Background
Methods
Study sample
Ethics
Item development phase
Qualitative pilot phase
Quantitative pilot phase
N | Mean/% | SD | Min | Max | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
CREDI
a
| |||||
Total score (n = 44 items) | 2481 | 0.64 | 0.17 | 0.07 | 0.98 |
Motor (n = 5 items) | 2481 | 0.63 | 0.24 | 0.00 | 1.00 |
Cognitive (n = 19 items) | 2481 | 0.64 | 0.29 | 0.00 | 1.00 |
Socioemotional (n = 20 items) | 2481 | 0.64 | 0.15 | 0.10 | 1.00 |
Bayley Scales of Infant Development-III
| |||||
BSID Cognitive | 959 | 60.50 | 8.67 | 30 | 81 |
BSID Receptive Communication | 950 | 25.78 | 7.00 | 5 | 42 |
BSID Expressive Communication | 947 | 30.06 | 8.58 | 3 | 46 |
BSID Fine Motor | 955 | 40.56 | 6.55 | 12 | 62 |
BSID Gross Motor | 960 | 57.00 | 5.56 | 34 | 70 |
BSID BOI—Caregiver | 1033 | 1.51 | 0.35 | 0 | 2 |
BSID BOI—Assessor | 1033 | 1.56 | 0.25 | 0 | 2 |
Child and family characteristics
| |||||
Child female | 2481 | 45.6% | |||
Child age (months) | 2481 | 27.07 | 6.08 | 17.03 | 37.08 |
Child height-for-age z-score | 2177 | −1.82 | 1.28 | −5.99 | 4.94 |
Child stunted (HAZ < −2) | 2177 | 43.3% | |||
Child any disability | 2481 | 1.9% | |||
Proportion of stimulation activities conducted (out of 6) | 2480 | 0.49 | 0.16 | 0.00 | 1.00 |
Maternal educ—No school | 2481 | 4.6% | |||
Maternal educ—Primary school | 2481 | 86.2% | |||
Maternal educ—Secondary school | 2481 | 7.3% |
Field staff interviews
Results
Item development & qualitative interviews
DOMAINS | Motor | Cognitive | Socioemotional |
---|---|---|---|
CONSTRUCTS | 1) Fine 2) Gross | 1) Expressive language 2) Receptive language 3) Preacademic skills/knowledge 4) Reasoning & problem solving | 1) Early executive function & effortful control 2) Emotion regulation 3) Externalizing symptoms 4) Internalizing symptoms 5) Reactivity & soothability 6) Social competence |
Acceptability
Item analysis
Reliability
Mean score | Difference in means | % Agreement | Kappa | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Home interview | Clinic interview | ||||
Does the child walk several steps without the support of a person or object (e.g., wall or furniture)? | 0.99 | 0.99 | 0.00 | 99.3% | .663 |
Does the child know the names of at least two body parts (e.g., arm, eye, or nose)? | 0.67 | 0.65 | 0.02 | 80.4% | 0.563 |
Does the child say five or more words (e.g., names like Mama or objects like cup)? | 0.91 | 0.93 | −0.02 | 90.4% | 0.335 |
When asked what common objects (like a cup or a knife) are for, does the child explain correctly? | 0.34 | 0.20 | 0.14 | 74.4% | 0.363 |
Does the ever child kick, bite, or hit other children or adults?a
| 0.45 | 0.31 | 0.14 | 68.0% | 0.333 |
Does the child pick up a small object like a rock with just his/her thumb and a finger? | 0.78 | 0.84 | −0.06 | 78.0% | 0.276 |
Does the child get along well with other children most of the time? | 0.92 | 0.97 | −0.05 | 92.2% | 0.241 |
When the child is upset, is he/she able to calm down by him/herself? | 0.45 | 0.59 | −0.14 | 60.0% | 0.213 |
Does the child pay attention when someone is talking to him/her? | 0.90 | 0.95 | −0.05 | 87.8% | 0.156 |
Does the child follow simple directions (e.g., “Stand up or Come here”)? | 0.98 | 0.99 | −0.01 | 97.7% | 0.144 |
Is the child sometimes impatient or unwilling to wait or hold still when you ask him/her to?a
| 0.38 | 0.48 | −0.10 | 49.4% | −0.020 |
Average
|
0.71
|
0.72
|
−0.01
|
79.8%
|
0.297
|
Validity
Total | Motor | Cognitive | Socioemotional | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Child age
| ||||
18–24 moa (n = 934) | 0.50 (0.005) | 0.45 (0.008) | 0.44 (0.007) | 0.57 (0.005) |
> 24–30 mob (n = 614) | 0.67 (0.005) | 0.67 (0.010) | 0.69 (0.008) | 0.65 (0.005) |
> 30–36 moc (n = 933) | 0.76 (0.004) | 0.82 (0.007) | 0.79 (0.005) | 0.71 (0.004) |
dif
|
F(2, 2478) = 965.00** a < b: d = 1.00** b < c: d = 0.51** a < c: d = 1.51** |
F(2, 2478) = 560.63** a < b: d = 0.78** b < c: d = 0.50** a < c: d = 1.28** |
F(2, 2478) = 860.93** a < b: d = 1.03** b < c: d = 0.41** a < c: d = 1.44** |
F(2, 2478) = 234.26** a < b: d = 0.52** b < c: d = 0.39** a < c: d = 0.92** |
Child gender
| ||||
Male (n = 1349) | 0.64 (0.005) | 0.64 (0.008) | 0.63 (0.007) | 0.64 (0.004) |
Female (n = 1132) | 0.64 (0.005) | 0.64 (0.009) | 0.64 (0.007) | 0.64 (0.004) |
dif
|
t(2479) = −0.70
d = 0.03 |
t(2479) = 0.08
d = −0.00 |
t(2479) = −1.34
d = 0.06 |
t(2479) = 0.31
d = −0.01 |
Child stunting
| ||||
Non-stunted (n = 1222) | 0.66 (0.005) | 0.66 (0.008) | 0.66 (0.007) | 0.65 (0.004) |
Stunted (n = 955) | 0.62 (0.006) | 0.62 (0.010) | 0.60 (0.008) | 0.65 (0.005) |
dif
|
t(2175) = 4.79**
d = −0.19** |
t(2175) = 3.46**
d = −0.13** |
t(2175) = 6.09**
d = −0.25** |
t(2175) = 0.86
d = −0.04 |
Child disability
| ||||
No disability (n = 2434) | 0.64 (0.003) | 0.65 (0.006) | 0.64 (0.005) | 0.64 (0.003) |
Any disability (n = 47) | 0.53 (0.032) | 0.45 (0.050) | 0.48 (0.047) | 0.60 (0.025) |
dif
|
t(2479) = 4.43**
d = −0.65** |
t(2479) = 4.73**
d = −0.69** |
t(2479) = 4.45**
d = −0.65** |
t(2479) = 1.81+
d = −0.27+ |
Stimulation
| ||||
Low stimulationa (n = 847) | 0.63 (0.005) | 0.62 (0.10) | 0.63 (0.008) | 0.64 (0.005) |
Mod stimulationb (n = 1498) | 0.63 (0.005) | 0.65 (0.08) | 0.62 (0.006) | 0.64 (0.004) |
High stimulationc (n = 135) | 0.75 (0.011) | 0.77 (0.021) | 0.81 (0.014) | 0.68 (0.014) |
dif
|
F(2, 2477) = 29.57** a < b: d = 0.02 b < c: d = 0.67** a < c: d = 0.68** |
F(2, 2477) = 17.41** a < b: d = 0.09+ b < c: d = 0.45** a < c: d = 0.54** |
F(2, 2477) = 41.00** a < b: d = −0.02 b < c: d = 0.80** a < c: d = 0.77** |
F(2, 2477) = 3.65* a < b: d = 0.03 b < c: d = 0.22* a < c: d = 0.25* |
Maternal education
| ||||
No educationa (n = 113) | 0.63 (0.016) | 0.61 (0.029) | 0.61 (0.022) | 0.67 (0.015) |
Primary schoolb (n = 2138) | 0.64 (0.004) | 0.65 (0.026) | 0.64 (0.005) | 0.65 (0.003) |
Secondary schoolc (n = 181) | 0.61 (0.013) | 0.63 (0.022) | 0.61 (0.019) | 0.62 (0.012) |
dif
|
F(2, 2429) = 2.63+ a < b: d = 0.14 b < c: d = −0.18+ a < c: d = −0.04 |
F(2, 2429) = 1.36 a < b: d = 0.20 b < c: d = −0.08 a < c: d = 0.12 |
F(2, 2429) = 2.29+ a < b: d = 0.19 b < c: d = −0.14 a < c: d = 0.05 |
F(2, 2429) = 4.36** a < b: d = −0.04 b < c: d = −0.19* a < c: d = −0.24* |