Backgrounds
Methods
Subjects
Biochemical assays
Dietary diversity score (DDS)
Statistical analysis
Results
General characteristics of study participants
Quartiles of DDS | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
1st (n = 37) | 2nd (n = 34) | 3rd (n = 46) | 4th (n = 43) | |
Age (years) | 46.14 ± 9.27 | 42.45 ± 9.63 | 43.81 ± 9.91 | 43.22 ± 11.40 |
Men [n (%)] | 67.6% | 58.1% | 62.8% | 70% |
BMI (kg/m2) | 29.05 ± 4.90a | 29.33 ± 3.81 | 30.53 ± 4.90 | 31.59 ± 4.54 |
WC (cm) | 103.36 ± 9.67 | 102.00 ± 7.68b | 104.86 ± 8.16 | 106.83 ± 7.69 |
WHR | 0.94 ± 4.90 | 0.90 ± 0.08 | 0.92 ± 0.05 | 0.95 ± 0.08 |
Obesity (%)c | 15.9 | 17.4 | 29 | 37.7 |
Educational attainment d | ||||
< 12 years | 8.6% | 21.9% | 2.3% | 5% |
12 | 45.7% | 34.4% | 41.9% | 25% |
> 12 years | 45.7% | 43.8% | 55.8% | 70% |
Smoking [n (%)] | 17.61 | 12.90 | 7 | 3 |
Grain diversity score | 0.67 ± 0.15e | 0.70 ± 0.21 | 0.83 ± 0.17 | 0.90 ± 0.26 |
Fruits diversity score | 0.65 ± 0.48e | 1.12 ± 0.33 | 1.23 ± 0.43 | 1.50 ± 0.51 |
Vegetable diversity score | 0.48 ± 0.28e | 0.68 ± 0.28 | 0.77 ± 0.32 | 0.96 ± 0.31 |
Dairy diversity score | 1.16 ± 0.37e | 1.66 ± 0.50 | 1.70 ± 0.36 | 1.85 ± 0.28 |
Meat diversity score | 0.21 ± 0.34e | 0.25 ± 0.13 | 0.39 ± 0.14 | 0.81 ± 0.43 |
Energy density (ED) | 0.92 ± 0.25e | 0.89 ± 0.18 | 0.87 ± 0.18 | 0.90 ± 0.24 |
Dietary intakes and DDS
Quartiles of DDS | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
1st (n = 37) | 2nd (n = 34) | 3rd (n = 46) | 4th (n = 43) | |
Total energy (kcal/d) | 2222.89 ± 94.73 a | 2826.19 ± 806.10 | 3086.56 ± 165.43 | 3668.98 ± 209.08 |
Carbohydrate (%) | 62.97 ± 7.44 | 67.47 ± 5.55 | 61.50 ± 7.53 | 60.44 ± 5.71 |
Protein (%) | 13.89 ± 2.54 | 12.32 ± 1.45 | 13.47 ± 2.36 | 15.28 ± 2.50b |
Fat (%) | 26.18 ± 5.44 | 24.91 ± 4.63 | 28.56 ± 6.53 | 27.83 ± 4.12 |
Dietary fiber (g/d) | 45.58 ± 14.98c | 82.74 ± 52.34 | 58.82 ± 19.11 | 60.78 ± 22.52 |
Independent variables |
β
|
S.E. β
| Wald’s χ2 (df = 1) | P | Odds Ratio |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Grains diversity score | 3.21 | 1.78 | 3.46 |
0.05
| 27.29 |
Fruit diversity score | −0.26 | 0.52 | 0.25 | 0.64 | 0.78 |
Vegetable diversity score | −0.17 | 0.95 | 0.03 | 0.78 | 0.87 |
Dairy diversity score | 1.44 | 0.63 | 5.14 |
0.022
| 4.38 |
Meat diversity score | 0.86 | 0.84 | 1.05 | 0.29 | 2.42 |
Metabolic parameters and DDS
Quartiles of DDS | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
1st (n = 37) | 2nd (n = 34) | 3rd (n = 46) | 4th (n = 43) | |
FSG (mg/dl) | 93.73 ± 12.40 | 88.00 ± 12.11 | 87.83 ± 13.90 | 90.55 ± 16.51 |
TG (mg/dl) | 200.47 ± 104.85 a | 197.87 ± 141.02 | 194.76 ± 119.80 | 168.50 ± 71.25 |
TC (mg/dl) | 189.29 ± 52.61 | 191.61 ± 38.11 | 187.34 ± 33.62 | 191.17 ± 37.63 |
LDL (mg/dl) | 122.23 ± 4.56 | 123.12 ± 34.65 | 122.56 ± 45.98 | 122.18 ± 54.65 |
HDL (mg/dl) | 40.05 ± 11.05 | 40.85 ± 9.36 | 41.30 ± 9.22 | 42.32 ± 10.78 |
SBP (mmHg) | 133.05 ± 9.70a | 132.08 ± 8.70 | 128.70 ± 8.56 | 128.69 ± 3.12 |
DBP (mmHg) | 88.08 ± 5.07 | 87.74 ± 3.37 | 89.39 ± 6.65 | 87.62 ± 9.19 |
Adiponectin (ng/ml) | 11.82 ± 4.35 a | 14.50 ± 4.12 | 14.27 ± 3.70 | 15.27 ± 5.72 |