (50.3) |
College or more | 7,639 (23.5) | 291 (17.0) | 123 (13.6) |
Other degree | 2,406 (7.4) | 143 (8.4) | 71 (7.9) |
Marital status*
| |||
Married | 19,481 (59.8) | 921 (53.9) | 517 (57.2) |
Never married | 8,635 (26.5) | 505 (29.6) | 227 (25.1) |
Divorced, widowed, separated | 4,428 (13.6) | 281 (16.5) | 160 (17.7) |
Family income
┼
*
| |||
High | 12,578 (38.6) | 732 (42.9) | 273 (30.2) |
Middle | 10,878 (33.4) | 546 (32.0) | 343 (37.9) |
Low | 9,088 (28.0) | 429 (25.1) | 288 (31.8) |
No usual source of health care*
| 9,620 (30.0) | 389 (22.9) | 247 (27.4) |
Health insurance coverage*
| |||
Any private | 24,335 (74.8) | 1,370 (80.3) | 643 (71.1) |
Public only | 1,845 (5.7) | 102 (6.0) | 54 (6.0) |
Uninsured | 6,364 (19.5) | 235 (13.8) | 207 (22.9) |
Exercise
‡
| 18,587 (57.1) | 1,021 (59.8) | 517 (57.2) |
Current smoking
§ *
| 6,420 (19.7) | 360 (21.1) | 251 (27.8) |
Alcohol or substance abuse problem
| |||
Obese (BMI ≥ 30) *
| 8,439 (25.9) | 411 (24.1) | 292 (32.3) |
Functional activity limitation
||
*
| 412 (1.3) | 38 (2.2) | 22 (2.4) |
Cognitive function impairment
| 264 (0.8) | 24 (1.4) | 7 (0.7) |
Comorbidity
¶
| 2,940 (9.0) | 158 (9.3) | 87 (9.6) |
Self rated physical health: Poor*
| 284 (0.9) | 19 (1.1) | 24 (2.6) |
Self rated mental health: Poor*
| 67 (0.2) | 7 (0.4) | 4 (0.4) |
Incidence of depression at follow-up periods*
| 1,006 (3.1) | 81 (4.7) | 50 (5.5) |
Person-round
| 130,176 | 6,828 | 3,616 |
Comparison of injury characteristics between workers with occupational and non-occupational injuries
Non-occupational injury (n = 1,707) | Occupational injury (n = 904) | |
---|---|---|
Selected characteristics | n (%) | n (%) |
Occupational group
┼
*
| ||
White collar | 1,017 (59.6) | 318 (35.2) |
Service | 288 (16.9) | 164 (18.1) |
Farm | 6 (0.4) | 21 (2.3) |
Blue collar | 373 (21.9) | 388 (42.9) |
Self-employed
| 208 (12.2) | 99 (10.9) |
Firm size
| ||
< 10 | 290 (22.4) | 166 (24.4) |
10–49 | 364 (28.2) | 205 (30.1) |
50–499 | 432 (33.4) | 214 (31.5) |
500+ | 207 (16.0) | 95 (14.0) |
Job tenure (yr, mean (SE))
| 6.2 (0.18) | 6.4 (0.27) |
Hours of working per week (mean (SE))
| 38.6 (0.31) | 41.7 (0.38) |
Personal annual wage income ($) (mean (SE))
| 32,679 (696.7) | 28,005 (709.0) |
Overtime work (>40 hrs/week)*
| 450 (26.4) | 273 (30.2) |
Part time/seasonal/shift work
| 131 (7.7) | 54 (6.0) |
Union membership
| 200 (13.8) | 115 (14.4) |
Cause of injury
| ||
Fall | 343 (33.1) | 117 (62.7) |
Motor vehicle related | 399 (38.5) | 57 (20.2) |
Sports related | 257 (24.8) | 0 |
Other | 37 (3.6) | 48 (18.4) |
Type of injury: diagnosis category
| ||
Superficial wound, contusion | 148 (8.7) | 65 (7.2) |
Musculoskeletal (arthropathy, back, sprain/strain) | 640 (37.5) | 371 (41.0) |
Fracture/dislocation | 220 (12.9) | 59 (6.5) |
Crushing, amputation, poisoning, toxic, late effect | 69 (4.0) | 57 (6.3) |
Open wound/internal organ injury | 219 (12.8) | 125 (13.8) |
Traumatic complication, NEC | 220 (12.9) | 145 (16.0) |
Injury severity (ISS) score *
| ||
Minor (ISS 1–8) | 956 (56.0) | 482 (53.3) |
Moderate (ISS 9–15) | 537 (31.5) | 280 (31.0) |
Severe (ISS ≥ 16) | 214 (12.5) | 142 (15.7) |
Injury treatment duration*
| ||
More than one round | 342 (20.0) | 238 (26.3) |
Lost work days *
| ||
More than one day | 587 (34.4) | 421 (46.6) |
No. of injury episodes*
| ||
Multiple | 648 (38.0) | 383 (42.4) |
Source of payment
| ||
Workers’ compensation* | N/A | 349 (38.6) |
Other sources | 1,701 (100.0) | 555 (61.4) |
Association of injury and depression by work-relatedness
Factors of adjustment | Non-occupational injury | % excess risk explained | Occupational injury | % excess risk explained | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Odds ratio | 95% CI | Odds ratio | 95% CI | |||
1 Base a
| 1.43 | 1.19–1.80 | 1.91 | 1.43–2.56 | ||
2 Socioeconomic status b
| 1.37 | 1.10–1.73 | 14.0 | 1.78 | 1.34–2.37 | 14.3 |
3 Work-related c
| 1.40 | 1.11–1.76 | 7.0 | 1.88 | 1.41–2.52 | 3.3 |
4 Lifestyled
| 1.42 | 1.13–1.78 | 2.3 | 1.77 | 1.33–2.36 | 15.4 |
5 Disability, comorbidity e
| 1.38 | 1.10–1.74 | 11.6 | 1.88 | 1.41–2.50 | 3.3 |
6 Self-rated health status f
| 1.40 | 1.12–1.77 | 7.0 | 1.81 | 1.36–2.42 | 11.0 |
7 Full model g
|
1.36
|
1.07–1.65
| 16.3 |
1.72
|
1.27–2.32
| 20.9 |
Non-occupational injury | Occupational injury | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Odds ratio | 95% CI | Odds ratio | 95% CI | |
Time
| ||||
1 round after an injury | 1.10 | 0.74–1.62 | 1.36 | 0.82–2.25 |
2 rounds after an injury | 1.65 | 1.14–2.38 | 1.94 | 1.21–3.11 |
3 rounds after an injury | 1.48 | 0.99–2.23 | 2.18 | 1.32–3.51 |
Injury severity
| ||||
Minor | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||
Moderate-to-severe | 1.52 | 1.03–2.25 | 2.37 | 1.46–3.84 |
Workers’ Compensation
| ||||
No | 1.0 | |||
Yes | 1.33 | 1.01–1.74 |