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Erschienen in: Critical Care 1/2018

Open Access 01.12.2018 | Research

Determinants of long-term outcome in ICU survivors: results from the FROG-ICU study

verfasst von: Etienne Gayat, Alain Cariou, Nicolas Deye, Antoine Vieillard-Baron, Samir Jaber, Charles Damoisel, Qin Lu, Xavier Monnet, Isabelle Rennuit, Elie Azoulay, Marc Léone, Heikel Oueslati, Bertrand Guidet, Diane Friedman, Antoine Tesnière, Romain Sonneville, Philippe Montravers, Sébastien Pili-Floury, Jean-Yves Lefrant, Jacques Duranteau, Pierre-François Laterre, Nicolas Brechot, Karine Chevreul, Morgane Michel, Bernard Cholley, Matthieu Legrand, Jean-Marie Launay, Eric Vicaut, Mervyn Singer, Matthieu Resche-Rigon, Alexandre Mebazaa

Erschienen in: Critical Care | Ausgabe 1/2018

Abstract

Background

Intensive care unit (ICU) survivors have reduced long-term survival compared to the general population. Identifying parameters at ICU discharge that are associated with poor long-term outcomes may prove useful in targeting an at-risk population. The main objective of the study was to identify clinical and biological determinants of death in the year following ICU discharge.

Methods

FROG-ICU was a prospective, observational, multicenter cohort study of ICU survivors followed 1 year after discharge, including 21 medical, surgical or mixed ICUs in France and Belgium. All consecutive patients admitted to intensive care with a requirement for invasive mechanical ventilation and/or vasoactive drug support for more than 24 h following ICU admission and discharged from ICU were included. The main outcome measure was all-cause mortality at 1 year after ICU discharge. Clinical and biological parameters on ICU discharge were measured, including the circulating cardiovascular biomarkers N-terminal pro-B type natriuretic peptide, high-sensitive troponin I, bioactive-adrenomedullin and soluble-ST2. Socioeconomic status was assessed using a validated deprivation index (FDep).

Results

Of 1570 patients discharged alive from the ICU, 333 (21%) died over the following year. Multivariable analysis identified age, comorbidity, red blood cell transfusion, ICU length of stay and abnormalities in common clinical factors at the time of ICU discharge (low systolic blood pressure, temperature, total protein, platelet and white cell count) as independent factors associated with 1-year mortality. Elevated biomarkers of cardiac and vascular failure independently associated with 1-year death when they are added to multivariable model, with an almost 3-fold increase in the risk of death when combined (adjusted odds ratio 2.84 (95% confidence interval 1.73–4.65), p < 0.001).

Conclusions

The FROG-ICU study identified, at the time of ICU discharge, potentially actionable clinical and biological factors associated with poor long-term outcome after ICU discharge. Those factors may guide discharge planning and directed interventions.

Trial registration

ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01367093. Registered on 6 June 2011.
Hinweise

Electronic supplementary material

The online version of this article (https://​doi.​org/​10.​1186/​s13054-017-1922-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Abkürzungen
AUC
Area under the curve
bio-ADM
Bio-adrenomedullin
CI
Confidence interval
eGFR
Estimated glomerular filtration rate
FROG-ICU
French and European Outcome reGistry in Intensive Care Units
hs-TnI
Hyper-sensitive troponin I
ICU
Intensive care unit
IDI
Integrative discrimination index
IQR
Interquartile range
NRI
Net reclassification index
NT-proBNP
N-terminal pro-B type natriuretic peptide
OR
Odds ratio
PICS
Post-intensive care syndrome
ROC
Receiver operating curve
SAPS
Simplified Acute Physiologic Score
SOFA
Sequential Organ Failure Assessment
sST2
Soluble ST2
WBC
white blood cell

Background

Survivors of critical illness will face a period of increased risk of reduced long-term survival and impaired quality of life compared to the general population [1]. This period, lasting several years, is associated with an increased risk of posttraumatic stress, depression, cognitive impairment and physical weakness, all grouped under the entity “post-intensive care syndrome” (PICS) [2].
To reduce the mortality rate of intensive care unit (ICU) survivors, it is important to identify the group of patients who have a higher probability of death in the year following ICU discharge and to recognize the adjustable factors associated with mortality. Although data have been published regarding the long-term outcome of ICU patients, there are no recommendations for the long-term management of these patients. Only experts’ opinions have been published [2, 3]. Some studies have demonstrated that mortality rates among ICU survivors are higher compared to the general population [48] and that an ICU stay impacts on patients’ quality of life [9] and disability [10, 11]. Moreover, other studies [5, 6] found that this over-risk of mortality is sustained after 5–15 years of follow-up. Three studies [4, 7, 8] reported a worse survival rate for ICU patients compared to an age-matched control population in the years following ICU discharge. Although we understand that age, comorbidity burden and severity of acute illness are important predictors of late mortality as described previously [12], we know less about clinical and laboratory values at the time of ICU discharge.
The transition of care from ICU to ward and, eventually, to home is a complex process with many challenges. We hypothesized that clinical and biological abnormalities present on the day of ICU discharge are associated with worse long-term outcome. In particular, we hypothesized that ICU survivors are at long risk of increased cardiovascular events, as suggested previously [13]. Among biological abnormalities, we focused on circulating cardiovascular biomarkers, namely N-terminal pro-B type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP), high-sensitive troponin I (hs-TnI), bioactive-adrenomedullin (bio-ADM) and soluble-ST2 (sST2). The choice of those four biomarkers was guided by their relative function, with NT-proBNP a marker of cardiac congestion, hs-TnI a marker of cardiac injury, sST2 a marker of cardiac remodeling and bio-ADM a marker of vascular dysfunction.
Accordingly, the FROG-ICU (French and European Outcome reGistry in Intensive Care Units) study aimed to identify clinical and biological (including cardiovascular biomarkers) parameters associated with long-term outcome in ICU survivors.

Methods

Study design

FROG-ICU was a prospective, observational, multicenter cohort study in which survivors of critical illness were followed up for up to 1 year post ICU discharge. The study was conducted in France and Belgium in accordance with Good Clinical Practice (Declaration of Helsinki 2002) and Ethical Committee approvals (Comité de Protection des Personnes—Ile de France IV, IRB n°00003835 and Commission d’éthique biomédicale hospitalo-facultaire de l’hôpital de Louvain, IRB n°B403201213352). It is registered on ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT01367093). Patients were included from August 2011 to June 2013. Details of design and methods have been published previously [14]. All patients admitted to any of the participating centers during the recruitment period who met the eligibility criteria and survived their ICU stay had a clinical examination and biological tests performed at discharge from the ICU, and were followed up for 1 year through telephone calls and postal questionnaires at 3, 6 and 12 months.

Participants

The study involved 21 medical, surgical or mixed ICUs in 14 university hospitals. Inclusion criteria were: invasive mechanical ventilation support for at least 24 h and/or treatment with a vasoactive agent (except dopamine) for more than 24 h. Noninclusion criteria were: age younger than 18 years old; severe head injury (initial Glasgow Coma Scale ≤ 8), brain death or a persistent vegetative state; pregnancy or breastfeeding; transplantation in the past 12 months; moribund patient; and/or no social security coverage. The Ethical Committees waived the need for written consent; all patients and/or next of kin were informed and oral consent was documented in the patients’ medical records by the investigator.

Study objectives

The primary purpose of the FROG-ICU study was to assess the incidence of all-cause mortality in the year following ICU discharge, and to identify independent factors associated with mortality. The main secondary objective of FROG-ICU was to evaluate the association between circulation cardiovascular biomarkers levels at discharge and 1-year mortality.

Data collection

Details of data collection have been reported previously [14]. Briefly, clinical and biological data were recorded at admission, during the ICU stay and at discharge from the ICU. In order to explore the mechanisms of clinical abnormalities at ICU discharge associated with subsequent deaths, cardiovascular biomarkers were collected at discharge and measured centrally. These included markers of: cardiac failure (NT-proBNP; Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Mannheim, Germany); cardiac ischemia (hs-TnI; Abbott, Abbott Park, IL, USA); vascular dysfunction [15] (bio-ADM; Adrenomed GmbH, Hennigsdorf, Germany); and cardiac stress (sST2; Eurobio, Critical Diagnostics, San Diego, CA, USA) which prognosticates for cardiovascular death [16, 17]. The deprivation index (FDep) was used as a measure of socioeconomic inequalities in health status. The FDep is based on the patients’ residential zip codes and was specifically developed for the French context using the following four variables to compute a single composite index: median household income, percentage of high school graduates in the population aged ≥ 15 years, percentage of blue-collar workers in the active population and unemployment rate [18].

Statistical analysis

Results are expressed as median (interquartile range (IQR)) or count (percentage) as appropriate. The primary analysis examining factors associated with 1-year mortality was based on analysis of the clinical and biological variables measured in patients discharged alive from the ICU. Marginal associations between single variables and 1-year mortality were assessed by a Wilcoxon rank-sum test for quantitative variables and the chi-square test for qualitative variables. Multivariable logistic regression was used to determine a set of variables independently associated with 1-year mortality. Variables associated with outcome at a 0.05 level and with less than 20% of missing data were considered within the multivariable model. The log-linearity of the quantitative variables was evaluated systematically, and, if appropriate, variable transformation was performed. Log-linearity of the association between continuous variables and the outcome was checked using a cubic spline and the Wald test. Cutoff values were derived from the plots of the effect according to the value of the variable of interest. Missing values were handled by multiple imputation by chained equations (MICE) [19]. All variables selected for the multivariable model were considered in the imputation model. A total of 51 imputed samples was generated using 15 iterations of the chained equation process. A selection model process was performed using a backward stepwise approach with stopping rules based on a cutoff at 0.05 for p values. At each step of the selection, inference was combined from the sets of imputed samples using Rubin’s rules [20]. The existence of any colinearities was observed, and a test of goodness of fit was performed using the Hosmer–Lemeshow test on the complete case model [21]. Measures of association consisted of odds ratios (ORs) and their confidence intervals (CIs) at 95% estimated using Rubin’s rules. The predictive power of the four biomarkers of interest was assessed using receiver operating curve (ROC) analyses. The area under the ROC (AUC) was estimated for each biomarker. For both the clinical model and the clinical model including biomarker information, the AUCs were estimated from the sets of imputed samples using Rubin’s rules. The latter two were compared using the Delong test. As it is now recognized that highlighting a statistically significant association between new biomarkers and patient outcomes is not sufficient to demonstrate the interest of these biomarkers in terms of risk prediction [2224], we used the proposed methodology of Pencina et al. [23], which has been used in multiple articles of application. The net reclassification improvement (NRI) and integrated discrimination improvement (IDI) of each biomarker added to the full clinical model will be calculated, and comparisons between different biomarkers will be performed [23].
Calculating the number of subjects required was based on the primary endpoint; that is, the risk factors associated with 1-year all-cause mortality. Study of the literature and preliminary studies conducted in December 2009 in 14 participating centers led us to estimate a 1-year mortality after ICU discharge of 18%. To ensure detection with a power of 80% for the detection of binary prognostic factors with a prevalence of 33% and an expected OR of 1.5 in a population with a probability of death in the year following ICU discharge of approximately 18%, 1636 patients were required [25]. Assuming a 10% rate of refusal and/or loss to follow-up, the number of patients to be enrolled was raised to 1800. Finally, since the expected in-ICU mortality rate was 25%, the total number of patients included in the study was 2250. p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. All statistical analyses were performed using R statistical software version 3.1.1 or above (The “R” Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria).

Results

Of the 2087 ICU patients who consented to participate in the FROG-ICU study, 1570 were discharged from the ICU and followed up for 1 year (Fig. 1). Patient characteristics are presented in Table 1. ICU mortality was 22%. Median ICU and hospital lengths of stay for ICU survivors were 12 (IQR 7; 21) and 26 (IQR 15; 43) days, respectively. Details of patients’ comorbidities are presented in Additional file 1: Table S1. The main reasons for ICU admission were septic shock (22%), acute respiratory failure (19%), acute neurological disorder (15%) and out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (8%). On admission, the Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) score was 6 (IQR 4; 9) and the Simplified Acute Physiologic Score (SAPS) II was 46 (IQR 34; 59).
Table 1
Patient characteristics
Variable
% of missing value
Studied patients
1 year post ICU
p value
(n = 1570)
Survivors (n = 1237)
Nonsurvivors (n = 333)
Age (years)
0.0
61 (49; 73)
58 (47; 70)
71 (61; 79)
< 0.01
Male gender
0.0
1000 (63.7)
782 (63%)
218 (66%)
0.48
BMI (kg/m2)
37.5
26 (23; 31)
26 (23; 31)
26 (23; 31)
0.96
Charlson score
0.1
3 (1; 4)
2 (1; 4)
4 (3; 6)
< 0.01
Deprivation index (FDep)
10.8
−0.6 (−1.6; 0.3)
−0.6 (−1.6; 0.3)
−0.6 (−1.5; 0.4)
0.44
SOFA score at admission
37.2
6 (4; 9)
7 (4; 10)
8 (5; 11)
0.11
SAPS II score at admission
0.1
46 (34; 59)
45 (33; 58)
51 (40; 65)
< 0.01
Main cause of admission
    
< 0.01
 Septic shock
0.1
339 (22%)
244 (20%)
95 (29%)
 
 Acute respiratory failure
 
303 (19%)
230 (19%)
73 (22%)
 Acute neurological disorder
 
241 (15%)
210 (17%)
31 (9%)
 Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest
 
117 (8%)
102 (8%)
15 (5%)
In-ICU management
 In-ICU LOS (days)
0.0
12 (7; 21)
12 (7; 20)
13 (7; 24)
0.03
 In-hospital LOS (days)
0.1
26 (15; 43)
25 (15; 43)
28 (16; 47)
0.05
 Tracheotomy
0.0
241 (15%)
181 (15%)
60 (18%)
0.13
 RRT
0.0
286 (18%)
202 (16%)
84 (25%)
< 0.01
 Inotrope/vasopressor
0.0
1151 (73%)
888 (72%)
263 (79%)
< 0.01
 RBC
0.0
676 (43%)
490 (40%)
186 (56%)
< 0.01
 FFP
0.0
236 (15%)
171 (14%)
65 (20%)
< 0.01
Status at discharge
 SBP (mmHg)
12.9
125 (111; 139)
125 (112; 139)
122 (108; 139)
0.03
 DBP (mmHg)
16.7
68 (59; 76)
69 (60; 77)
64 (55; 73)
< 0.01
 HR (bpm)
14.1
90 (79; 101)
90 (79; 100)
89 (79; 101)
0.41
 Atrial fibrillation
10.0
297 (21%)
265 (21%)
32 (21.2)
0.96
 Temperature (°C)
10.3
37.1 (36.8; 37.5)
37.1 (36.8; 37.5)
37 (36.6; 37.4)
< 0.01
 Sodium (mmol/l)
3.1
139 (136; 142)
139 (136; 142)
139 (136; 142)
0.6
 Potassium (mmol/l)
8.3
3.9 (3.6; 4.2)
3.9 (3.6; 4.2)
4.0 (3.6; 4.2)
0.36
 Creatinine (μmol/l)
3.7
66 (51; 95)
64 (50; 87)
80 (57; 131)
< 0.01
 eGFR (ml/min/1.73 m2)
3.7
91 (51.2; 110)
110 (75; 146)
79 (46; 119)
< 0.01
 Lactate (mmol/l)
58.3
1.0 (0.7; 1.3)
1.0 (0.7; 1.3)
1.1 (0.8; 1.4)
< 0.01
 WBC count (/mm3)
13.6
9600 (7015; 13,100)
9500 (7000; 12,952)
10050 (7342; 13,962)
0.04
 Hemoglobin (g/dl)
13.6
10.0 (9.0; 11.2)
10.2 (9.1; 11.3)
9.6 (8.7; 10.6)
< 0.01
 Platelets count (/mm3)
12.9
291,500 (181,750; 432,500)
308,500 (191,000; 457,000)
240500 (137,500; 347,750)
< 0.01
 Bilirubin (mmol/l)
63.2
11 (7; 20)
10 (7; 19)
14 (9; 36)
< 0.01
 Glycemia (mmol/l)
16.8
6.8 (5.7; 8.3)
6.7 (5.7; 8.2)
7.1 (5.9; 8.7)
0.01
 Total protein (g/L)
18.6
62 (56; 69)
63 (57; 69)
60 (52; 66)
< 0.01
Results expressed as count (percentage) or median (interquartile range)
BMI body mass index, SOFA Sequential Organ Failure Assessment, SAPS Simplified Acute Physiology Score, ICU intensive care unit, LOS length of stay, RRT renal replacement therapy, RBC red blood cell transfusion, FFP fresh frozen plasma transfusion, SBP systolic blood pressure, DBP diastolic blood pressure, HR heart rate, eGFR estimated glomerular filtration rate, WBC white blood cell
Clinical and biological characteristics at the time of ICU discharge were generally in the normal range (Table 1), except for hemoglobin (median value 10 g/dl). Patients were mostly discharged to a ward (n = 976, 50%) or step-down unit (n = 269, 14%).

Determinants of 1-year survival after ICU discharge

Of the 1570 ICU survivors, 333 (21%) died during the year following ICU discharge, including 123 (8%) during the index hospitalization (Additional file 1: Figure S1). Univariate analysis revealed that the 333 nonsurvivors at 1 year post ICU discharge had a greater degree of illness severity at ICU admission and more comorbidities (Table 1, Additional file 1: Table S1). One-year nonsurvivors were more likely to have septic shock as the cause of admission. While in the ICU, 1-year nonsurvivors required more renal replacement therapy, inotropes/vasopressors and transfusion than survivors. On ICU discharge, nonsurvivors had lower blood pressure and residual organ dysfunction than survivors. Yet renal function was more profoundly altered in nonsurvivors with a higher serum creatinine and lower eGFR at ICU discharge (Table 1).
Multivariable analysis identified 14 independent predictors of post-ICU survival (Fig. 2). Odds ratios of significantly associated variables are presented in Additional file 1: Table S2. Linearity of the association between continuous variables in the multivariable model and the outcome is depicted in Additional file 1: Figure S2. The area of the ROC curve for the multivariable model was 0.787 (95% CI 0.759–0.815). Age and comorbidities (Charlson comorbidity score, vascular disease, severe valvular disease, chronic kidney diseases, cancer and loss of autonomy) were associated with a greater 1-year risk of death. At ICU discharge, five clinical variables (low values of systolic blood pressure, body temperature, total protein and platelet counts, and a high white blood cell count) were associated with an increased post-ICU risk of death. With respect to their ICU stay, red blood cell transfusion and prolonged ICU length of stay were associated with higher risk of 1-year post-ICU mortality. Of note, AUCs of SOFA at admission and SAPS II were 0.574 (95% CI 0.531–0.619) and 0.605 (95% CI 0.572–0.64) respectively; both were significantly lower than the AUC of the clinical score.

Association between cardiovascular biomarkers at discharge and 1-year survival after ICU discharge

At the time of ICU discharge, 1-year nonsurvivors had elevated levels of all measured cardiovascular biomarkers (Table 2). As depicted in Additional file 1: Figure S3, the association between the level of biomarkers at discharge and the outcome was not linear in all cases. After dichotomization according to the median value, elevated biomarkers of cardiac (NT-proBNP, sST2) and vascular (bio-ADM) failure were independently associated with 1-year death when they are added to the multivariable model, with an almost 3-fold increase in the risk of death when combined (adjusted OR 2.84 (95% CI 1.73–4.65), p < 0.001) (Fig. 3). Of note, the association between elevated hs-TnI and 1-year mortality did not remain significant after adjustment. Although only NT-proBNP, bio-ADM and sST2 significantly improve the c-statistic of the clinical model, reclassification analyses showed that all cardiovascular biomarkers, including hs-TnI, improve predictive power of the multivariable model (Table 2).
Table 2
Performance of cardiovascular biomarkers measured at ICU discharge for the prediction of 1-year post-ICU survival
 
NT-proBNP (pg/ml)
hs-TnI (pg/ml)
bio-ADM (pg/ml)
sST2 (ng/ml)
Normal value
< 300
< 14
< 43
< 23.6 for men/< 16.0 for women
Missing data (%)
 Median (IQR) at discharge
  All patients (n = 1570)
541 (149; 2073)
11.2 (4.2; 39.2)
33.3 (20.2; 60.5)
122.2 (73.1; 208.8)
  1-year survivor (n = 1237)
464 (127; 1681)
9.7 (3.7; 33.8)
30.5 (18.7; 52.3)
112.5 (67.9; 188.6)
  1-year nonsurvivor (n = 333)
1471 (371; 5719)
18.5 (7.6; 74.7)
50.4 (28.5; 107.9)
189.1 (102.4; 301.2)
 Association with prognosis (OR (95% CI) of biomarker > median)
  Univariate analysis
2.50 (1.85–3.38)
2.03 (1.51–2.73)
2.52 (1.86–3.42)
2.44 (1.81–3.30)
  Multivariable analysis
2.05 (1.33–3.18)
1.41 (0.94–2.13)
1.61 (1.06–2.45)
1.53 (1.01–2.33)
 AUC of ROC curve (95% CI)
  Biomarker alone
0.659 (0.619–0.699)*
0.625 (0.588–0.663)*
0.672 (0.635–0.711)*
0.657 (0.618–0.697)*
  Biomarker + clinical score
0.794 (0.766–0.823)**
0.789 (0.759–0.817)
0.794 (0.766–0.822)
0.800 (0.773–0.827)**
 NRI of biomarkers added to the full clinical model
  % Events to higher risk
44.3
37.4
43.4
42.5
  % Nonevents to higher risk
14.8
16.1
15.7
17.2
  % Events to lower risk
55.7
62.6
56.6
57.5
  % Nonevents to lower risk
85.2
83.9
84.3
82.8
  Total NRI for events (95% CI)
−0.115 (−0.263 to 0.033)
−0.253 (−0.397 to −0.109)
−0.133 (−0.281 to 0.015)
−0.149 (−0.296 to −0.003)
  Total NRI for nonevents (95% CI)
0.705 (0.650–0.759)
0.678 (0.622–0.734)
0.686 (0.631–0.742)
0.656 (0.598–0.714)
  Total cNRI (95% CI)
0.590 (0.433–0.747)
0.425 (0.271–0.580)
0.554 (0.396–0.711)
0.507 (0.349–0.664)
 IDI of biomarkers added to the full clinical model
  Events to higher risk
0.014
–0.009
0.018
0.005
  Nonevents to lower risk
0.023
0.016
0.024
0.02
  Total (95% CI)
0.036 (0.019–0.054)
0.007 (0–0.014)
0.041 (0.023–0.06)
0.024 (0.009–0.04)
NT-proBNP N-terminal pro-B type natriuretic peptide, hs-TnI hyper-sensitive troponin I, bio-ADM bio-adrenomedullin, sST2 soluble ST2, IQR interquartile range, AUC area under the curve, OR odds ratio, ROC receiver operating curve, CI confidence interval, NRI net reclassification improvement, IDI integrative discrimination improvement
*p < 0.05 corresponding to Wilcoxon test comparing survivors to nonsurvivors
**p < 0.05 corresponding to DeLong test comparing c-statistics of multivariate clinical model without (see Fig. 2) and with inclusion of the biomarker

Discussion

The FROG-ICU study confirmed the substantial number of vulnerable patients among ICU survivors. More importantly, FROG-ICU identified clinical and biological factors at the time of ICU discharge that were associated with an increased risk of long-term death.
We found that the 1-year mortality rate in ICU survivors was roughly 20%, a figure comparable to that already described [8, 2629]. The FROG-ICU study confirmed that increasing age and number of comorbidities are independently associated with an increased long-term risk of death [30]. In contrast to previous findings [31], with the exception of blood transfusion and prolonged length of ICU stay, we found no “in-ICU” factor was associated with an increased risk of post-ICU death. Indeed, the reason for ICU admission, illness severity scores at admission and/or use of invasive therapy, factors known to be associated with ICU mortality, were not associated with worse long-term outcomes in our 1570 consecutive ICU survivors, as described recently [32].
A major strength of the FROG-ICU study is the provision of a comprehensive clinical and biological evaluation of patients at the time of ICU discharge to assess risk prediction for subsequent poor outcomes. FROG-ICU demonstrated that hypotension and symptoms of persisting inflammation (abnormal temperature, protein, platelet and WBC count) were risk factors for a poor post-ICU outcome. FROG-ICU further showed that elevated biomarkers of impaired cardiac (NT-proBNP and sST2) and vascular (bio-ADM) function strikingly improved the prediction of post-ICU risk of death. Altogether, these data demonstrate that evidence of cardiovascular and/or inflammation abnormalities on ICU discharge is associated with, and likely leads to, a poor post-ICU outcome. Specific causes of death need to be ascertained but may be related to accelerated atheroma and plaque formation in the heart, brain or other organs, or repeated bouts of infection related to immunosuppression resulting from persisting inflammation. Those results are consistent with other work suggesting that the level of residual inflammation at discharge for patients with sepsis is associated with subsequent mortality [33].

Limitations of the study

Sixty-five (4%) patients discharged alive from the ICU were not assessed at 1 year. Although the number is small, this could have affected the accuracy of our results. We cannot assess the risk of readmission after ICU discharge as this information was not recorded prospectively. More broadly, we had no information on patient management (e.g., drug therapy, rehabilitation, psychologist support) after ICU discharge. This may also have contributed to patient vulnerability and needs to be further explored. In addition, while we described clinical and biological variables independently associated with 1-year mortality in ICU survivors, other important parameters need to be considered when discharging a patient from the ICU, such as the amount of nursing care. Some potential predictors of post-ICU outcome were not considered in the present study; in particular, only comorbidities were considered but no frailty score. Moreover, because of the French law, we were not allowed to include patients with no social security coverage, which may limit the external validity of our results. Biological collection was performed when the patient physically left the ICU and not at the time the patient was considered dischargeable from the ICU, which is more tightly linked to the physiologic status of the patient. However, our approach reflects the real-life management of ICU discharge. Although the study was multicentric and conducted in two European countries, only one center outside France included patients; this may limit the external validity of our results. Finally, despite the fact that a sample size calculation was performed, factors that were weakly associated with the 1-year risk of death could not be identified due to insufficient study power. Of note, the main aim of the study was to identify an explanatory model. Thus, the objective of our variable selection procedure was to identify the factors most strongly associated with mortality at 1 year and not to establish a prognostic score that would have to be validated.

Conclusions

Our findings suggest recommending a comprehensive clinical examination and targeted biological testing, including biomarker measures in ICU survivors, to guide personalized discharge long-term planning. Future trials should assess whether actions targeting the pathophysiology underlying the abnormal cardiac or vascular biomarkers may translate into improved post-ICU outcomes. In summary, the FROG-ICU study confirmed the striking prevalence of death at 1 year after ICU discharge. The FROG-ICU study further identified clinical and biological factors that may guide personalized discharge planning.

Acknowledgements

The authors are particularly grateful to Marie-Céline Fournier who coordinated organizational aspects of the study. They also thank the Centre de Recherche Clinique (CRC) of Lariboisière University Hospital for support.
Investigators for the FROG-ICU study
Center
Investigators
Hopital Lariboisiere (Paris)
N Deye, C Fauvaux, A Mebazaa, C Damoisel, D Payen
Hopital Saint Louis (Paris)
E Azoulay, AS Moreau, L Jacob, O Marie
Hopital Bichat (Paris)
M Wolf, R Sonneville, R Bronchard
Hopital Beaujon (Clichy)
I Rennuit, C Paugam
Hopital Cochin (Paris)
JP Mira, A Cariou, A Tesnieres
Hopital Bicetre (Le Kremlin-Bicetre)
N Dufour, N Anguel, L Guerin, J Duranteau, C Ract
Chu De Marseille (Marseille)
M Leone, B Pastene
Hopital Raymond Poincare (Garches)
T Sharshar, A Fayssoyl
Hopital Saint-Antoine
J-L Baudel, B Guidet
Hopital De La Pitie—Salpetriere (Paris)
Q Lu, W Jie Gu, N Brechot, A Combes
Chu St Eloi (Montpellier)
S Jaber, A Pradel, Y Coisel, M Conseil
Hopital Ambroise Pare (Boulogne)
A Veillard Baron, L Bodson
Chu Caremeau (Nimes)
Jy Lefrant, L Elotmani, A Ayral, S Lloret
Hopital Jean Minjoz (Besançon)
S Pily-Flouri, Jb Pretalli
Clinique Saint-Luc (Belgium)
Pf Laterre, V Montiel, Mf Dujardin, C Berghe

Funding

The FROG-ICU study was funded by the Programme Hospitalier de la Recherche Clinique (AON 10-216) and by a research grant from the Société Française d’Anesthésie—Réanimation.
Abbot, Sphingotec, Roche Diagnostics and Critical Diagnostics provided unrestricted free kits to Assistance Publique—Hôpitaux de Paris to conduct biomarker analyses.

Availability of data and materials

AM had full access to all data in the study and takes responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis.
The study was conducted in France and Belgium in accordance with Good Clinical Practice (Declaration of Helsinki 2002) and Ethical Committee approvals (Comité de Protection des Personnes—Ile de France IV, IRB n°00003835 and Commission d’éthique biomédicale hospitalo-facultaire de l’hôpital de Louvain, IRB n°B403201213352).
Not applicable

Competing interests

EG received research grant from Sphingotec, and consultancy fees from Magnisense and Roche Diagnostics. AM received speaker’s honoraria from Abbott, Novartis, Orion, Roche and Servier, and fees as a member of the advisory board and/or Steering Committee from Cardiorentis, Adrenomed, MyCartis, Neurotronik and Sphyngotec. The remaining authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Publisher’s Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://​creativecommons.​org/​licenses/​by/​4.​0/​), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://​creativecommons.​org/​publicdomain/​zero/​1.​0/​) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.
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Metadaten
Titel
Determinants of long-term outcome in ICU survivors: results from the FROG-ICU study
verfasst von
Etienne Gayat
Alain Cariou
Nicolas Deye
Antoine Vieillard-Baron
Samir Jaber
Charles Damoisel
Qin Lu
Xavier Monnet
Isabelle Rennuit
Elie Azoulay
Marc Léone
Heikel Oueslati
Bertrand Guidet
Diane Friedman
Antoine Tesnière
Romain Sonneville
Philippe Montravers
Sébastien Pili-Floury
Jean-Yves Lefrant
Jacques Duranteau
Pierre-François Laterre
Nicolas Brechot
Karine Chevreul
Morgane Michel
Bernard Cholley
Matthieu Legrand
Jean-Marie Launay
Eric Vicaut
Mervyn Singer
Matthieu Resche-Rigon
Alexandre Mebazaa
Publikationsdatum
01.12.2018
Verlag
BioMed Central
Erschienen in
Critical Care / Ausgabe 1/2018
Elektronische ISSN: 1364-8535
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1186/s13054-017-1922-8

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