Background
Methods
HELIX project multilevel study design
Current study sample population—the HELIX children subcohort
Overall | BiB | EDEN | INMA | KANC | MoBa | Rhea | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sample n | 1192 | 199 | 157 | 207 | 201 | 229 | 199 |
Female (%) | 45.4 | 46.2 | 42.0 | 44.9 | 45.8 | 48.0 | 44.2 |
Male (%) | 54.6 | 53.8 | 58.0 | 55.1 | 54.2 | 52.0 | 55.8 |
White European (%) | 89.6 | 42.7 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 95.6 | 100 |
BAME (%) | 10.4 | 57.3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4.4 | 0 |
Age (years) | 7.4 (6.5–8.9) | 6.6 (6.4–6.8) | 10.8 (10.3–11.2) | 8.8 (8.4–9.3) | 6.4 (6.1–6.8) | 8.5 (8.2–8.8) | 6.5 (6.4–6.6) |
BMI (z-score) | 0.3 (− 0.4–1.2) | 0.1 (− 0.4–0.9) | 0.2 (−0.5–1.2) | 0.7 (− 0.1–1.7) | 0.4 (− 0.3–1.2) | 0.1 (− 0.4–0.6) | 0.6 (− 0.3–1.6) |
Body mass index and food dietary frequency data
zBMI
Dietary frequency
Biofluid sample collection
Urine metabolite NMR measurements
Serum metabolite measurements
Analytical performance of urinary and serum metabolites
Statistical analyses
Results
Overall | BiB | EDEN | INMA | KANC | MoBa | Rhea | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cereal | 18.5 (12.5–26) | 17 (13.1–23.5) | 21.5 (13–27.5) | 17 (11.4–24.1) | 14 (9.3–22) | 25 (19–29.6) | 16 (12.1–23.5) |
Meat | 7.5 (5.1–10) | 6 (4–9) | 7.5 (5.5–10) | 8 (7–12) | 7.1 (5.1–10) | 7.5 (5–10.5) | 6.5 (5–7.6) |
Fish | 2 (1.1–3.5) | 2 (1–3.3) | 2.1 (1.5–3) | 3.6 (2.4–5) | 1.1 (0.4–1.6) | 2.6 (1.6–5) | 1.5 (1–2) |
Dairy | 19.8 (12.5–27.6) | 24 (17.2–31.6) | 24 (15–31) | 18.1 (13.8–25.8) | 11 (8–17) | 20 (12.3–27) | 22.5 (15.1–28.5) |
Lipids | 4.5 (1–8.5) | 7 (4–10) | 6 (3.1–9) | 1 (0.3–3.1) | 7 (4–11) | 7.5 (4–15.5) | 1 (0.1–3) |
Potatoes | 3.5 (2–4) | 4 (3.1–6) | 3.1 (1.5–4) | 3.5 (2–4) | 3.1 (3–5.6) | 3.1 (1.1–3.1) | 3.5 (2–4) |
Vegetables | 6.5 (4–10) | 6 (4–10) | 8 (4–11) | 6 (3–8.5) | 6 (3.5–8.5) | 8.5 (6–14) | 6.5 (4–10) |
Fruits | 8.8 (5.9–18) | 15.5 (10–21) | 6.6 (3.3–13.6) | 7.5 (3.7–13.2) | 7.4 (3.8–10) | 14 (8.6–21) | 8.5 (6.2–13.5) |
Sweets | 6.6 (3.5–10) | 6.6 (3.6–10) | 8.5 (5–14) | 4.5 (2–8.1) | 9.5 (7–15.5) | 5 (3–7.5) | 6 (3.3–7.5) |
Bakery products | 4 (1.5–6.5) | 4 (2–7.5) | 5.6 (2–8) | 4 (3–6.5) | 4 (2–6.5) | 1.5 (1–2) | 6 (4–8.5) |
Beverages | 0.5 (0–1) | 0.5 (0–1.8) | 1 (0.3–3) | 0.5 (0–1.3) | 0.5 (0.1–1) | 0.6 (0.1–1.1) | 0.1 (0–0.5) |