Background
Methods
Data source, study design, sampling procedures, and data collection
Variables
Dependent variable
Independent variables
Statistical analysis
Ethical considerations
Results
Baseline characteristics of the study participants by sex
Variable | Male n (%) 6937 (24.04) | Female n (%) 21,925 (75.96) | Overall n (%) 28,862 (100.00) | P-value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Individual-level factors | ||||
Age (years) | <.0001 | |||
< 25 | 2838 (40.91) | 8891 (40.55) | 11,729 (40.64) | |
25–34 | 1896 (27.33) | 7012 (31.98) | 8908 (30.86) | |
35–44 | 1441 (20.77) | 4626 (21.10) | 6067 (21.02) | |
≥ 45 | 762 (10.98) | 1396 (6.37) | 2158 (7.48) | |
Educational level | <.0001 | |||
No education | 366 (5.28) | 2285 (10.42) | 2651 (9.19) | |
Primary | 3834 (55.27) | 13,260 (60.48) | 17,094 (59.23) | |
Secondary or high | 2737 (39.46) | 6380 (29.10) | 9117 (31.59) | |
Wealth index† | <.0001 | |||
Poorest | 939 (13.54) | 3631 (16.56) | 4570 (15.83) | |
Poorer | 1204 (17.36) | 3824 (17.44) | 5028 (17.42) | |
Middle | 1328 (19.14) | 3982 (18.16) | 5310 (18.40) | |
Richer | 1467 (21.15) | 4440 (20.25) | 5907 (20.47) | |
Richest | 1999 (28.82) | 6048 (27.58) | 8047 (27.88) | |
Religion | <.0001 | |||
Roman catholic | 1299 (18.73) | 3916 (17.86) | 5215 (18.07) | |
CCAP | 1180 (17.01) | 3590 (16.37) | 4770 (16.53) | |
Anglican | 361 (5.20) | 1133 (5.17) | 1494 (5.18) | |
Seventh Day Adventist/Baptist | 491 (7.08) | 1679 (7.66) | 2170 (7.52) | |
Other Christian | 2776 (40.02) | 9215 (42.03) | 11,991 (41.55) | |
Muslim | 655 (9.44) | 2273 (10.37) | 2928 (10.14) | |
No religion/other | 175 (2.52) | 119 (0.54) | 294 (1.02) | |
Marital status | <.0001 | |||
Never in union | 2575 (37.12) | 4526 (20.64) | 7101 (24.60) | |
Currently in union | 4108 (59.22) | 14,443 (65.87) | 14,443 (64.27) | |
Formerly in union | 254 (3.66) | 2956 (13.48) | 2956 (11.12) | |
Amount of media exposure‡ | <.0001 | |||
0 | 1076 (15.51) | 9046 (41.26) | 10,122 (35.07) | |
1 | 2101 (30.29) | 6684 (30.49) | 8785 (30.44) | |
2 | 2157 (31.09) | 3988 (18.19) | 6145 (21.29) | |
3 | 1603 (23.11) | 2207 (10.07) | 3810 (13.20) | |
Occupation | <.0001 | |||
Not working | 960 (13.84) | 7148 (32.60) | 8108 (28.09) | |
Professional/technical/managerial | 490 (7.06) | 1280 (5.84) | 1770 (6.11) | |
Clerical/sales/services | 478 (6.89) | 1537 (7.01) | 2015 (6.98) | |
Agricultural employee | 2701 (38.94) | 8448 (38.53) | 11,149 (38.63) | |
Skilled manual | 800 (11.53) | 335 (1.53) | 1135 (3.93) | |
Unskilled manual | 1508 (21.74) | 3177 (14.49) | 4685 (16.23) | |
Tb can be cured | <.0001 | |||
No | 1010 (14.56) | 4375 (19.95) | 5385 (18.66) | |
Yes | 5927 (85.44) | 17,550 (80.05) | 23,477 (81.34) | |
Community-level factors | ||||
Place of residence | 0.3626 | |||
Urban | 1594 (22.98) | 4923 (22.45) | 6517 (22.58) | |
Rural | 5343 (77.02) | 17,002 (77.55) | 22,345 (77.42) | |
Geographical region | 0.0025 | |||
Northern | 1447 (20.86) | 4286 (19.55) | 5733 (19.86) | |
Central | 2489 (35.88) | 7657 (34.92) | 10,146 (35.15) | |
Southern | 3001 (43.26) | 9982 (45.53) | 12,983 (44.98) | |
Ethnicity | <.0001 | |||
Chewa | 2167 (31.24) | 6556 (29.90) | 8723 (30.22) | |
Tumbuka | 747 (10.77) | 2326 (10.61) | 3073 (10.65) | |
Lomwe | 1251 (18.03) | 4128 (18.83) | 5379 (18.64) | |
Tonga | 253 (3.65) | 871 (3.97) | 1124 (3.89) | |
Yao | 704 (10.15) | 2337 (10.66) | 3041 (10.54) | |
Sena | 299 (4.31) | 949 (4.33) | 1248 (4.32) | |
Nkhonde | 121 (1.74) | 290 (1.32) | 411 (1.42) | |
Ngoni | 878 (12.66) | 2829 (12.90) | 3707 (12.84) | |
Mang’anja | 178 (2.57) | 499 (2.28) | 677 (2.35) | |
Nyanja | 115 (1.66) | 491 (2.24) | 606 (2.10) | |
Other | 224 (3.23) | 649 (2.96) | 873 (3.02) | |
Correct knowledge of TB transmission | <.0001 | |||
No | 2522 (36.36) | 8602 (39.23) | 11,124 (38.54) | |
Yes | 4415 (63.64) | 13,323 (60.77) | 17,738 (61.46) |
Prevalence of self-reported tuberculosis knowledge about TB transmission
Variable | Male n (%) 6937 (24.04) | Female n (%) 21,925 (75.96) | Overall n (%) 28,862 (100.00) | P-value |
---|---|---|---|---|
TB spread by air when coughing or sneezing (Yes) | 5464 (78.77) | 15,268 (69.64) | 8908 (71.83) | <.0001 |
TB spread by sharing utensils (No) | 6365 (91.75) | 20,664 (94.25) | 27,029 (93.65) | <.0001 |
TB spread by touching a person with TB (No) | 6556 (94.51) | 21,314 (97.21) | 27,870 (96.56) | <.0001 |
TB spread by food (No) | 6609 (95.27) | 21,485 (97.99) | 28,094 (97.34) | <.0001 |
TB spread by sexual contact (No) | 6670 (96.15) | 20,458 (93.31) | 27,128 (93.99) | <.0001 |
TB spread by mosquito bites (No) | 6917 (99.71) | 21,842 (99.62) | 28,759 (99.64) | 0.2719 |
TB can be cured (Yes) | 5927 (85.44) | 17,550 (80.05) | 23,477 (81.34) | <.0001 |
Prevalence of correct knowledge about TB transmission by selected characteristics
Variable | Over all n (%) 28,862 (100.00) | No n (%) 11,124 (38.54) | Yes n (%) 17,738 (61.46) | P-value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Individual-level factors | ||||
Sex | <.0001 | |||
Male | 6937 (24.46) | 2522 (22.67) | 4415 (24.89) | |
Female | 21,925 (75.96) | 8602 (77.33) | 13,323 (75.11) | |
Age (years) | <.0001 | |||
< 25 | 11,729 (40.64) | 4869 (43.77) | 6860 (38.67) | |
25–34 | 8908 (30.86) | 3202 (28.78) | 5706 (32.17) | |
35–44 | 6067 (21.02) | 2220 (19.96) | 3847 (21.69) | |
≥ 45 | 2158 (7.48) | 833 (7.49) | 1325 (7.47) | |
Educational level | <.0001 | |||
No education | 2651 (9.19) | 1238 (11.13) | 1413 (7.97) | |
Primary | 17,094 (59.23) | 7348 (66.06) | 9746 (54.94) | |
Secondary or high | 9117 (31.59) | 2538 (22.82) | 6579 (37.09) | |
Wealth index† | <.0001 | |||
Poorest | 4570 (15.83) | 2076 (18.66) | 2494 (14.06) | |
Poorer | 5028 (17.42) | 2140 (19.24) | 2888 (16.28) | |
Middle | 5310 (18.40) | 2154 (19.36) | 3156 (17.79) | |
Richer | 5907 (20.47) | 2308 (20.75) | 3599 (20.29) | |
Richest | 8047 (27.88) | 2446 (21.99) | 5601 (31.58) | |
Religion | <.0001 | |||
Roman catholic | 5215 (18.07) | 2020 (18.16) | 3195 (18.01) | |
CCAP | 4770 (16.53) | 1680 (15.10) | 3090 (17.42) | |
Anglican | 1494 (5.18) | 564 (5.07) | 930 (5.24) | |
Seventh Day Adventist/Baptist | 2170 (7.52) | 716 (6.44) | 1454 (8.20) | |
Other Christian | 11,991 (41.55) | 4946 (44.44) | 7048 (39.73) | |
Muslim | 2928 (10.14) | 1081 (9.72) | 1874 (10.41) | |
No religion/other | 294 (1.02) | 120 (1.08) | 174 (0.98) | |
Marital status | 0.5732 | |||
Never in union | 7101 (24.60) | 2755 (24.77) | 4346 (24.50) | |
Currently in union | 14,443 (64.27) | 7158 (64.35) | 11,393 (64.23) | |
Formerly in union | 2956 (11.12) | 1211 (10.89) | 1999 (11.27) | |
Amount of media exposure‡ | <.0001 | |||
0 | 10,122 (35.07) | 4291 (38.57) | 5831 (32.87) | |
1 | 8785 (30.44) | 3563 (32.03) | 5222 (29.44) | |
2 | 6145 (21.29) | 2215 (19.91) | 3930 (22.16) | |
3 | 3810 (13.20) | 1055 (9.48) | 2755 (15.53) | |
Occupation | <.0001 | |||
Not working | 8108 (28.09) | 3094 (27.81) | 5014 (28.27) | |
Professional/technical/managerial | 1770 (6.11) | 401 (3.60) | 1369 (7.72) | |
Clerical/sales/services | 2015 (6.98) | 720 (6.47) | 1295 (7.30) | |
Agricultural employee | 11,149 (38.63) | 4799 (43.14) | 6350 (35.80) | |
Skilled manual | 1135 (3.93) | 384 (3.45) | 751 (4.23) | |
Unskilled manual | 4685 (16.23) | 1726 (15.52) | 2959 (16.68) | |
Tuberculosis can be cured | <.0001 | |||
No | 5385 (18.66) | 2927 (26.31) | 2458 (13.86) | |
Yes | 23,477 (81.34) | 8197 (73.69) | 15,280 (86.14) | |
Community-level factors | ||||
Place of residence | <.0001 | |||
Urban | 6517 (22.58) | 1925 (17.30) | 4592 (25.89) | |
Rural | 22,345 (77.42) | 9199 (82.70) | 13,146 (74.11) | |
Geographical region | <.0001 | |||
Northern | 5733 (19.86) | 2671 (24.01) | 3062 (17.26) | |
Central | 10,146 (35.15) | 4031 (36.24) | 6115 (34.47) | |
Southern | 12,983 (44.98) | 4422 (39.74) | 8561 (48.26) | |
Ethnicity | <.0001 | |||
Chewa | 8723 (30.22) | 3558 (31.98) | 5165 (29.12) | |
Tumbuka | 3073 (10.65) | 1361 (12.23) | 1712 (9.65) | |
Lomwe | 5379 (18.64) | 1704 (15.32) | 3675 (20.72) | |
Tonga | 1124 (3.89) | 554 (4.98) | 570 (3.21) | |
Yao | 3041 (10.54) | 1080 (9.71) | 1961 (11.06) | |
Sena | 1248 (4.32) | 461 (9.71) | 787 (4.44) | |
Nkhonde | 411 (1.42) | 170 (1.53) | 241 (1.36) | |
Ngoni | 3707 (12.84) | 1353 (12.16) | 2354 (13.27) | |
Mang’anja | 677 (2.35) | 240 (2.16) | 437 (2.46) | |
Nyanja | 606 (2.10) | 243 (2.18) | 363 (2.05) | |
Other | 873 (3.02) | 400 (3.60) | 473 (2.67) |
Factors associated with correct knowledge about TB transmission
Variable | Univariate | Multivariable | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
CrOR 95% (CI) | P-value | AOR 95% (CI) | P-value | |
Individual-level factors | ||||
Sex | ||||
Male | 1.150 (1.085–1.218) | <.0001 | 1.012 (0.949–1.079) | 0.7118 |
Female | 1.000 | 1.000 | ||
Age (years) | ||||
< 25 | 1.000 | 1.000 | ||
25–34 | 1.279 (1.206–1.357) | <.0001 | 1.219 (1.145–1.297) | <.0001 |
35–44 | 1.256 (1.175–1.342) | <.0001 | 1.275 (1.187–1.371) | <.0001 |
≥ 45 | 1.173 (1.064–1.293) | 0.0014 | 1.239 (1.116–1.375) | <.0001 |
Educational level | ||||
No education | 1.000 | 1.000 | ||
Primary | 1.181 (1.083–1.286) | 0.0002 | 1.253 (1.144–1.371) | <.0001 |
Secondary or high | 2.225 (2.022–2.447) | <.0001 | 2.000 (1.793–2.232) | <.0001 |
Wealth index† | ||||
Poorest | 1.000 | 1.000 | ||
Poorer | 1.140 (1.048–1.240) | 0.0022 | 1.081 (0.993–1.176) | 0.0734 |
Middle | 1.238 (1.139–1.346) | <.0001 | 1.106 (1.016–1.205) | 0.0205 |
Richer | 1.324 (1.218–1.439) | <.0001 | 1.096 (1.005–1.196) | 0.0387 |
Richest | 1.822 (1.670–1.987) | <.0001 | 1.166 (1.053–1.292) | 0.0032 |
Religion | ||||
Roman catholic | 1.063 (0.828–1.364) | 0.6319 | 0.957 (0.743–1.232) | 0.7339 |
CCAP | 1.212 (0.944–1.557) | 0.1322 | 1.037 (0.804–1.338) | 0.7768 |
Anglican | 1.110 (0.845–1.459) | 0.4523 | 1.145 (0.868–1.510) | 0.3365 |
Seventh Day Adventist/Baptist | 1.305 (1.006–1.693) | 0.0452 | 1.073 (0.824–1.398) | 0.6004 |
Other Christian | 0.964 (0.754–1.231) | 0.7675 | 0.951 (0.742–1.219) | 0.6936 |
Muslim | 1.042 (0.804–1.352) | 0.7541 | 1.020 (0.777–1.339) | 0.8855 |
No religion/other | 1.000 | 1.000 | ||
Amount of media exposure‡ | ||||
0 | 1.000 | 1.000 | ||
1 | 1.103 (1.038–1.172) | 0.0015 | 1.010 (0.948–1.076) | 0.7571 |
2 | 1.306 (1.218–1.399) | <.0001 | 1.056 (0.978–1.140) | 0.1621 |
3 | 1.787 (1.636–1.959) | <.0001 | 1.190 (1.076–1.315) | 0.0007 |
Occupation | ||||
Not working | 0.934 (0.864–1.010) | 0.0885 | 1.011 (0.931–1.097) | 0.7992 |
Professional/technical/managerial | 1.911 (1.676–2.180) | <.0001 | 1.336 (1.166–1.531) | <.0001 |
Clerical/sales/services | 1.028 (0.917–1.153) | 0.6346 | 0.893 (0.795–1.004) | 0.0588 |
Agricultural employee | 0.841 (0.780–0.907) | <.0001 | 0.909 (0.843–0.981) | 0.0143 |
Skilled manual | 1.125 (0.976–1.296) | 0.1032 | 0.983 (0.850–1.137) | 0.8176 |
Unskilled manual | 1.000 | 1.000 | ||
Tuberculosis can be cured | ||||
No | 1.000 | 1.000 | ||
Yes | 2.088 (1.960–2.223) | <.0001 | 1.708 (1.600–1.823) | <.0001 |
Community-level factors | ||||
Place of residence | ||||
Urban | 1.674 (1.528–1.835) | <.0001 | 1.165 (1.063–1.277) | 0.0011 |
Rural | 1.000 | 1.000 | ||
Geographical region | ||||
Northern | 0.588 (0.533–0.650) | <.0001 | 0.581 (0.512–0.659) | <.0001 |
Central | 0.777 (0.715–0.845) | <.0001 | 0.896 (0.819–0.980) | 0.0161 |
Southern | 1.000 | 1.000 | ||
Ethnicity | ||||
Chewa | 1.214 (1.025–1.439) | 0.0249 | 1.052 (0.878–1.259) | 0.5836 |
Tumbuka | 1.125 (0.941–1.345) | 0.1956 | 1.054 (0.886–1.253) | 0.5553 |
Lomwe | 1.709 (1.434–2.036) | <.0001 | 1.286 (1.066–1.551) | 0.0086 |
Tonga | 0.919 (0.738–1.145) | 0.4520 | 0.898 (0.727–1.108) | 0.3158 |
Yao | 1.423 (1.184–1.710) | 0.0002 | 1.122 (0.911–1.382) | 0.2769 |
Sena | 1.387 (1.120–1.719) | 0.0028 | 1.100 (0.881–1.373) | 0.4018 |
Nkhonde | 1.199 (0.914–1.572) | 0.1900 | 1.146 (0.878–1.497) | 0.3156 |
Ngoni | 1.398 (1.168–1.673) | 0.0003 | 1.063 (0.882–1.281) | 0.5220 |
Mang’anja | 1.484 (1.173–1.877) | 0.0010 | 1.086 (0.850–1.386) | 0.5110 |
Nyanja | 1.251 (0.979–1.599) | 0.0735 | 0.997 (0.780–1.274) | 0.9807 |
Other | 1.000 | 1.000 |