Background
Methods
Study design
Recruitment and eligibility screening
Sampling method
Sample size
Procedures of data collection
Instruments
Socio-demographic characteristics
Clinical factors
Common terminology criteria for adverse events (CTCAE)
Patient health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9)
Generalized anxiety disorder-7(GAD-7) questionnaire
Rosenberg self-esteem scale (RSES)
WHO quality of life-BREF (WHOQOL-BREF)
Data analysis
Result
Participants
Socio-demographic Characteristics | No | % |
---|---|---|
Age (year) | ||
< 45 | 213 | 13.1 |
45–54 | 278 | 17.2 |
55–64 | 513 | 31.7 |
> 65 | 616 | 38.0 |
Mean ± SD | 55.9 ± 13.34 | |
Range | 17–89 | |
Gender | ||
Male | 698 | 43.1 |
Female | 922 | 56.9 |
Race | ||
Malays | 1031 | 63.6 |
Chinese | 380 | 23.5 |
Indian | 196 | 12.1 |
Other | 13 | 0.8 |
Religious | ||
Muslim | 1031 | 63.6 |
Buddhist | 380 | 23.5 |
Hindu | 196 | 12.1 |
Christian | 13 | 0.8 |
Marital status | ||
Married | 1115 | 68.8 |
Single | 110 | 6.8 |
Divorce/widow | 395 | 24.4 |
Education level | ||
No formal education | 367 | 22.7 |
Below diploma | 934 | 57.6 |
University level | 319 | 19.7 |
Family Income (MYR)© | ||
No income | 591 | 36.5 |
< 1500 MYR | 293 | 18.1 |
1501–3500 MYR | 411 | 25.4 |
> 3501 MYR | 325 | 20.0 |
Working status | ||
Yes | 703 | 43.4 |
No | 591 | 36.5 |
Retired | 326 | 20.1 |
Family history of cancer | ||
Yes | 750 | 46.3 |
No | 870 | 53.7 |
Type of Cancer | ||
Breast | 523 | 32.3 |
Ovarian | 62 | 3.8 |
Cervical | 143 | 8.8 |
Colorectal | 450 | 27.8 |
Lymphoma | 102 | 6.3 |
Stomach | 161 | 9.9 |
Others | 179 | 11.1 |
Cancer stage | ||
I | 161 | 9.9 |
II | 250 | 15.4 |
III | 600 | 37.1 |
IV | 609 | 37.6 |
Type of cancer treatment | ||
Chemotherapy | 1483 | 91.5 |
Chemotherapy & radiation | 137 | 8.5 |
Cycle of cancer treatment | ||
1st cycle | 989 | 61.0 |
2nd cycle | 631 | 39.0 |
Pain due to cancer | ||
Yes | 876 | 54.1 |
No | 744 | 45.9 |
Treatment Side Effect | No | % |
Treatment side effect | ||
No side effect | 107 | 6.6 |
One side effect | 62 | 3.8 |
Two side effect | 176 | 10.9 |
≥ Three side effect | 1275 | 78.7 |
Vomiting | ||
Yes | 1145 | 70.7 |
No | 475 | 29.3 |
Nausea | ||
Yes | 1033 | 63.7 |
No | 587 | 36.3 |
Anorexia | ||
Yes | 1237 | 76.4 |
No | 383 | 23.6 |
Fatigue | ||
Yes | 1418 | 87.5 |
No | 202 | 12.5 |
Hair loss | ||
Yes | 1394 | 86.0 |
No | 226 | 14.0 |
Bleeding | ||
Yes | 688 | 42.4 |
No | 932 | 57.6 |
Infection | ||
Yes | 1175 | 72.5 |
No | 445 | 27.5 |
Psychological Factor | No | % |
Depression | ||
Yes (PHQ-9 ≥ 10) | 1138 | 70.2 |
No (PHQ-9 < 10) | 482 | 29.8 |
Anxiety | ||
Yes (GAD-7 ≥ 8) | 1500 | 92.6 |
No (GAD-7 < 8) | 120 | 7.4 |
Self-esteem | ||
Mean ± SD | 24.59 ± 7.00 | |
Range | 13–37 |
Factors associated with quality of life
Socio-demographics
Socio-demographic | Physical health | Psychological health | Social relationships | Environment |
---|---|---|---|---|
Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | |
Age (year) | ||||
< 45 | 65.43 ± 16.50 | 58.88 ± 21.28 | 58.13 ± 24.27 | 64.86 ± 17.10 |
45–54 | 66.72 ± 18.91 | 67.13 ± 20.24 | 61.78 ± 24.76 | 66.42 ± 19.43 |
55–64 | 65.65 ± 20.30 | 59.54 ± 18.16 | 58.39 ± 23.17 | 63.83 ± 20.09 |
> 65 | 62.06 ± 21.54 | 58.51 ± 18.21 | 57.06 ± 23.55 | 60.82 ± 22.11 |
Statistics | F = 4.86, p < 0.002* | F = 14.47, p < 0.001* | F = 2.54, p < 0.06 | F = 5.72, p < 0.001* |
Gender | ||||
Male | 63.85 ± 20.73 | 61.33 ± 18.32 | 58.37 ± 23.38 | 63.22 ± 20.82 |
Female | 64.88 ± 19.74 | 59.63 ± 19.85 | 58.48 ± 24.07 | 63.30 ± 20.28 |
Statistics | t = −1.01, p < 0.31 | t = 1.76, p < 0.79 | t = −0.09, p < 0.92 | t = −0.07, p < 0.94 |
Race | ||||
Malay | 65.97 ± 18.22 | 61.29 ± 18.48 | 60.03 ± 25.25 | 64.72 ± 20.60 |
Chinese | 66.56 ± 20.75 | 62.28 ± 18.88 | 60.27 ± 22.75 | 65.22 ± 18.44 |
Indian | 52.39 ± 24.60 | 52.31 ± 21.92 | 46.81 ± 22.86 | 50.17 ± 25.64 |
Other | 62.92 ± 16.70 | 52.69 ± 11.60 | 41.07 ± 16.74 | 62.92 ± 16.70 |
Statistics | F = 28.02, p < 0.001* | F = 14.57, p < 0.001* | F = 21.33, p < 0.001* | F = 32.15, p < 0.001* |
Religion | ||||
Muslim | 65.99 ± 18.22 | 61.30 ± 18.48 | 59.92 ± 25.30 | 64.66 ± 20.60 |
Buddhist | 66.50 ± 20.75 | 62.23 ± 18.88 | 60.31 ± 22.73 | 65.24 ± 18.43 |
Hindu | 52.39 ± 24.60 | 52.31 ± 21.92 | 46.81 ± 22.86 | 50.17 ± 25.64 |
Christian | 62.92 ± 16.70 | 52.69 ± 11.60 | 41.07 ± 16.74 | 62.92 ± 16.70 |
Statistics | F = 28.00, p < 0.000* | F = 14.54, p < 0.000* | F = 21.35, p < 0.000* | F = 32.17, p < 0.000* |
Marital status | ||||
Married | 64.83 ± 19.77 | 60.71 ± 19.10 | 57.70 ± 23.05 | 63.81 ± 20.19 |
Single | 65.69 ± 16.65 | 59.55 ± 22.36 | 57.57 ± 26.61 | 65.47 ± 16.42 |
Divorce/widow | 62.97 ± 22.08 | 59.60 ± 18.61 | 60.74 ± 24.83 | 61.11 ± 22.22 |
Statistics | F = 1.46, p < 0.23 | F = 0.59, p < 0.55 | F = 2.45, p < 0.08 | F = 3.21, p < 0.051 |
Education level | ||||
No formal education | 61.33 ± 19.25 | 58.25 ± 17.33 | 59.65 ± 22.13 | 60.03 ± 19.76 |
Diploma & Less | 65.44 ± 20.92 | 61.31 ± 19.37 | 58.66 ± 23.88 | 64.25 ± 21.23 |
University level | 65.08 ± 18.63 | 60.02 ± 20.64 | 56.36 ± 25.20 | 64.11 ± 18.80 |
Statistics | F = 5.69, p < 0.003* | F = 3.40, p < 0.033* | F = 1.74, p < 0.17 | F = 5.95, p < 0.003* |
Family Income (MYR)© | ||||
No income | 65.13 ± 19.30 | 61.52 ± 18.38 | 61.37 ± 22.00 | 64.12 ± 19.20 |
< 1500 MYR | 65.02 ± 18.00 | 59.01 ± 18.24 | 54.13 ± 24.70 | 63.84 ± 18.19 |
1501–3500 MYR | 63.06 ± 22.35 | 61.52 ± 19.95 | 60.04 ± 23.28 | 62.00 ± 23.42 |
> 3501 MYR | 64.40 ± 20.68 | 58.02 ± 20.38 | 54.93 ± 25.66 | 62.80 ± 20.83 |
Statistics | F = 0.95, p < 0.41 | F = 3.32, p < 0.019* | F = 9.33, p < 0.001* | F = 0.99, p < 0.39 |
Working status | ||||
Yes | 66.41 ± 20.99 | 61.89 ± 19.89 | 60.34 ± 24.47 | 65.18 ± 21.43 |
No | 65.16 ± 19.31 | 61.59 ± 18.38 | 61.37 ± 22.00 | 64.13 ± 19.21 |
Retired | 58.87 ± 18.92 | 54.85 ± 18.26 | 49.00 ± 23.03 | 57.57 ± 19.79 |
Statistics | F = 16.44, p < 0.001* | F = 17.16, p < 0.001* | F = 33.74, p < 0.001* | F = 16.48, p < 0.001* |
Family history of cancer | ||||
Yes | 64.78 ± 19.82 | 61.61 ± 17.49 | 59.55 ± 23.37 | 63.60 ± 20.00 |
No | 64.14 ± 20.48 | 59.29 ± 20.54 | 57.47 ± 24.09 | 62.97 ± 20.94 |
Statistics | t = 0.64, p < 0.52 | t = 2.43, p < 0.06 | t = 1.75, p < 0.08 | t = 0.61, p < 0.53 |
Total | 64.44 ± 20.18 | 60.36 ± 26 | 58.43 ± 23.77 | 63.26 ± 20.51 |
Physical side effect & clinical factors
Clinical factor | Physical health | Psychological health | Social relationships | Environment |
---|---|---|---|---|
Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | |
Type of Cancer | ||||
Breast | 65.30 ± 19.13 | 58.35 ± 19.56 | 57.90 ± 24.65 | 63.74 ± 18.86 |
Ovarian | 75.03 ± 23.19 | 77.00 ± 14.21 | 72.70 ± 22.21 | 72.22 ± 23.93 |
Cervical | 68.43 ± 13.94 | 59.76 ± 15.32 | 67.62 ± 17.64 | 67.86 ± 14.38 |
Colorectal | 61.98 ± 20.17 | 60.05 ± 17.64 | 58.43 ± 23.23 | 61.28 ± 20.88 |
Lymphoma | 60.45 ± 19.56 | 55.66 ± 18.88 | 56.39 ± 20.86 | 58.60 ± 18.51 |
Stomach | 60.67 ± 22.25 | 60.47 ± 24.27 | 49.43 ± 22.36 | 59.30 ± 24.92 |
Others | 66.89 ± 22.45 | 64.36 ± 18.06 | 56.96 ± 25.81 | 66.32 ± 21.83 |
Statistics | F = 7.25, p < 0.00* | F = 11.47, p < 0.00* | F = 11.87, p < 0.00* | F = 6.58, p < 0.00* |
Cancer stage | ||||
I | 67.01 ± 20.46 | 67.08 ± 22.53 | 62.08 ± 27.54 | 67.08 ± 20.06 |
II | 63.04 ± 18.33 | 59.93 ± 18.74 | 56.59 ± 22.04 | 62.18 ± 19.40 |
III | 67.92 ± 18.61 | 60.16 ± 19.06 | 61.92 ± 23.49 | 66.41 ± 18.95 |
IV | 60.90 ± 21.63 | 57.57 ± 17.50 | 54.79 ± 23.07 | 59.61 ± 21.88 |
Statistics | F = 13.80, p < 0.001* | F = 8.56, p < 0.001* | F = 11.07, p < 0.001* | F = 13.52, p < 0.001* |
Type of cancer treatment | ||||
Chemotherapy | 64.84 ± 19.91 | 60.91 ± 18.97 | 58.49 ± 23.58 | 63.63 ± 20.22 |
Chemotherapy & radiation | 60.04 ± 22.43 | 54.43 ± 20.88 | 57.78 ± 25.80 | 59.34 ± 23.13 |
Statistics | t = 2.67, p < 0.008* | t = 3.79, p < 0.001* | t = 0.33, p < 0.73 | t = 2.34, p < 0.01* |
Cycle of cancer treatment | ||||
1st cycle | 68.43 ± 18.21 | 64.38 ± 19.73 | 64.43 ± 22.92 | 67.54 ± 18.65 |
2nd cycle | 61.89 ± 20.95 | 57.80 ± 18.77 | 54.60 ± 23.52 | 60.54 ± 21.17 |
Statistic | t = 6.44, p < 0.001* | t = 6.80, p < 0.001* | t = 8.28, p < 0.001* | t = 6.79, p < 0.001* |
Pain due to cancer | ||||
Yes | 60.74 ± 21.79 | 57.08 ± 17.44 | 56.08 ± 23.20 | 59.13 ± 22.04 |
No | 67.58 ± 18.12 | 63.15 ± 20.20 | 60.43 ± 24.08 | 66.78 ± 18.41 |
Statistic | t = −6.88, p < 0.001* | t = − 6.41, p < 0.001* | t = − 3.68, p < 0.001* | t = − 7.61, p < 0.001* |
TREATMENT SIDE EFFECT | ||||
Treatment side effect | ||||
No side effect | 81.97 ± 14.68 | 76.40 ± 8.68 | 79.97 ± 8.60 | 82.98 ± 12.24 |
One side effect | 82.75 ± 10.65 | 79.74 ± 10.52 | 83.09 ± 7.61 | 79.98 ± 10.40 |
Two side effect | 81.43 ± 10.70 | 81.35 ± 6.22 | 81.81 ± 9.71 | 79.79 ± 8.78 |
≥ Three side effect | 59.73 ± 19.34 | 55.18 ± 18.02 | 52.20 ± 22.66 | 58.52 ± 19.99 |
Statistic | F = 135.82, p < 0.001* | F = 201.08, p < 0.001* | F = 183.96, p < 0.001* | F = 133.99, p < 0.001* |
Vomiting | ||||
Yes | 57.45 ± 18.89 | 52.43 ± 16.60 | 49.44 ± 21.47 | 56.23 ± 19.61 |
No | 81.28 ± 11.25 | 79.49 ± 8.82 | 80.11 ± 12.31 | 80.21 ± 10.05 |
Statistic | t = −25.66, p < 0.001* | t = − 33.58, p < 0.001* | t = − 29.19, p < 0.001* | t = − 25.29, p < 0.001* |
Nausea | ||||
Yes | 54.07 ± 16.95 | 49.55 ± 14.87 | 47.79 ± 20.55 | 53.11 ± 18.07 |
No | 82.68 ± 9.81 | 79.39 ± 7.88 | 77.17 ± 16.32 | 81.13 ± 9.23 |
Statistic | t = −37.46, p < 0.001* | t = − 45.13, p < 0.001* | t = − 29.71, p < 0.001* | t = − 35.04, p < 0.001* |
Anorexia | ||||
Yes | 59.37 ± 19.43 | 54.72 ± 17.86 | 51.68 ± 22.66 | 58.10 ± 20.05 |
No | 80.82 ± 12.29 | 78.59 ± 9.83 | 80.24 ± 10.46 | 79.94 ± 10.78 |
Statistic | t = −20.37, p < 0.001* | t = − 24.99, p < 0.001* | t = − 23.87, p < 0.001* | t = − 20.41, p < 0.001* |
Fatigue | ||||
Yes | 62.18 ± 19.91 | 58.20 ± 19.06 | 55.55 ± 23.59 | 60.93 ± 20.29 |
No | 80.31 ± 13.93 | 75.57 ± 12.11 | 78.64 ± 12.63 | 79.63 ± 13.38 |
Statistic | t = −12.50, p < 0.001* | t = − 12.59, p < 0.001* | t = − 13.62, p < 0.001* | t = − 12.70, p < 0.001* |
Hair loss | ||||
Yes | 54.75 ± 27.84 | 56.96 ± 19.86 | 52.46 ± 27.06 | 54.29 ± 28.61 |
No | 66.01 ± 18.17 | 60.91 ± 19.06 | 59.40 ± 23.06 | 64.72 ± 18.48 |
Statistic | t = −7.92, p < 0.00* | t = − 2.87, p < 0.004* | t = − 4.08, p < 0.001* | t = − 7.20, p < 0.001* |
Bleeding | ||||
Yes | 48.53 ± 16.38 | 45.05 ± 12.56 | 39.11 ± 16.62 | 47.56 ± 17.44 |
No | 76.18 ± 13.60 | 71.68 ± 14.98 | 72.70 ± 17.29 | 74.86 ± 13.79 |
Statistic | t = −37.05, p < 0.001* | t = − 37.83, p < 0.001* | t = − 39.27, p < 0.001* | t = − 35.14, p < 0.001* |
Infection | ||||
Yes | 58.14 ± 19.09 | 53.47 ± 17.18 | 50.48 ± 22.05 | 57.05 ± 19.94 |
No | 81.06 ± 11.77 | 78.57 ± 10.41 | 79.44 ± 12.89 | 79.66 ± 10.55 |
Statistic | t = −23.67, p < 0.001* | t = − 28.87, p < 0.001* | t = − 26.06, p < 0.001* | t = − 22.73, p < 0.001* |
Psychological effects & self-esteem
psychological effects | Physical health | Psychological health | Social relationships | Environment |
---|---|---|---|---|
Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | |
Anxiety | ||||
Yes (GAD-7 ≥ 8) | 62.86 ± 19.96 | 59.16 ± 19.38 | 56.67 ± 23.78 | 61.80 ± 20.40 |
No (GAD-7 < 8) | 84.10 ± 10.00 | 75.44 ± 6.79 | 80.50 ± 6.11 | 81.53 ± 10.71 |
Statistic | t = −11.53, p < 0.001* | t = − 9.15, p < 0.001* | t = − 10.94, p < 0.001* | t = − 10.47, p < 0.001* |
Depression | ||||
Yes (PHQ-9 ≥ 10) | 57.34 ± 18.91 | 52.38 ± 16.52 | 49.17 ± 21.45 | 56.14 ± 19.61 |
No (PHQ-9 < 10) | 81.11 ± 11.32 | 79.20 ± 9.56 | 80.30 ± 11.53 | 80.08 ± 10.18 |
Statistics | t = −25.67, p < 0.001* | t = − 33.33, p < 0.001* | t = − 30.06, p < 0.001* | t = − 25.39, p < 0.001* |
Self-esteem | ||||
Mean ± SD | 24.59 ± 7.00 | 24.59 ± 7.00 | 24.59 ± 7.00 | 24.59 ± 7.00 |
Statistics | r = 0.76, p < 0.001* | r = 0.78, p < 0.001* | r = 0.73, p < 0.001* | r = 0.74, p < 0.001* |
Post-hoc comparison between overall quality of life with race, religion and type of cancer among participants
Characteristics | Mean differences (I-J) | p-value | |
---|---|---|---|
Race (I) | Race (J) | ||
Malay | Chinese | - 0.83 | 1.000 |
Indian | 51.07 | 0.000* | |
Other | 33.15 | 0.613 | |
China | Malay | 0.83 | 1.000 |
Indian | 51.91 |
0.000*
| |
Others | 33.98 | 0.584 | |
Indian | Malay | - 51.07 | 0.000 |
Chinese | - 51.91 |
0.000*
| |
Others | - 17.92 | 1.000 | |
Others | Malay | - 33.15 | 0.613 |
Chinese | - 33.98 | 0.584 | |
Indian | 17.92 | 1.000 | |
Religion | Religion | ||
Muslim | Buddhist | - 0.46 | 1.000 |
Hindu | 51.17 |
0.000*
| |
Christian | 33.25 | 0.607 | |
Buddhist | Muslim | 0.46 | 1.000 |
Hindu | 51.64 |
0.000*
| |
Christian | 33.72 | 0.600 | |
Hindu | Muslim | - 51.17 |
0.000*
|
Buddhist | - 51.64 |
0.000*
| |
Christian | - 17.92 | 1.000 | |
Christian | Muslim | - 33.25 | 0.607 |
Buddhist | - 33.72 | 0.600 | |
Hindu | 17.92 | 1.000 | |
Type of cancer (I) | Type of cancer (J) | ||
Breast | Ovarian | - 51.65 |
0.000*
|
Cervical | - 18.39 | 0.169 | |
Colorectal | 3.54 | 1.000 | |
Lymphoma | 14.19 | 1.000 | |
Stomach | 15.42 | 0.417 | |
Others | - 9.23 | 1.000 | |
Ovarian | Breast | 51.65 |
0.000*
|
Cervical | 33.26 | 0.06 | |
Colorectal | 55.20 |
0.000*
| |
Lymphoma | 65.85 |
0.000*
| |
Stomach | 67.08 |
0.000*
| |
Others | 42.42 | 0.005 | |
Cervical | Breast | 18.39 | 0.16 |
Ovarian | - 33.26 | 0.06 | |
Colorectal | 21.93 | 0.04 | |
Lymphoma | 32.58 | 0.01 | |
Stomach | 33.81 | 0.005 | |
Others | 9.15 | 1.000 | |
Colorectal | Breast | - 3.54 | 1.000 |
Ovarian | - 55.20 |
0.000*
| |
Cervical | - 21.93 | 0.040 | |
Lymphoma | 10.64 | 1.000 | |
Stomach | 11.88 | 1.000 | |
Others | −12.78 | 1.000 | |
Lymphoma | Breast | −14.19 | 1.000 |
Ovarian | − 65.85 |
0.000*
| |
Cervical | −32.58 | 0.013 | |
Colorectal | −10.64 | 1.000 | |
Stomach | 1.23 | 1.000 | |
Others | −23.42 | 0.214 | |
Others | Breast | 9.23 | 1.000 |
Ovarian | −42.42 | 0.002 | |
Cervical | − 9.15 | 1.000 | |
Colorectal | 12.78 | 1.000 | |
Lymphoma | 23.42 | 0.214 | |
Stomach | 24.66 | 0.050 |
Association between gender with type of cancer and treatment side-effects
Characteristics | Gender | Statistics | Eta square | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Male No. % | Female No. % | |||
Type of Cancer | ||||
Breast | 0(0.00%) | 523(56.8%) | 1206.17 P < 0.001* | 0.86 |
Ovarian | 0(0.00%) | 62(6.7%) | ||
Cervical | 0(0.00%) | 143(15.5%) | ||
Colorectal | 436(62.5%) | 14(1.5%) | ||
Lymphoma | 81(11.6%) | 21(2.3%) | ||
Stomach | 52(7.4%) | 109(11.8%) | ||
Others | 129(18.5%) | 50(5.4%) | ||
Treatment side effect | ||||
No side effect | 73(10.5%) | 34(3.7%) | Chi-square = 31.23 P < 0.001* | 0.14 |
One side effect | 30(4.3%) | 32(3.5%) | ||
Two side effect | 76(10.9%) | 100(10.8%) | ||
≥ Three side effec | 519(74.4%) | 756(82.0%) |
Predictors of quality of life
Characteristics | Physical health | Psychological health | Social relationships | Environment | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
B | p | B | p | B | p | B | p | |
Age | ||||||||
< 45 | −1.75 | 0.24 | 0.25 | 0.85 | /# | / | 0.47 | 0.77 |
45–54 | 0.37 | 0.71 | 6.21 |
0.00*
| / | / | 1.09 | 0.33 |
55–64 | 3.31 |
0.00*
| 0.97 | 0.18 | / | / | 1.65 | 0.06 |
> 65 | Ref+ | Ref | / | / | Ref | |||
Race | ||||||||
Malay | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | ||||
Chinese | 5.36 | 0.64 | − 0.11 | 0.99 | − 1.18 | 0.30 | 5.47 | 0.65 |
Indian | 2.28 |
0.00*
| − 2.64 | 0.03* | − 3.72 | 0.01* | −6.73 |
0.00*
|
Other | −0.30 | 0.68 | 0.58 | 0.60 | 0.58 | 0.77 | 0.39 | 0.41 |
Religious | ||||||||
Muslim | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | ||||
Buddhist | − 8.17 | 0.47 | −0.95 | 0.92 | − 26.68 | 0.06 | −9.56 | 0.43 |
Hindu | − 5.95 |
0.00*
| − 2.31 |
0.01*
| - 1.98 |
0.04*
| − 7.62 |
0.00*
|
Christian | 6.78 | 0.57 | 10.22 | 0.35 | 9.08 | 0.48 | 6.07 | 0.63 |
Marital status | ||||||||
Married | / | / | / | / | / | / | Ref | |
Single | / | / | / | / | / | / | −3.71 | 0.01 |
Divorce/Widow | / | / | / | / | / | / | −3.42 |
0.00*
|
Education level | ||||||||
No formal education | −2.05 |
0.03*
| 0.12 | 0.89 | / | / | − 1.81 | 0.08 |
Diploma & Less | Ref | Ref | / | / | Ref | |||
University level | −0.88 | 0.51 | −2.22 | 0.07 | / | / | −1.75 | 0.22 |
Working status | ||||||||
Yes | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | ||||
No | −1.04 | 0.26 | −1.34 | 0.12 | 1.99 |
0.01*
| −0.58 | 0.56 |
Retired | −2.68 |
0.00*
| 0.74 | 0.41 | 0.30 | 0.76 | −1.89 | 0.07 |
Family history of cancer | / | / | 1.78 | 0.00* | / | / | / | / |
Type of Cancer | ||||||||
Breast | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | ||||
Ovarian | −4.89 |
0.00*
| 0.26 | 0.86 | −2.71 | 0.17 | −6.67 |
0.00*
|
Cervical | − 0.99 | 0.93 | 1.57 | 0.15 | 9.27 |
0.00*
| 0.88 | 0.48 |
Colorectal | −3.24 |
0.00*
| 0.30 | 0.70 | 0.74 | 0.45 | −3.04 |
0.01*
|
Lymphoma | −2.08 | 0.13 | −1.26 | 0.32 | 3.72 | 0.23 | −2.38 | 0.11 |
Stomach | −8.57 |
0.00*
| − 0.42 | 0.68 | −8.43 |
0.00*
| −8.19 |
0.00*
|
Others | −3.77 |
0.00*
| −0.53 | 0.59 | −7.79 |
0.00*
| −3.37 |
0.03*
|
Cancer stage | ||||||||
I | −0.53 | 0.69 | 0.54 | 0.66 | −2.52 | 0.06 | −1.57 | 0.28 |
II | −0.10 | 0.92 | −0.10 | 0.91 | 3.62 |
0.00*
| −0.46 | 0.69 |
III | 0.68 | 0.34 | −4.79 |
0.00*
| 0.73 | 0.39 | 0.26 | 0.73 |
IV | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | ||||
Type of cancer treatment | −0.42 | 0.19 | −1.83 | 0.00* | / | / | 1.50 | 0.29 |
Cycle of cancer treatment | −3.88 | 0.00* | −1.57 |
0.05
| 7.14 | 0.00* | − 4.36 |
0.00*
|
Pain due to cancer (yes) | −4.58 | 0.00* | 1.43 | 0.10 | 7.32 | 0.00* | − 5.57 | 0.00* |
Vomiting (yes) | 0.58 | 0.69 | −5.59 | 0.00* | −5.39 |
0.00*
| −0.61 | 0.69 |
Nausea (yes) | −9.51 | 0.00* | −10.90 | 0.00* | 9.83 | 0.00* | −7.61 | 0.00* |
Fatigue (yes) | −2.55 | 0.04* | − 0.44 | 0.70 | −6.43 | 0.01* | − 3.97 | 0.00* |
Hair loss (yes) | 14.19 | 0.00* | 5.42 | 0.00* | 9.37 | 0.00* | 13.35 | 0.00* |
Bleeding (yes) | −7.89 | 0.00* | −6.74 | 0.00* | − 13.99 |
0.00*
| − 6.84 | 0.00* |
Anxiety (yes) | −5.35 | 0.00* | 4.23 | 0.00* | 0.17 | 0.92 | −2.73 | 0.11 |
Depression (yes) | 2.87 | 0.06 | −0.42 | 0.77 | −10.84 | 0.00* | 1.41 | 0.39 |
Self-esteem | 1.20 | 0.00* | 0.90 | 0.00* | 1.46 | 0.00* | 1.25 | 0.00* |
Constant | 49.78 | 0.00 | 53.55 | 0.00 | 17.43 | 0.00 | 48.61 | 0.00 |
Adjusted R Square | 0.69 | 0.70 | 0.68 | 0.65 | ||||
Model Fit Data | F = 112.42, p < 0.000 | F = 113.24, p < 0.000 | F = 128.28, p < 0.000 | F = 88.39, p < 0.000 |