Background
Methods
Study design
Participants, setting and procedure
Measurements
Duration of gestation (completed weeks and days of pregnancy, respectively) | Initiation of care | Number of visits | Kotelchuck Index |
---|---|---|---|
0-11+61 | ≤11+6 | ≥3 | 4 |
1–2 | 3 | ||
2 | |||
0 | 1 | ||
12-26+6 | ≤11+6 | ≥6 | 4 |
Ideally 3.75 visits1 | 3–5 | 3 | |
2 | 2 | ||
≤1 | 1 | ||
≥12+0 | 1 | ||
27-36+6 | ≥10 | 4 | |
Ideally 7.5 visits1 | 6–9 | 3 | |
4–5 | 2 | ||
≤3 | 1 | ||
≥12+0 | 1 | ||
37-37+6 | ≤11+6 | ≥13 | 4 |
Ideally 11 visits1 | 10–12 | 3 | |
6–9 | 2 | ||
≤5 | 1 | ||
≥12+0 | 1 | ||
38-38+6 | ≤11+6 | ≥14 | 4 |
Ideally 12 visits1 | 10–13 | 3 | |
6–9 | 2 | ||
≤5 | 1 | ||
≥12+0 | 1 | ||
39-39+6 | ≤11+6 | ≥15 | 4 |
Ideally 13 visits1 | 11–14 | 3 | |
7–10 | 2 | ||
≤6 | 1 | ||
≥12+0 | 1 | ||
40-40+6 | ≤11+6 | ≥16 | 4 |
Ideally 14 visits1 | 12–15 | 3 | |
7–11 | 2 | ||
≤6 | 1 | ||
≥12+0 | 1 | ||
41-41+6 | ≤11+6 | ≥17 | 4 |
Ideally 15 visits1 | 12–16 | 3 | |
8–11 | 2 | ||
≤7 | 1 | ||
≥12+0 | 1 |
Statistical analyses
Results
Consultation of a CAM practitioner | |||
---|---|---|---|
Yes | No | ||
Background characteristics | N = 1500 (%) | N = 141 (9.4) | N = 1359 (90.6) |
Age | |||
≤20 | 14 (0.9) | 1 (0.7) | 13 (1.0) |
21–35 | 1283 (85.6) | 118 (83.7) | 1165 (85.7) |
≥36 | 202 (13.5) | 22 (15.6) | 180 (13.3) |
Missing | 1 | 0 | 1 |
Ethnicity | |||
Native Dutch | 1327 (88.6) | 121 (85.8) | 1206 (88.9) |
Non-Western | 65 (4.3) | 6 (4.3) | 59 (4.3) |
Western Non-Dutch | 106 (7.1) | 14 (9.9) | 92 (6.8) |
Missing | 2 | 0 | 2 |
Marital status | |||
Married or living together | 1467 (97.8) | 137 (97.2) | 1330 (97.9) |
Living alone | 33 (2.2) | 4 (2.8) | 29 (2.1) |
Missing | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Occupation | |||
Employed | 1264 (84.3) | 117 (83.0) | 1147 (84.4) |
Unemployed | 220 (14.7) | 22 (15.6) | 198 (14.6) |
Disabled | 16 (1.1) | 2 (1.4) | 14 (1.0) |
Missing | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Educational level | |||
Low | 164 (10.9) | 11 (7.8) | 153 (11.3) |
Middle | 508 (33.9) | 42 (29.8) | 466 (34.3) |
High | 828 (55.2) | 88 (62.4) | 740 (54.4) |
Missing | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Intended place of delivery | |||
Hospital/Birth centre midwifery-led | 856 (57.1) | 85 (60.3) | 771 (56.7) |
Hospital consultant-led | 19 (1.3) | 3 (2.1) | 16 (1.2) |
Home | 625 (41.7) | 53 (37.6) | 572 (42.1) |
Missing | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Religion | |||
No | 845 (57.2) | 84 (60.0) | 761 (57.0) |
Yes | 631 (42.8) | 56 (40.0) | 575 (43.0) |
Missing | 24 | 1 | 23 |
Basic and supplementary health care insurance | |||
Basic and supplementary | 1307 (87.4) | 134 (95.0) | 1173 (86.6) |
Basic | 188 (12.6) | 7 (5.0) | 181 (13.4) |
Missing | 5 | 0 | 5 |
Net household incomea | |||
> €2000 | 1082 (72.2) | 110 (78.0) | 972 (71.6) |
< €2000 | 170 (11.3) | 11 (7.8) | 159 (11.7) |
Missing | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Consultation of a CAM practitioner | Yes | No | |
Accessibility of care (phone) | |||
Problems | 252 (16.8) | 25 (17.7) | 227 (16.7) |
No problems | 1248 (83.2) | 116 (82.3) | 1132 (83.3) |
Missing | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Accessibility of care (getting to and from the practice) | |||
Problems | 65 (4.3) | 6 (4.3) | 59 (4.3) |
No problems | 1435 (95.7) | 135 (95.7) | 1300 (95.7) |
Missing | 0 | 0 | 0 |
General self-rated health | |||
Excellent/Very good | 538 (35.9) | 45 (31.9) | 493 (36.3) |
Bad/Fair | 181 (12.1) | 35 (24.8) | 146 (10.7) |
Good | 781 (52.1) | 61 (43.3) | 720 (53.0) |
Missing | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Quality of life (EuroQol) | |||
Poor health status | 313 (20.9) | 44 (31.2) | 269 (19.8) |
Good health status | 1187 (79.1) | 97 (68.8) | 1090 (80.2) |
Missing | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Chronic illnesses or handicaps | |||
Yes | 127 (8.5) | 23 (16.3) | 104 (7.7) |
No | 1373 (91.5) | 118 (83.7) | 1255 (92.3) |
Missing | 0 | 0 | 0 |
PRAQ-Child | |||
Fear | 508 (33.9) | 50 (35.5) | 458 (33.8) |
No fear | 989 (66.1) | 91 (64.5) | 898 (66.2) |
Missing | 3 | 0 | 3 |
PRAQ-Delivery | |||
Fear | 19 (1.3) | 3 (2.1) | 16 (1.2) |
No fear | 1480 (98.7) | 138 (97.9) | 1342 (98.8) |
Missing | 1 | 0 | 1 |
PRAQ-Body | |||
Fear | 418 (27.9) | 43 (31.9) | 373 (27.5) |
No fear | 1079 (72.1) | 96 (68.1) | 983 (72.5) |
Missing | 3 | 0 | 3 |
Planned and wantedness of pregnancyb | |||
Wanted, not planned | 231 (15.4) | 24 (17.1) | 207 (15.2) |
Planned and wanted | 1268 (84.6) | 117 (83.3) | 1151 (84.4) |
Missing | 1 | 0 | 1 |
BMI | |||
≤18.5 | 40 (2.7) | 6 (4.3) | 34 (2.5) |
25- < 30 | 274 (18.3) | 26 (18.4) | 248 (18.2) |
≥30 | 72 (4.8) | 5 (3.5) | 67 (4.9) |
18.5- < 25 | 1017 (67.8) | 96 (68.1) | 921 (67.8) |
Missing | 97 | 8 | 89 |
Parity | |||
Primi/multiparous | 653 (43.5) | 58 (41.1) | 595 (43.8) |
Nulliparous | 847 (56.5) | 83 (58.9) | 764 (56.2) |
Missing | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Difference between number of pregnancies and number of births | |||
≥2 | 359 (24.2) | 38 (27.1) | 321 (23.8) |
1 | 1127 (75.8) | 102 (72.9) | 1025 (76.2) |
Missing | 14 | 1 | 13 |
Locus of control | |||
No | 174 (11.6) | 13 (9.2) | 161 (11.9) |
Yes | 1325 (88.4) | 128 (90.8) | 1197 (88.1) |
Missing | 1 | 0 | 1 |
Folic acid use | |||
No | 110 (7.3) | 9 (6.4) | 101 (7.4) |
Yes, inadequately | 683 (45.6) | 70 (49.6) | 613 (45.2) |
Yes, adequately | 705 (47.1) | 62 (44.0) | 643 (47.4) |
Missing | 2 | 0 | 2 |
Smoking | |||
Yes | 108 (7.2) | 17 (12.1) | 91 (6.7) |
No | 1392 (92.8) | 124 (87.9) | 1268 (93.3) |
Missing | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Passive smoking | |||
Yes | 173 (11.5) | 10 (7.1) | 80 (5.9) |
No | 1326 (88.5) | 131 (92.9) | 1279 (94.1) |
Missing | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Alcohol use | |||
Yes | 173 (11.5) | 30 (21.4) | 143 (10.5) |
No | 1326 (88.5) | 110 (78.6) | 1216 (89.5) |
Missing | 1 | 1 | 0 |
Health care utilization in Midwifery Practice | |||
Inadequate | 384 (25.6) | 39 (27.7) | 345 (25.4) |
Adequate plus | 95 (6.3) | 6 (4.3) | 89 (6.5) |
Adequate | 1021 (68.1) | 96 (68.1) | 925 (68.1) |
Missing | 0 | 0 | 0 |
CAM practitioners | Number of women (%) | Mode of frequency of consultation (if visiting) | Range (if visiting) |
---|---|---|---|
Acupuncturist | 28 (1.9) | 4–6 | 1–3, >15 |
Anthroposophical practitioner | 6 (0.4) | 1–3 | 1–3, >15 |
Homeopath | 24 (1.6) | 1–3 | 1–3, 10–12 |
Manual therapist* | 62 (4.1) | 1–3 | 1–3, >15 |
Naturopath | 8 (0.5) | 1–3 | 1–3, 7–9 |
Paranormal practitioner | 8 (0.5) | 1–3 | 1–3, >15 |
Other alternative practitioner** | 29 (1.9) | 1–3 | 1–3, >15 |
Crude OR (95 % CI) | Adjusted OR (95 % CI)a | |
---|---|---|
Predisposing variables | ||
Age (years) | ||
≤20 | 0.78 (0.10–6.06) | |
≥36 | 1.15 (0.71–1.88) | |
21–35 | 1.00 (ref.) | |
Ethnicity | ||
Non-western | 1.01 (0.42–2.40) | |
Western non-Dutch | 1.43 (0.79–2.61) | |
Native Dutch | 1.00 (ref.) | |
Marital status | ||
Living alone | 1.28 (0.44–3.72) | |
Married or living together | 1.00 (ref.) | |
Occupation | ||
Unemployed | 1.14 (0.70–1.86) | |
Disabled | 1.46 (0.32–6.60) | |
Employed | 1.00 (ref.) | |
Educational level | ||
Middle | 1.25 (0.63–2.50) | |
High | 1.62 (0.84–3.12) | |
Low | 1.00 (ref.) | |
Intended place of delivery | ||
Hospital/birth centre midwifery-led | 1.19 (0.83–1.71) | |
Hospital consultant-led | 1.99 (0.56–7.10) | |
Home | 1.00 (ref.) | |
Religion | ||
No | 1.11 (0.77–1.60) | |
Yes | 1.00 (ref.) | |
Enabling variables | ||
Basic and supplementary health care insurance | ||
Basic and supplementary | 2.92 (1.34–6.36) | 3.11 (1.41–6.85) |
Basic | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) |
Net household income | ||
> €2000 | 1.65 (0.86–3.14) | |
< €2000 | 1.00 (ref.) | |
Accessibility of care (phone) | ||
Problems | 1.05 (0.66–1.66) | |
No problems | 1.00 (ref.) | |
Accessibility of care (getting to and from the practice) | ||
Problems | 1.04 (0.44–2.48) | |
No problems | 1.00 (ref.) | |
Need variables | ||
General self-rated health | ||
Excellent/Very good | 1.07 (0.72–1.60) | 1.29 (0.91–1.82) |
Bad/Fair | 2.81 (1.78–4.43) | 2.63 (1.65–4.21) |
Good | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) |
Quality of life (EuroQol) | ||
Poor health status | 1.84 (1.26–2.70) | |
Good health status | 1.00 (ref.) | |
Chronic illnesses or handicaps | ||
Yes | 2.36 (1.44–3.87) | 1.93 (1.14-3.27) |
No | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) |
PRAQ*-Child | ||
Fear | 1.08 (0.75–1.56) | |
No fear | 1.00 (ref.) | |
PRAQ*-Delivery | ||
Fear | 1.78 (0.51–6.24) | |
No fear | 1.00 (ref.) | |
PRAQ*-Body | ||
Fear | 1.26 (0.86–1.84) | |
No fear | 1.00 (ref.) | |
Planned and wantedness of pregnancy** | ||
Wanted, not planned | 1.18 (0.74–1.89) | |
Planned and wanted | 1.00 (ref.) | |
BMI | ||
≤18.5 | 1.67 (0.68–4.09) | |
25–< 30 | 1.02 (0.64–1.61) | |
≥30 | 0.73 (0.29–1.85) | |
18.5–< 25 | 1.00 (ref.) | |
Parity | ||
Primi/multiparous | 1.11 (0.78–1.58) | |
Nulliparous | 1.00 (ref.) | |
Difference between number of pregnancies and number of births | ||
≥2 | 1.15 (0.77–1.71) | |
1 | 1.00 (ref.) | |
Health behaviour variables | ||
Locus of control | ||
No | 0.77 (0.42–1.40) | |
Yes | 1.00 (ref.) | |
Folic acid use | ||
No | 0.91 (0.44–1.89) | |
Yes, inadequately | 1.20 (0.83–1.72) | |
Yes, adequately | 1.00 (ref.) | |
Smoking | ||
Yes | 1.88 (1.08–3.27) | 1.88 (1.06–3.33) |
No | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) |
Passive smoking | ||
Yes | 1.22 (0.62–2.42) | |
No | 1.00 (ref.) | |
Alcohol use | ||
Yes | 2.28 (1.46–3.56) | 2.30 (1.46-3.63) |
No | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref) |
Health care utilization in Midwifery Practice | ||
Inadequate | 1.16 (0.76–1.76) | |
Adequate plus | 0.66 (0.28–1.55) | |
Adequate | 1.00 (ref.) |