Background
HIV, Hepatitis B and C in German-based migrants from sub-Saharan Africa
Behavioral surveillance in migrant populations
Methods
Study site
Measurements
Questionnaire development
Section | Items (I) |
---|---|
Socio-demographic and personal characteristics | Sex, age, country of birth, time in Germany, health insurance status, German language, level of education, religion, circumcision/genital mutilation, |
Knowledge on Hepatitis B/C | (I1) Hepatitis is a disease of the liver caused by a virus. |
Use of “informing statements”
| (I2) Hepatitis B and C can be transmitted through blood or used needles. |
“Did you know this before now?”
| (I3) Hepatitis B can be transmitted through sexual contact. |
(I4) Hepatitis B can also be transmitted from mother to child. | |
(I5) Chronic hepatitis can be treated successfully. | |
Knowledge on HIV | (I6) AIDS is caused by a virus called HIV. |
Use of “informing statements”
| (I7) You cannot tell from someone’s appearance whether he or she has HIV or not. |
“Did you know this before now?”
| |
(I8) There is a test which shows whether someone is HIV positive or not. | |
(I9) Africans are NOT deported from Germany just for having HIV. | |
(I10) In Hamburg, you can get tested for HIV- anonymously and for free. | |
(I11) There is no cure for HIV infection. | |
(I12) HIV and AIDS also exist in Germany. | |
(I13) There are medications that can help people with HIV stay healthy. | |
(I14) HIV is not transmitted through kissing or shaking hands. | |
(I15) HIV can be transmitted through sexual intercourse. | |
Knowledge on STI | (I16) gonorrhoea, (I17) syphilis, (I18) herpes |
“Have you ever heard of these STI?”
| (I19) genital warts, (I20) chlamydia |
HIV and STI testing | Ever tested for HIV or STI, testing without consent, STI diagnoses |
Sexual behavioral risk | Sexual activity, sex and condom use with casual (non-steady) partners, reasons for not using condoms, number of sex partners, sexual violence |
Behavior/attitudes toward PLWH | Personal connection, reactions towards PLWH (personal and within the community) |
Study population and data collection
Data collection
Data entry and statistical data analysis
Objective | Outcome variable(s) | Statistical analysis |
---|---|---|
Knowledge gaps on HIV | General knowledge on HIV (transmission and treatment): | - > multiple logistic regression |
- > binary outcome (I knew this information before or I did not know this before). | ||
- > aggregated number of positive responses (I knew this before) (items 6–8 and 11–15) | ||
Specific knowledge on HIV:
| - > predictors included in the model: sex, age group, school education, level of German language, health insurance, religion | |
(testing services and deportation) | ||
- > aggregated number of positive responses (I knew this before) (items 9–10) | ||
- > adjusted for mode of administration | ||
Knowledge gaps on HEP |
Knowledge on hepatitis:
| - > multiple logistic regression |
- > aggregated number of positive responses (I knew this before) (items 1–5). | - > binary outcome (I knew this information before or I did not know this before). | |
- > predictors included in the model: sex, age group, school education, level of German language, health insurance, religion | ||
- > adjusted for mode of administration | ||
Knowledge gaps on STI |
Knowledge of STI:
| - > multiple logistic regression |
- > aggregated number of positive responses on five STI (items 16–20); all responses “I have heard of this STI before” versus “I had not heard of this before”. | - > binary outcome (I knew of STI or did not know of STI before). | |
- > predictors included in the model: | ||
sex, age group, school education, level of German language, health insurance, religion | ||
- > adjusted for mode of administration | ||
Health seeking behavior | - > Ever tested for HIV | - > descriptive analysis stratified by sex, age group, school education, religion |
- > Ever tested for an STI | ||
- > Ever diagnosed with an STI | - > unadjusted odds ratios | |
Sexual (risk) behavior in the last 12 months | - > Number of partners | - > descriptive analysis stratified by sex, age group, school education, religion |
- > Steady partnership | ||
- > Steady partnership with German native | ||
- > unadjusted odds ratios | ||
- > Sex with casual partners | ||
- > Number of sex partners | ||
- > Condom use with casual partners | ||
- > Reasons for not using condoms | ||
- > Experience of sexual violence (ever) | ||
Attitudes and behavior toward PLWH | - > Personally knowing someone with HIV. | - > descriptive analysis stratified by sex, school education |
- > treatment of PLWH in the community | - > unadjusted odds ratios | |
- > Behavior toward PLWH |
Analysis regarding knowledge on HIV, HEP, STI
Analysis regarding sexual behavior, HIV/STI-testing history and behavior toward PLWH
Results
Description of study population
Men | Women | Total | |
---|---|---|---|
Participants | 326 (57.3 %) | 243 (42.7 %) | 569 (100.0 %) |
Age groups (n = 549) | |||
18 – 25 years | 78 (24.9 %) | 67 (28.4 %) | 145 (26.4 %) |
26 – 35 years | 122 (39.0 %) | 98 (41.5 %) | 220 (40.1 %) |
36 – 45 years | 83 (26.5 %) | 59 (25.0 %) | 142 (25.9 %) |
≥45 years | 30 (9.6 %) | 12 (5.1 %) | 42 (7.7 %) |
Median (Min, Max) | 31 (18–70) | 30 (18–55) | 30 (18–70) |
Region of birth (n = 568) | |||
Western Africa | 262 (80.6 %) | 163 (67.1 %) | 425 (74.8 %) |
Central Africa | 39 (12.0 %) | 53 (21.8 %) | 92 (16.2 %) |
Eastern Africa | 19 (5.8 %) | 23 (9.5 %) | 42 (7.4 %) |
Southern Africa | 5 (1.5 %) | 4 (1.6 %) | 9 (1.6 %) |
Country of birth, Top 3 | |||
Ghana | 44 (13.5 %) | 41 (16.9 %) | 85 (14.9 %) |
Cameroon | 30 (9.2 %) | 42 (17.3 %) | 72(12.7 %) |
Togo | 33 (10.1 %) | 29 (11.9 %) | 62 (10.9 %) |
Time in Germany (n = 565) | |||
<1 year | 32 (9.9 %) | 11 (4.5 %) | 43 (7.6 %) |
1 - < 5 years | 114 (35.4 %) | 82 (33.7 %) | 196 (34.7 %) |
5 - < 10 years | 64 (19.9 %) | 82 (33.7 %) | 146 (25.8 %) |
10 - <20 years | 96 (29.8 %) | 57 (23.5 %) | 153 (27.1 %) |
≥20 years | 16 (5.0 %) | 11 (4.5 %) | 27 (4.8 %) |
Median (Min, Max) | 6 years (1 m-41 y) | 6 years (1 m-41 y) | 6 (1 m-41 y) |
Level of education (n = 566) | |||
Primary/Secondary School | 109 (33.6 %) | 83 (34.3 %) | 192 (33.9 %) |
High School/Vocational School | 89 (27.5 %) | 77 (31.8 %) | 166 (29.3 %) |
University/College | 98 (30.2 %) | 63 (26.0 %) | 161 (28.4 %) |
No certificate | 27 (8.3 %) | 18 (7.4 %) | 45 (8.0 %) |
Other | 1 (0.3 %) | 1 (0.4 %) | 2 (0.4 %) |
Level of German language (n = 560) | |||
Very good | 65 (20.2 %) | 36 (15.1 %) | 101 (18.0 %) |
Good | 106 (33.0 %) | 95 (39.7 %) | 201 (35.9 %) |
Satisfactory | 85 (26.5 %) | 76 (31.8 %) | 161 (28.7 %) |
Little | 40 (12.5 %) | 20 (8.4 %) | 60 (10.7 %) |
None | 25 (7.8 %) | 12 (5.0 %) | 37 (6.6 %) |
Health insurance in Germany (n = 537) | |||
Yes | 241 (78.0 %) | 202 (88.6 %) | 443 (82.5 %) |
No | 68 (22.0 %) | 26 (11.4 %) | 94 (17.5 %) |
Religion (n = 564)* | |||
Christianity | 152 (46.9 %) | 174 (72.5 %) | 326 (57.8 %) |
Islam | 146 (45.1 %) | 47 (19.6 %) | 193 (34.2 %) |
Traditional African Religion | 6 (1.9 %) | 11 (4.6 %) | 17(3.0 %) |
Other | 1 (0.3 %) | 4 (1.7 %) | 4 (0,9 %) |
No religion | 22 (6.8 %) | 12 (5.0 %) | 34 (6.0 %) |
Steady relationship (n = 541) | |||
Yes | 158 (51.3 %) | 164 (70.4 %) | 322 (69.5 %) |
No | 150 (48.7 %) | 69 (29.6 %) | 219 (40.5 %) |
Circumcision/genital mutilation (n = 544) | |||
Yes | 278 (88.8 %) | 69 (29.9 %) | 347 (63.8 %) |
No | 35 (11.2 %) | 162 (70.1 %) | 197 (36.2 %) |
Access to health care
Knowledge about HIV, hepatitis and STI and testing
Knowledge about HIV
Knowledge on HIV transmission risks and treatment (I6-8, I11-15)**(n = 521) | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Proportion | Univariate analysis | Multivariate analysis | ||||||
Variable | Characteristic | % | OR | p-value | 95 % CI | OR | p-value | 95 % CI |
Sex | Men | 91.4 | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||||
Women | 94.8 | 1.7 | <0.001 | 1.3-2.21 | 1.5 | 0.12 | 0.9-2.5 | |
Age group | 18-25 | 89.5 | 0.6 | <0.001 | 0.4-0.74 | 0.6 | 0.14 | 0.4-1.2 |
26-35 | 93.8 | 1.0 | 1.0 | |||||
36-45 | 95.0 | 1.3 | 0.18 | 0.9-1.8 | 1.1 | 0.80 | 0.6-2.0 | |
>45 | 96.4 | 1.8 | 0.07 | 0.96-3.3 | 2.0 | 0.20 | 0.7-5.8 | |
School education | No degree/certificate | 89.3 | 0.8 | 0.28 | 0.6-1.2 | 0.9 | 0.85 | 0.4-2.1 |
Primary/secondary School | 91.2 | 1 | 1.0 | |||||
High -/vocational school | 93.4 | 1.4 | 0.03 | 1.0-1.8 | 1.4 | 0.22 | 0.8-2.6 | |
University degree | 95.8 | 2.2 | <0.001 | 1.6-3.1 | 2.1 | 0.03 | 1.1-4.1 | |
Level of German language | Very good | 96.8 | 1.7 | 0.01 | 1.1-2.6 | 2.9 | 0.02 | 1.2-6.8 |
Good | 96.4 | 1.0 | 1.0 | |||||
Satisfactory | 93.9 | 0.9 | 0.36 | 0.7-1.2 | 0.8 | 0.44 | 0.4-1.4 | |
Little | 87.3 | 0.5 | <0.001 | 0.3-0.6 | 0.7 | 0.47 | 0.3-1.6 | |
None | 85.5 | 0.4 | <0.001 | 0.3-0.6 | 1.1 | 0.90 | 0.4-2.8 | |
Health insurance | Yes | 85.7 | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||||
no | 94.8 | 0.3 | <0.001 | 0.3-0.4 | 0.3 | <0.001 | 0.2-0.5 | |
Religion | Christianity | 95.3 | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||||
Islam | 88.7 | 0.4 | <0.001 | 0.3-0.5 | 0.6 | 0.07 | 0.4-1.1 | |
No religion | 95.9 | 1.2 | 0.49 | 0.6-2.2 | 1.7 | 0.38 | 0.5-5.2 | |
Specific knowledge on HIV (I9-10)**(n = 520) | ||||||||
Proportion | Univariate analysis | Multivariate analysis | ||||||
Variable | Characteristic | % | OR | p-value | 95 % CI | OR | p-value | 95 % CI |
Sex | Men | 48.8 | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||||
Women | 42.8 | 0.8 | 0.05 | 0.6-1.0 | 0.7 | 0.05 | 0.5-0.997 | |
Age group | 18-25 | 38.0 | 0.7 | 0.04 | 0.5-0.99 | 0.7 | 0.07 | 0.5-1.0 |
26-35 | 45.6 | 1.0 | 1.0 | |||||
36-45 | 51.6 | 1.3 | 0.12 | 0.9-1.7 | 1.3 | 0.24 | 0.9-1.8 | |
>45 | 58.5 | 1.7 | 0.03 | 1.0-2.7 | 1.5 | 0.19 | 0.8-2.7 | |
School education | No degree/certificate | 41.1 | 0.9 | 0.71 | 0.6-1.5 | 1.1 | 0.80 | 0.6-1.9 |
Primary/secondary School | 43.3 | 1.0 | 1.0 | |||||
High -/vocational school | 42.6 | 1.0 | 0.85 | 0.7-1.3 | 0.8 | 0.25 | 0.5-1.2 | |
University degree | 55.1 | 1.6 | 0.002 | 1.2-2.2 | 1.2 | 0.30 | 0.8-1.8 | |
Level of German language | Very good | 67.5 | 2.3 | <0.001 | 1.6-3.2 | 2.2 | <0.001 | 1.4-3.5 |
Good | 48.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | |||||
Satisfactory | 40.8 | 0.8 | 0.06 | 0.6-1.0 | 0.8 | 0.29 | 0.6-1.2 | |
Little | 26.9 | 0.4 | <0.001 | 0.3-0.6 | 0.3 | <0.001 | 0.2-0.6 | |
None | 30.6 | 0.5 | 0.01 | 0.3-0.8 | 0.4 | 0.01 | 0.2-0.8 | |
Health insurance | Yes | 45.2 | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||||
no | 46.5 | 1.0 | 0.71 | 0.7-1.3 | 1.4 | 0.14 | 0.9-2.1 | |
Religion | Christianity | 48.7 | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||||
Islam | 41.8 | 0.8 | 0.03 | 0.6-0.98 | 0.7 | 0.04 | 0.5-0.98 | |
No religion | 57.6 | 1.4 | 0.17 | 0.9-2.4 | 1.4 | 0.34 | 0.7-2.5 | |
Knowledge on hepatitis (I1-5)**(n = 519) | ||||||||
Proportion | Univariate analysis | Multivariate analysis | ||||||
Variable | Characteristic | % | OR | p-value | 95 % CI | OR | p-value | 95 % CI |
Sex | Men | 50.8 | 1 | 1.0 | ||||
Women | 49.1 | 0.9 | 0.37 | 0.8-1.1 | 0.8 | 0.40 | 0.5-1.3 | |
Age group | 18-25 | 45.2 | 0.8 | 0.003 | 0.6-0.9 | 0.6 | 0.15 | 0.4-1.2 |
26-35 | 52.4 | 1.0 | 1.0 | |||||
36-45 | 49.6 | 0.9 | 0.26 | 0.7-1.1 | 1.0 | 0.92 | 0.5-1.7 | |
>45 | 54.8 | 1.1 | 0.52 | 0.8-1.5 | 1.2 | 0.67 | 0.5-3.0 | |
School education | No degree/certificate | 16.1 | 0.3 | <0.001 | 0.2-0.5 | 0.2 | 0.001 | 0.1-0.5 |
Primary/secondary School | 37.2 | 1 | 1.0 | |||||
High -/vocational school | 54.1 | 2.0 | <0.001 | 1.6-2.4 | 2.9 | <0.001 | 1.6-5.1 | |
University degree | 71.7 | 4.3 | <0.001 | 3.5-5.2 | 8,5 | <0.001 | 4.5-15.9 | |
Level of German language | Very good | 71.3 | 2.5 | <0.000 | 2.0-3.2 | 3.2 | 0.001 | 1.6-6.3 |
Good | 49.6 | 1 | 1.0 | |||||
Satisfactory | 46.3 | 0.9 | 0.17 | 0.7-1.1 | 0.8 | 0.54 | 0.5-1.5 | |
Little | 40.3 | 0.7 | 0.005 | 0.5-0.9 | 0.6 | 0.29 | 0.3-1.5 | |
None | 24.6 | 0.3 | <0.001 | 0.2-0.5 | 0.4 | 0.096 | 0.1-1.2 | |
Health insurance | Yes | 51.9 | 1 | 1.0 | ||||
No | 43.2 | 0.7 | <0.001 | 0.6-0.9 | 0.8 | 0.56 | 0.4-1.6 | |
Religion | Christianity | 55.6 | 1 | 1.0 | ||||
Islam | 38.6 | 0.5 | <0.001 | 0.4-0.6 | 0.6 | 0.03 | 0.3-0.9 | |
No religion | 64.5 | 1.5 | 0.03 | 1.1-2.0 | 2.1 | 0.12 | 0.8-5.7 | |
Knowledge on STI (I16-20)**(n = 470) | ||||||||
Proportion | Univariate analysis | Multivariate analysis | ||||||
Variable | Characteristic | % | OR | p-value | 95 % CI | OR | p-value | 95 % CI |
Sex | Men | 44.4 | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||||
Women | 53.7 | 1.5 | <0.001 | 1.2-1.7 | 1.4 | <0.001 | 1.2-1.7 | |
Age group | 18-25 | 49.6 | 1.0 | 0.67 | 0.9-1.3 | 1.1 | 0.40 | 0.9-1.4 |
26-35 | 48.5 | 1.0 | 1.0 | |||||
36-45 | 48.1 | 1.0 | 0.88 | 0.8-1.2 | 1.1 | 0.64 | 0.8-1.3 | |
>45 | 47.8 | 1.0 | 0.85 | 0.7-1.3 | 1.1 | 0.56 | 0.8-1.5 | |
School education | No degree/certificate | 39.3 | 0.9 | 0.63 | 0.6-1.3 | 0.8 | 0.42 | 0.6-1.3 |
Primary/secondary School | 41.4 | 1.0 | 1.0 | |||||
High -/vocational school | 50.8 | 1.5 | <0.001 | 1.2-1.8 | 1.5 | 0.001 | 1.2-1.8 | |
University degree | 56.3 | 1.8 | <0.001 | 1.5-2.2 | 1.9 | <0.001 | 1.5-2.4 | |
Level of German language | Very good | 54.8 | 1.4 | 0.004 | 1.1-1.7 | 1.3 | 0.05 | 0.996-1.6 |
Good | 46.6 | 1.0 | 1.0 | |||||
Satisfactory | 49.6 | 1.1 | 0.19 | 0.9-1.4 | 1.1 | 0.43 | 0.9-1.3 | |
Little | 41.1 | 0.8 | 0.11 | 0.6-1.1 | 1.1 | 0.58 | 0.8-1.5 | |
None | 41.7 | 0.8 | 0.31 | 0.6-1.2 | 1.4 | 0.12 | 0.9-2.2 | |
Health insurance | Yes | 51.1 | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||||
No | 38.4 | 0.6 | <0.001 | 0.5-0.7 | 0.6 | <0.001 | 0.5-0.8 | |
Religion | Christianity | 50.9 | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||||
Islam | 40.5 | 0.7 | <0.001 | 0.6-0.8 | 0.9 | 0.16 | 0.7-1.1 | |
No religion | 65.3 | 1.8 | <0.001 | 1.3-2.5 | 2.1 | <0.001 | 1.4-2.96 |
Knowledge about hepatitis B and C
Knowledge about STI
HIV and STI-testing
Sex | Men | Women | OR | p-value | 95 %-CI |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ever tested for HIV | 62.5 % (n = 202) | 73.6 % (n = 178) | 0.6 | 0.006 | 0.4–0.9 |
Ever tested for an STI | 33.7 % (n = 89) | 41.6 % (n = 92) | 0.7 | 0.073 | 0.5–1.1 |
Ever diagnosed with an STI | 56.2 % (n = 45) | 38.8 % (n = 26) | 2.0 | 0.035 | 1.1–3.3 |
Sexual (risk) behavior
Sexual activity | Men | Women | OR | p-value | 95 %-CI |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ever had sex | 95.7 % (n = 291) | 96.0 % (n = 216) | 0.9 | 0.88 | 0.39–2.2 |
Sex within the last 12 months | 88.4 % (n = 267) | 90.9 % (n = 210) | 0.8 | 0.351 | 0.4–1.3 |
Single sex partner (12 months) | 47.9 % (n = 126) | 73.4 % (n = 152) | 0.3 | 0.000 | 0.2–0.5 |
More than 5 sex partners (12 months) | 4.6 % (n = 12) | 1.9 % (n = 4) | 2.4 | 0.118 | 0.8–7.6 |
Steady sexual partner(s) | 67.9 % (n = 178) | 79.9 % (n = 163) | 0.5 | 0.004 | 0.3–0.8 |
Steady sexual partner(s) from Germany | 41.7 % (n = 73) | 23.9 % (n = 39) | 2.3 | 0.001 | 1.4–3.6 |
Sex with casual partner(s) | 43.2 % (n = 99) | 22.7 % (n = 41) | 2.6 | 0.000 | 1.7–4.0 |
Inconsistent condom use with casual partners | 33.0 % (n = 32) | 38.5 % (n = 15) | 0.8 | 0.544 | 0.4–1.7 |
Sexual violence (once and/or repeated) | 6.1 % (n = 19) | 15.8 % (n = 37) | 0.3 | 0.000 | 0.2–0.6 |
Reasons for the not using condoms* n = 480 | Men | Women | OR | p-value | 95 %-CI |
They are expensive | 3.3 % (n = 9) | 1.4 % (n = 3) | 2.3 | 0.199 | 0.6–8.7 |
I don’t know where to get them. | 2.9 % (n = 8) | 2.4 % (n = 5) | 1.2 | 0.731 | 0.4–3.8 |
I find it embarrassing. | 9.2 % (n = 25) | 12.1 % (n = 25) | 0.7 | 0.300 | 0.4–1.3 |
I don’t want anybody to see me buying condoms. | 5.1 % (n = 14) | 6.3 % (n = 13) | 0.8 | 0.294 | 0.4–1.8 |
I would like to get pregnant/have a child with my partner. | 13.6 % (n = 37) | 30.0 % (n = 62) | 0.4 | <0.000 | 0.2–0.6 |
My partner might think I have other sex partners or might have HIV. | 10.6 % (n = 29) | 9.2 % (n = 19) | 1.2 | 0.601 | 0.6–2.2 |
My partner doesn’t want to use it. | 15.4 % (n = 42) | 20.3 % (n = 42) | 0.7 | 0.161 | 0.4–1.1 |
Because of my religion. | 4.0 % (n = 11) | 2.4 % (n = 5) | 1.7 | 0.329 | 0.6–5.0 |
I don’t like condoms. | 12.1 % (n = 33) | 13.5 % (n = 28) | 0.9 | 0.639 | 0.5–1.5 |
I want to feel my partner. | 22 % (n = 59) | 14 % (n = 29) | 1.7 | 0.033 | 1.0–2.8 |
I am monogamous. | 9.5 % (n = 26) | 10.1 % (n = 21) | 0.9 | 0.821 | 0.5–1.7 |
I don’t have sex. | 2.2 % (n = 6) | 2.4 % (n = 5) | 0.9 | 0.875 | 0.3–3.0 |
Other reasons | 5.9 % (n = 16) | 8.7 % (n = 18) | 0.7 | 0.231 | 0.3–1.3 |
I always use a condom. | 32.2 % (n = 88) | 28.0 % (n = 58) | 1.2 | 0.320 | 0.8–1.8 |
Attitudes and behavior towards PLWH
Behavior toward PLWH | Men | Women | OR | p-value | 95 %-CI |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
I treat them like any other person. | 72.1 % (n = 209) | 79.6 % (n = 183) | 0.7 | 0.049 | 0.4–1.0 |
I avoid physical contact. | 12.8 % (n = 37) | 10.9 % (n = 25) | 1.2 | 0.509 | 0.7–2.1 |
I avoid being seen with this person. | 7.2 % (n = 21) | 5.2 % (n = 12) | 1.4 | 0.347 | 0.7–3.0 |
I blame this person secretly. | 9.0 % (n = 26) | 11.7 % (n = 27) | 0.7 | 0.299 | 0.4–1.3 |
I behave differently. | 5.2 % (n = 15) | 3.9 % (n = 9) | 1.3 | 0.497 | 0.6–3.1 |
Education | Education ↓ | Education ↑ | OR | p-value | 95 %-CI |
I treat them like any other person. | 79.2 % (n = 154) | 71.3 % (n = 236) | 0.7 | 0.039 | 0.4–0.9 |
I avoid physical contact. | 8.7 % (n = 26) | 16.2 % (n = 35) | 2.0 | 0.010 | 1.2–3.5 |
I avoid being seen with this person. | 4.4 % (n = 13) | 8.3 % (n = 18) | 2.0 | 0.062 | 1.0–4.2 |
I blame this person secretly. | 8.4 % (n = 25) | 12.5 % (n = 27) | 1.6 | 0.127 | 0.9–2.8 |
I behave differently. | 4.7 % (n = 14) | 4.2 % (n = 9) | 0.9 | 0.774 | 0.4–2.1 |
Age | ≤ 30 years old | > 30 years old | OR | p-value | 95 %-CI |
I treat them like any other person. | 70.1 % (n = 169) | 80.7 % (n = 209) | 0.6 | 0.006 | 0.4–0.9 |
I avoid physical contact. | 13.3 % (n = 32) | 10.4 % (n = 27) | 1.3 | 0.323 | 0.8–2.3 |
I avoid being seen with this person. | 8.7 % (n = 21) | 3.5 % (n = 9) | 2.7 | 0.014 | 1.2–5.9 |
I blame this person secretly. | 8.7 % (n = 21) | 11.6 % (n = 30) | 0.7 | 0.289 | 0.4–1.3 |
I behave differently. | 4.6 % (n = 11) | 5.0 % (n = 13) | 0.9 | 0.812 | 0.4–2.1 |
Religion | Christianity | Islam | OR | p-value | 95 %-CI |
I treat them like any other person. | 76.9 % (n = 223) | 71.4 % (n = 120) | 1.3 | 0.193 | 0.9–2.1 |
I avoid physical contact. | 10.7 % (n = 31) | 14.3 % (n = 24) | 0.7 | 0.254 | 0.4–1.3 |
I avoid being seen with this person. | 5.2 % (n = 15) | 7.7 % (n = 13) | 0.7 | 0.269 | 0.3–1.4 |
I blame this person secretly. | 10.7 % (n = 31) | 10.1 % (n = 17) | 1.1 | 0.848 | 0.6–2.0 |
I behave differently. | 4.8 % (n = 14) | 4.8 % (n = 8) | 1.0 | 0.975 | 0.4–2.5 |