Introduction
Human epidermal growth factor receptor (HER)2 is a transmembrane tyrosine kinase growth receptor protein that is encoded by a proto-oncogene located on chromosome 17q21. The HER2 proto-oncogene is amplified or over-expressed in approximately 20% to 25% of invasive primary breast cancers [1‐3]. Positive HER2 status has been linked with aggressive tumor behaviour and resistance to cytotoxic and endocrine therapies [3‐5]. Patients with HER2 amplification or over-expression are eligible for treatment with trastuzumab (Herceptin®), a monoclonal antibody directed against HER2. Trastuzumab inhibits neoplastic cell proliferation in vivo and in vitro and enhances chemosensitivity [6, 7]. It has been approved for clinical use in metastatic breast cancer. Based on recently reported results from four large trastuzumab trials (Herceptin Adjuvant trial, the North Central Cancer Treatment Group trial N9831, National Surgical Adjuvant Project-31, and Breast Cancer International Research Group 006), trastuzumab is also indicated in adjuvant therapy in HER2-positive primary breast cancer [8‐10]. In addition to trastuzumab, other therapeutic strategies have recently been developed to target the HER2 protein, such as the tyrosine kinase inhibitor lapatinib, which appears to have clinical activity after failure of trastuzumab therapy [11].
The methods used to select patients for HER2-targeted therapy are based on immunohistochemical detection of HER2 over-expression and demonstration of HER2 gene amplification by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) in primary tissue [12]. However, the antigenic profile of primary tumors may be different from that in metastatic disease. A discrepancy between the primary tumor and distant metastases was observed in 7% to 20% of cases [13‐17]. Therefore, the reassessment of HER2 status at the time of disease progression might help to optimize treatment by identifying additional patients who could profit from trastuzumab or other therapeutic approaches targeted against HER2. Biopsy of the metastatic lesion may not be an option because of its location.
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An alternative to invasive tissue analysis is to determine the serum HER2 status. The extracellular domain of the HER2 receptor is released after cleavage by ADAM (a disintegrin and metalloproteinase) metalloproteinases and can be determined in serum using ELISA [18]. Elevated serum HER2 levels are highly correlated with HER2 over-expression and amplification in tumor tissue [19]. Another possibility is the evaluation of HER2 status by immunohistochemistry or FISH of circulating tumor cells (CTCs), which are frequently detected in the blood of metastatic breast cancer patients (cell-based assay) [20]. These methods could also be helpful for patients with recurrent breast cancer of unknown HER2 status.
Determination of the HER2 status at primary diagnosis was not a standard procedure until the introduction of trastuzumab into routine clinical management of breast cancer patients in the 1990s in many centers, or even until data indicating an effect of adjuvant trastuzumab treatment emerged in 2005. Therefore, there remains a significant group of newly diagnosed metastatic patients with unknown HER2 status. Because storage of archival material is limited (for example, 10 years in Germany), primary tumor tissue will not be available for HER2 assessment in many cases. Therefore, the aim of the study was to identify metastatic patients with initially negative or unknown HER2 status who might benefit from HER2-targeted therapy because of HER2 positivity at the time of metastatic disease. Our approach was to determine the HER2 status in serum and in corresponding CTCs
Materials and methods
Patients
Seventy-seven breast cancer patients who were diagnosed with metastatic disease either at the Department of Gynecology/Obstetrics, Tuebingen (Germany) or at the Department of Cancer Immunobiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical School (Dallas, TX, USA) were included in the analysis. All patients gave informed consent. The blood samples were obtained before initiation of or change in therapy. The study protocol was approved by the local ethics committee (A455/2004).
Inclusion criteria were as follows: breast cancer patients with first diagnosis of metastatic disease or disease progression; and either unknown (n = 33) or negative HER2 status (n = 44) of the primary tumor. In patients with unknown HER2 status (n = 33), primary archival tumor tissue was requested by the corresponding Department of Pathology for HER2 assessment.
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Evaluation of serum HER2
Blood was drawn into serum tubes and centrifuged at 1,000 g for 10 minutes at room temperature. Serum samples were stored at -70°C. Serum HER-2 levels were measured using the Oncogene Science HER-2 Microtiter ELISA (Oncogene Science, Cambridge, MA, USA), in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions. A cut-off of 15 ng/ml was chosen based on the findings of a previous study using the same assay [21]. The intra-assay coefficent of variation was less than 5% and the interassay coefficent of variation was 10%. All serum samples were analyzed in the laboratory of the Department of Gynecology/Obstetrics, Tuebingen, Germany.
Evaluation of HER2 status of circulating tumor cells
Blood samples from the Department of Cancer Immunobiology (Dallas, TX, USA) were analyzed using the ferrofluid assay (method A). The CTC analysis in patients of the Department of Gynecology/Obstetrics (Tuebingen, Germany) was conducted using the AdnaTest BreastCancer test (AdnaGen AG, Langenhagen, Germany; method B). In 10 patients CTC analysis was not performed because the patients only agreed to serum HER2 analysis or the blood samples were not provided by the physicians in accordance with the standard operating procedures for tumor cell analysis (with respect, for example, to storage temperature and use of appropriate blood tubes).
Slide-based assay
CTCs were isolated and enriched using a slide-based assay using ferrofluid linked to antibody to EpCAM (epithelial adhesion molecule) and identified by phenotyping using antibodies against a pan-cytokeratin (C11; Sigma, Natick, MA, USA) and HER2 (Her 81; provided by Dr J Uhr, University of Texas Southwestern Medical School, Dallas, TX, USA). CTCs with HER2 over-expression were hybridized using a centromeric probe for chromosome 17 and a locus-specific probe for HER2 (Vysis, Downers Grove, IL, USA). Details of the CTC-based assay and the subsequent phenotyping and genotyping are described in detail elsewhere [20].
RT-PCR based assay
Alternatively, a commercial kit (AdnaTest BreastCancerSelect/Detect; AdnaGen AG) based on RT-PCR was used for CTC detection and assessment of HER2 status, in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions [22]. AdnaTest Breast cancerSelect/Detect detects CTCs with a specificity in excess of 90% and sensitivity greater than 50% above a cut-off of 0.15 ng/μl for any of the amplicons (epithelial adhesion molecule: GA733-2, tumor associated mucin: MUC-1, and HER2RT-PCR and FISH should yield comparable results because HER2 mRNA over-expression corresponds to gene amplification and HER2 over-expression, as has been demonstrated by Walch and coworkers [23].
HER2 status of the metastatic tissue
Re-evaluation of HER2 status of metastatic tissue was not part of the study and was only performed when requested by the clinician. Immunohistochemical staining was performed on 3 to 5 μm thick sections of metastatic tissue using a commercial available ABC kit (Vectastain; Vector Laboratories, Burlingame, CA, USA). Primary antibodies (HER2, clone A0485; Dako, Glostrup, Denmark) were diluted in Tris-HCl (pH 7.5) and applied in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions. The degree of staining was scored by a certified pathologist in accordance with the method recommended for the DakoHercepTest™. If the Hercep score was 2+, then a FISH analysis was performed to determine HER2 gene amplification.
Statistical analysis
The relationship between categorical variables and clinicopathologic factors was analyzed using the χ2 test. Statistical analysis was performed by SPSS (version 11.5; SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). P values less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant.
Results
Clinical data of the metastatic breast cancer patients
Seventy-seven metastatic breast cancer patients were included in the analysis. Twenty-five patients had visceral metastases and 13 patients had bone metastases, whereas multiple (visceral and bone) metastases were present in 39 patients. The clinical data are summarized in Table 1. Forty-four patients had a HER2-negative primary tumor. In 33 patients the HER2 status of the primary tumor had not been determined initially. In patients with unknown HER2 status (n = 33), primary archival tumor tissue was requested from the corresponding Department of Pathology for HER2 assessment. Because the interval from first diagnosis exceeded 10 years in most of the breast cancer patients with unknown HER2 status, tissue was available for HER2 analysis from only 10 of these patients. In four cases archival tissue from a local recurrence was analyzed for HER2 status. In five of the 14 (36%) patients for whom HER2 status was missing, the primary tumor was found to be HER2 positive.
Table 1
Clinical data of patients
Number | % | |
|---|---|---|
Age | ||
<50 years | 17 | 22 |
≥50 years | 60 | 78 |
Primary tumor size | ||
pT1 | 25 | 32 |
pT2-4 | 40 | 52 |
PTx | 12 | 16 |
Nodal status | ||
No
| 22 | 29 |
N1
| 39 | 51 |
Nx | 16 | 21 |
Grading | ||
I to II | 35 | 45 |
III | 24 | 31 |
Unknown | 18 | 23 |
Estrogen receptor status | ||
Negative | 20 | 26 |
Positive | 45 | 58 |
Unknown | 12 | 16 |
Progesterone receptor status | ||
Negative | 25 | 33 |
Positive | 39 | 50 |
Unknown | 13 | 17 |
HER2 statusa
| ||
Negative | 44 | 57 |
Unknown | 33 | 43 |
Localization of metastases | ||
Visceral | 25 | 33 |
Bone | 13 | 17 |
Multiple/other | 39 | 51 |
Serum HER2 levels
Twenty out of the 77 (26%) patients with metastatic disease had serum HER2 levels above 15 ng/ml. Twelve of these patients (45%) were initially HER2 negative. HER2 status was unknown in four of the 20 patients (20%). Elevated HER2 levels were not correlated with initial tumor size, estrogen receptor or progesterone receptor status, and localization of metastases (data not shown). The percentage of HER2-positive patients was the same in the group with unknown HER2 status as compared with the group with negative HER2 status (21% versus 23%). Only one of the five patients with HER2 positive tumors at the time of first diagnosis had a serum HER2 level below the cut-off. Data are summarized in Table 2.
Table 2
HER2 re-evaluation by serum HER2, CTC, and metastatic tissue
Primary tissue | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
HER2 evaluation | Total | HER2 negative | HER2 unknown | HER2 positive |
Serum HER2 (n = 77) | 77 | 53 | 19 | 5 |
HER2 negative | 57 | 41 (77) | 15 (79) | 1 (20) |
HER2 positive | 20 | 12 (23) | 4 (21) | 4 (80) |
CTC HER2 (n = 21)a
| 21 | 12 | 6 | 3 |
HER2 negative | 13 | 8 (67) | 3 (50) | 2 (67) |
HER2 positive | 8 | 4 (33) | 3 (50) | 1 (33) |
Metastatic tissue (n = 10)b
| 10 | 8 | 2 | - |
HER2 negative | 8 | 6 (75) | 2 (100) | - |
HER2 positive | 2 | 2 (25) | 0 | - |
HER2 status of circulating tumor cells
Blood samples from 67 patients could be analyzed for presence of CTC. Fifty-one blood samples were analyzed using the RT-PCR based assay. In 16 cases immunomagnetic separation followed by cytocentrifugation was performed (slide-based assay). CTCs were identified in 21 out of 67 (31%) patients. The CTC detection rate did not correlate with the detection method (cell-based assay versus RT-PCR based assay). HER2 status of CTCs was assessed using either RT-PCR (n = 51) or double immunofluorescence followed by FISH (n = 16). HER2 amplification was present in eight out of 21 cases with CTCs (38%). Two of these patients were initially HER2 negative. In six of these patients the HER2 status of the primary tumor was unknown.
Correlation between serum HER2 and HER2 status of circulating tumor cells
Twenty-three out of 77 (30%) patients had positive HER2 status based on either the HER2 status of CTCs or serum. Concordance between HER2 status of CTCs and serum HER2 was observed in 15 out of 21 patients (71%). In six patients conflicting results were obtained. Three patients with elevated serum HER2 status had HER2-negative CTCs, whereas three patients with HER2-amplified CTCs had normal serum HER2 levels (Table 3).
Table 3
Concordance between serum HER2 status and HER2 status of CTCs
CTC HER2 negative | CTC HER2 positive | Total | |
|---|---|---|---|
Serum HER2 positive | 3 | 5 | 8 |
Serum HER2 negative | 10 | 3 | 13 |
Total | 13 | 8 | 21a
|
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Determination of HER2 status by serum and metastatic tissue
Table 4 summarizes the results. HER2 status could be reassessed with metastatic tissue in 10 patients. Two patients switched from HER2-negative primary tumors to HER2-positive metastatic sites based on tissue-based immunologic analysis. Only one of these two patients had elevated serum levels and HER2-positive CTCs. In contrast, one patient with positive HER2 status by serum and cell-based assay was HER2 negative by tissue-based analysis.
Table 4
HER2 status by serum, CTC, and tissue
Patient ID | Serum HER2 | HER2 CTC | HER2 tissue |
|---|---|---|---|
#25 | Negative | ND | Negative |
#93 | Negative | ND | Negative |
#94 | Negative | ND | Negative |
#21 | Negative | ND | Negative |
#92 | Negative | ND | Negative |
#29 | Negative | ND | Negative |
#30 | Negative | ND | Negative |
#91 | Positive | Positive | Negative |
#12 | Negative | Negative | Positive |
#17 | Positive | Positive | Positive |
Discussion
Development of metastatic disease is a highly selective process. Only a small portion of tumor cells of the primary tumor have the ability to initiate metastatic growth at a different organ site. Additional genetic changes accompany tumor progression and may occur before the recurrence is detected. Therefore, the phenotype of metastatic disease may be quite different from that of the primary tumor. Thus, it is important to establish the HER2 status of the recurrent tumor. However, biopsies from the metastatic site for re-evaluation of phenotype are not routinely obtained. Moreover, the phenotype may vary between different sites of metastatic disease. For these reasons, noninvasive re-evaluation of phenotype by CTCs or shed soluble proteins are attractive alternatives and might reflect the 'phenotype of the total tumor load' more accurately. In addition, both serum HER2 and CTC testing has the additional potential of monitoring the effect of therapy.
Assessment of HER2 status using these methods is also important for patients with recurrent breast cancer who have unknown HER2 status. As explained above, there is a significant group of newly diagnosed patients with metastatic disease whose HER2 status is unknown because of lack of archival primary tumor tissue.
Therefore, in this prospective study the HER2 status was reassessed at the time of identification of metastatic disease by evaluating serum HER2 in 77 metastatic breast cancer patients with initially HER2 negative or unknown HER2 status. Blood samples in 67 patients could be analyzed for HER2-positive CTCs. In 10 cases biopsies could be obtained from the metastatic site for HER2 re-evaluation. To our knowledge, this is the first study that compares reassessment of HER2 status using such different approaches.
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Reassessment of HER2 status by HER2 shed antigen
The extracellular domain of the HER2 receptor is shed by proteolysis and can be detected in the serum of breast cancer patients. The most commonly used cut-off level is 15 ng/ml for the US Food and Drug Administration approved ELISA. Normal control individuals are serum HER2 negative based on this cut-off [20]. At the time of first diagnosis of metastatic disease, approximately 20% to 50% of patients have positive serum HER2 status [24, 25]. Serum HER2 levels are correlated with HER2 tissue expression, suggesting that the frequency of HER2-positive metastases is higher than expected based on the reported frequency of HER2 positivity in primary tumors ranging from 15% to 30% [16, 23].
Positive serum HER2 status at the time of metastatic disease has been linked to poor prognosis [26‐28]. Moreover, several studies have indicated that positive serum HER2 status is predictive of therapy response to Herceptin [29‐31]. Moreover, changes in serum HER2 levels correlate with clinical response to HER2-targeted therapy, as demonstrated by a recent pooled analysis of seven trials of first-line trastuzumab therapy [32]. Increasing levels indicate disease progression, whereas decreasing levels are associated with a therapeutic response or stable disease [32, 33]. Currently, the serum HER2 test only has Food and Drug Administration approval for monitoring changes in serum HER2 levels in patients with metastatic breast cancer.
In our study, serum HER2 was determined in order to re-evaluate HER2 status in 77 metastatic breast cancer patients with HER2-negative (n = 53), HER2-positive (n = 5), and unknown HER2 status (n = 19) of the primary tumor. Of these patients, 21% were serum HER2 positive at the time of metastatic disease. Slightly higher positivity rates in initially HER2-negative breast cancer patients at the time of metastatic disease were observed by Anderson and coworkers (34%) [34] and Fehm and colleagues (34%) [35] using the serum test. Currently, such patients are not considered eligible for HER2-targeted therapy, but based on recent studies it is high likely that such individuals would respond to Herceptin [29].
The clinical significance of HER2 positive circulating tumor cells
Tumors, including metastatic lesions, shed large numbers of tumor cells into the blood circulation [36], and the presence of CTCs is of biologic relevance in the metastatic setting. Based on the hypothesis that the phenotype of CTCs may reflect the phenotype of metastatic disease, characterization of CTCs may be useful for reassessment of HER2 status and additional therapeutic markers [20]. However, this option is limited to those patients with detectable CTCs. Reported positivity rates for CTCs in metastatic breast cancer patients range from 20% to 60% [37, 38].
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In our prospective study, in which 67 patients could be included, 21 patients had detectable CTCs (31%). HER2 was over-expressed in eight of these 21 patients (38%). Meng and coworkers [20] reassessed the HER2 status in 31 metastatic patients with CTCs. Nine out of 24 patients with initially HER2-negative tumors had HER2-positive cells; this rate (38%) is lower than our observed positivity rate. Four of these nine patients were treated with a Herceptin-containing chemotherapy regimen. Two of these patients exhibited partial or complete remission [20].
Hayes and colleagues [39] evaluated the number of HER2-positive CTCs during the course of treatment by flow cytometry in 19 metastatic breast cancer patients. During disease progression, the HER2 status of CTCs changed from negative to positive in all cases (n = 3). In contrast, patients responding to trastuzumab treatment lost their HER2-positive cell fraction. Meng and coworkers [40] analyzed the urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor and HER2 gene status in individual breast cancer cells from metastatic breast cancer patients. Five out of 52 formerly HER2-negative cases acquired HER2 positivity. Interestingly, in two initially HER2-positive patients with disease progression, CTCs were negative for HER2 after treatment with trastuzumab.
The major caveat of all of these observational studies, including the present study, is the low number of patients included. Therefore, large clinical trials must be initiated to evaluate further whether acquisition of HER2-positive CTCs are predictive of clinical response to HER2-targeted therapy in a subgroup of patients with metastatic breast cancer.
Correlation between serum HER2 and HER2-positive circulating tumor cells
Elevated serum HER2 levels are associated with HER2 over-expression and amplification in breast cancer tissue. Nevertheless, discordant results between serum and tissue can be obtained in a small subset of patients. Differences in serum HER2 concentrations for a given level of tissue HER2 expression may be caused by different levels of activators that are involved in HER2 cleavage, such as metalloproteinase [41]. Molina and colleagues [42] demonstrated that cleavage of the extracellular domain leads to increased phosphorylation of the intracellular tyrosine kinase, resulting in an increased receptor activation. However, both serum HER2 and HER2 over-expression are predictive of response to Herceptin therapy. The optimal method for predicting response to therapy is yet to be determined. In the present study we compared the HER2 status of CTCs and shed HER2. A similar rate of nonconcordance was reported in studies comparing serum and tissue HER2 levels in primary breast cancer [34, 35]. These results support the hypothesis that HER2 shedding may reflect activity of the HER2 shedding machinery and therefore is not necessarily entirely associated with HER2 amplication and/or over-expression in tissue or CTCs. In a small subgroup of patients included in the present study, metastatic tissue could be tested for HER2 over-expression. In eight patients, serum HER2 and tissue-based HER2 analysis were negative. Two out of 10 (20%) patients had HER2-positive metastases. Only one of the two patients was HER2 positive by serum analysis and cell-based assay. However, relatively little attention has been paid to the observed heterogeneity of HER2 status within individual tumors, which may contribute to discordancy among different methods of measurement of HER2 status as well as to their correlation with conventional pathologic analysis.
Conclusion
Our study indicates that in patients with initially negative or unknown HER2 status, elevated serum HER2 levels and/or HER2-positive CTCs can be detected at the time of identification of metastatic disease. However, nonconcordant results were obtained in 28% of patients using serum and CTCs for HER2 reassessment. Similar nonconcordance for HER2 levels occurs in primary breast carcinomas but may not occur with HER2 status of CTCs Therefore, we hypothesize that different mechanisms may account for shedding HER2 as opposed to its expression. Correlations between clinical responses to HER2-targeted therapy and findings with each method should be further studied to help determine when such treatment should be given.
Acknowledgements
The authors wish to thank Dr Kabashi for excellent technical assistance.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Authors' contributions
TF, NL, JU, SDS, KS and ES made substantial contributions to conception and design of the study, or acquisition of data, or analysis and interpretation of data. TF, SB, DW, JU and VM were involved in drafting the manuscript or revising it critically for important intellectual content. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.