Background
Methods
Study site
Type of study
Population
|
Proportion
| |
---|---|---|
Total | 3,405,813 | |
Male | 1,712,584 | 0.503 |
Female | 1,693,229 | 0.497 |
Unemployed | 9,427 | 0.003 |
Illiterate | 7,349 | 0.002 |
Housing
| ||
Total | 896,050 | |
Type 1* | 718,615 | 0.802 |
Type 2** | 52,935 | 0.059 |
Type 3 | 15,063 | 0.017 |
Type 4 | 83,141 | 0.093 |
Type 5 | 26,296 | 0.029 |
Dirt floor | 81,268 | 0.091 |
w/o/potable water | 3,933 | 0.004 |
w/o/sanitary | 5,444 | 0.006 |
Statistical analysis
Spatial distribution
Ethics
Results
Malaria is focalized to health regions associated with Amerindian reservations
Plasmodium vivax incidence is highest among corregimientos associated with Amerindian reservations
Determinants of low SES and type-2 houses are associated with increase risk of P. vivax infection
Odds ratio (95% confidence interval)
| ||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2009
|
2010
|
2011
|
2012
| |||||||||||||
OR
|
CI 95%
|
AttFexp
|
AttFpop
|
OR
|
CI 95%
|
AttFexp
|
AttFpop
|
OR
|
CI 95%
|
AttFexp
|
AttFpop
|
OR
|
CI 95%
|
AttFexp
|
AttFpop
| |
Total houses
| 1.00 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||||||
Type 1 |
1.40
| (1.38,1.42) | 0.29 | 0.24 |
1.21
| (1.19,1.23) | 0.17 | 0.14 |
0.61
| (0.60,0.63) | 0.39 | 0.31 |
0.84
| (0.82,0.85) | 0.16 | 0.13 |
Type 2 |
2.43
| (2.39,2.48) | 0.59 | 0.06 |
2.74
| (2.68,2.79) | 0.63 | 0.08 |
5.52
| (5.40,5.64) | 0.82 | 0.19 |
4.15
| (4.06,4.24) | 0.76 | 0.14 |
Type 3 |
1.07
| (1.03,1.12) | 0.07 | 0.00 |
1.15
| (1.10,1.21) | 0.13 | 0.00 |
1.24
| (1.16,1.33) | 0.19 | 0.00 |
1.41
| (1.34,1.49) | 0.29 | 0.01 |
Type 4 |
0.09
| (0.09,0.98) | 0.91 | 0.10 |
0.07
| (0.07,0.08)* | 0.93 | 0.10 |
0.12
| (0.11,0.13) | 0.88 | 0.09 |
0.09
| (0.09,0.1) | 0.91 | 0.09 |
Type 5 |
0.55
| (0.53,0.57) | 0.45 | 0.01 |
0.59
| (0.56,0.61) | 0.41 | 0.13 |
0.69
| (0.64,0.73) | 0.31 | 0.01 |
0.42
| (0.39,0.45) | 0.58 | 0.02 |
Dirt Floor |
1.47
| (1.44,1.49) | 0.32 | 0.04 |
1.61
| (1.58,1.64) | 0.38 | 0.05 |
2.68
| (2.61,2.74) | 0.63 | 0.13 |
2.32
| (2.27,2.37) | 0.57 | 0.10 |
w/o potable water |
1.97
| (1.94,2.01) | 0.49 | 0.06 |
1.57
| (1.53,1.60) | 0.36 | 0.04 |
3.14
| (3.06,3.21) | 0.68 | 0.13 |
2.44
| (2.39,2.50) | 0.59 | 0.09 |
w/o sanitary |
1.63
| (1.61,1.66) | 0.39 | 0.07 |
1.87
| (1.84,1.90) | 0.95 | 0.17 |
2.94
| (2.88,3.00) | 0.66 | 0.19 |
2.34
| (2.30,2.39) | 0.57 | 0.10 |
Total population
| 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||||||||
Unemployed |
0.95
| (0.94,0.97) | 0.05 | 0.00 |
0.86
| (0.84,0.87) | 0.14 | 0.00 |
0.76
| (0.74,0.78) | 0.24 | 0.01 |
0.80
| (0.78,0.82) | 0.20 | 0.01 |
Illiterate |
1.77
| (1.75,1.79) | 0.44 | 0.03 |
1.80
| (1.78,1.83) | 0.45 | 0.03 |
2.81
| (2.77,2.85) | 0.64 | 0.07 |
2.43
| (2.40,2.47) | 0.59 | 0.05 |
Female | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||||||||
Male |
1.05
| (1.04,1.05) | 0.04 | 0.02 |
1.03
| (1.03,1.04) | 0.03 | 0.02 |
1.04
| (1.04,1.06) | 0.05 | 0.02 |
1.09
| (1.08,1.10) | 0.08 | 0.04 |
Full model
| ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2009
|
2010
|
2011
|
2012
| |||||
Variable
|
OR
|
P
|
OR
|
P
|
OR
|
P
|
OR
|
P
|
Type-1 house | 3.24 | 0.478 | 10.42 | 0.356 | 8.05 | 0.566 | 5.65 | 0.575 |
Type-2 house |
43.63
|
0.038
|
847.63
|
0.012
|
1388.21
|
0.050
|
735.60
|
0.038
|
Dirt floor |
0.12
|
0.002
|
0.09
|
0.006
|
0.08
|
0.019
|
0.09
|
0.013
|
Without potable water | 0.54 | 0.377 | 0.30 | 0.158 | 3.42 | 0.175 | 1.42 | 0.692 |
Without sanitary | 1.47 | 0.586 | 0.61 | 0.594 | 0.08 | 0.072 | 0.14 | 0.088 |
Without electricity | 0.93 | 0.869 | 0.80 | 0.696 | 0.68 | 0.672 | 0.90 | 0.871 |
Unemployed | 0.04 | 0.780 | 8.0X10-3
| 0.612 | 1.52x10-15
| 0.106 | 2.0x10-9
| 0.271 |
Illiterate |
1283.64
|
0.009
|
2257.14
|
0.018
|
5398.53
|
0.034
|
1.64x10
4
|
0.010
|
Reduced model
| ||||||||
2009
|
2010
|
2011
|
2012
| |||||
OR
|
P
|
OR
|
P
|
OR
|
P
|
OR
|
P
| |
Type-2 house |
11.19
|
0.001
|
33.77
|
0.000
|
99.19
|
0.000
|
67.2
|
0.000
|
Dirt floor |
0.14
|
0.001
|
0.08
|
0.001
|
0.04
|
0.000
|
0.53
|
0.000
|
Illiterate |
1065.83
|
0.004
| 139.04 | 0.073 |
1186.47
|
0.032
|
1989.9
|
0.015
|