Background
Methods
Study overview
Dietary nutrient collection
Health outcome measures collected in parent study
Cell collection, DNA extraction, and pyrosequencing
Statistical analysis
Results
N | Mean | SD | Range | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age | 32 | 12.8 | 2.5 | 8.0–17.0 |
Gender | ||||
Male | 15 (46%) | |||
Female | 17 (53%) | |||
Ethnicity | ||||
Non-Hispanic | 30 (94%) | |||
BMI percentile | 32 | 70.6 | 24.1 | 5.8–99.0 |
dPFV | 32 | 20.0 | 14.0 | 2.0–66.0 |
% Predicted morning FEV1
| 32 | 81.7 | 19.7 | 26.9–112.9 |
% Predicted evening FEV1
| 32 | 82.3 | 19.3 | 19.3–110.1 |
PAQLQ | 32 | 5.6 | 1.1 | 3.1–7.0 |
LINE-1 (%) | 32 | 65.3 | 3.4 | 56.1–73.2 |
IFNγ-54 (%) | 32 | 79.6 | 4.5 | 68.6–92.4 |
IFNγ-186 (%) | 32 | 70.1 | 6.6 | 49.1–81.6 |
Evaluating dietary nutrients with respect to respiratory health
Asthma health measure | dPFV | % Predicted morning FEV1
| % Predicted evening FEV1
| PAQLQ | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Dietary factor | Estimate (95% CI) | q-value | Estimate (95% CI) | q-value | Estimate (95% CI) | q-value | Estimate (95% CI) | q-value |
Kilocalories | ||||||||
T3:T1 | −3.18 (−11.41, 5.06) | 0.80 | 13.09 (−4.04, 30.22) | 0.61 | 4.18 (−14.08, 22.44) | 0.87 | 0.62 (−0.25, 1.48) | 0.68 |
T2:T1 | −0.50 (−8.78, 7.78) | 0.98 | 0.83 (−13.94, 15.60) | 0.98 | 7.04 (−8.31, 22.40) | 0.76 | −0.34 (−1.20, 0.51) | 0.79 |
Protein | ||||||||
T3:T1 | −6.96 (−20.40, 6.48) | 0.72 | 19.26 (0.48, 38.05) | 0.33 | 10.96 (−2.58, 24.51) | 0.55 | 0.70 (−0.16, 1.56) | 0.55 |
T2:T1 | −3.42 (−14.56, 7.73) | 0.83 | 6.31 (−8.30, 20.92) | 0.77 | 1.14 (−12.42, 14.70) | 0.97 | 0.59 (−0.09, 1.27) | 0.51 |
M-fats | ||||||||
T3:T1 | −2.87 (−10.62, 4.87) | 0.81 | 11.64 (−6.82, 30.11) | 0.71 | 8.55 (−10.72, 27.81) | 0.77 | 0.39 (−0.31, 1.09) | 0.71 |
T2:T1 | −0.57 (−8.81, 7.67) | 0.98 | 3.89 (−9.58, 17.36) | 0.83 | 3.26 (−9.25, 15.77) | 0.85 | 0.52 (−0.03, 1.07) | 0.41 |
S-fats | ||||||||
T3:T1 | −3.99 (−15.87, 7.89) | 0.83 | 16.85 (1.36, 32.35) | 0.29 | 11.73 (0.65, 22.82) | 0.33 | −0.16 (−0.82, 0.50) | 0.87 |
T2:T1 | −6.56 (−16.72, 3.59) | 0.70 | 16.67 (2.96, 30.37) | 0.28 | 10.19 (−0.41, 20.80) | 0.41 | −0.05 (−0.77, 0.67) | 0.98 |
Omega 3:6 ratio | ||||||||
T3:T1 | −1.25 (−10.54, 8.03) | 0.92 | 2.42 (−11.59, 16.44) | 0.90 | −0.39 (−13.84, 13.07) | 1.00 | −0.13 (−1.18, 0.93) | 0.92 |
T2:T1 | −1.29 (−12.09, 9.51) | 0.92 | 5.40 (−4.00, 14.80) | 0.71 | 1.46 (−6.18, 9.10) | 0.90 | 0.11 (−0.54, 0.75) | 0.90 |
Selenium | ||||||||
T3:T1 | 5.44 (−2.98, 13.86) | 0.70 | 6.63 (−6.31, 19.56) | 0.73 | 6.37 (−6.57, 19.30) | 0.74 | 1.40 (0.90, 1.91) | 0.01* |
T2:T1 | 2.52 (−4.56, 9.59) | 0.82 | 0.20 (−14.11, 14.51) | 1.00 | 2.91 (−12.96, 18.77) | 0.90 | −0.56 (−1.59, 0.47) | 0.71 |
Fiber | ||||||||
T3:T1 | −0.39 (−9.02, 8.25) | 0.99 | 7.75 (−5.27, 20.78) | 0.71 | 5.86 (−8.02, 19.74) | 0.77 | 0.66 (−0.52, 1.84) | 0.71 |
T2:T1 | 0.63 (−9.85, 11.11) | 0.98 | −5.36 (−17.98, 7.27) | 0.77 | −3.60 (−15.79, 8.59) | 0.83 | 0.32 (−0.38, 1.02) | 0.76 |
Folate | ||||||||
T3:T1 | −3.43 (−14.76, 7.89) | 0.83 | 10.07 (−7.95, 28.09) | 0.71 | 3.75 (−10.53, 18.02) | 0.85 | 0.92 (0.31, 1.53) | 0.11* |
T2:T1 | −3.03 (−14.23, 8.17) | 0.85 | −0.03 (−17.50, 17.44) | 1.00 | −0.24 (−13.99, 13.50) | 1.00 | −0.25 (−0.83, 0.35) | 0.78 |
Methionine | ||||||||
T3:T1 | −4.83 (−13.90, 4.24) | 0.72 | 14.81 (−0.25, 29.88) | 0.36 | 11.07 (−4.02, 26.17) | 0.65 | 0.52 (−0.37, 1.41) | 0.71 |
T2:T1 | 1.87 (−7.53, 11.28) | 0.90 | 5.22 (−12.12, 22.57) | 0.83 | 7.29 (−10.16, 24.73) | 0.77 | −0.06 (−1.58, 1.46) | 0.99 |
Free choline | ||||||||
T3:T1 | 2.44 (−4.68, 9.56) | 0.83 | 11.20 (−6.45, 28.86) | 0.70 | 7.69 (−10.98, 26.36) | 0.78 | 0.00 (−1.34, 1.34) | 1.00 |
T2:T1 | 5.35 (−3.47, 14.17) | 0.71 | −2.64 (14.74, 9.47) | 0.88 | −0.21 (−13.39, 12.97) | 1.00 | −0.31 (−1.26, 0.64) | 0.83 |
Glycpp-choline | ||||||||
T3:T1 | 2.84 (−5.75, 11.42) | 0.83 | −3.05 (−18.17, 12.07) | 0.89 | −3.64 (−19.88, 12.61) | 0.88 | 0.61 (−0.17, 1.39) | 0.59 |
T2:T1 | −1.81 (−9.22, 5.59) | 0.87 | 2.88 (−9.04, 14.80) | 0.87 | 3.70 (−8.10, 15.50) | 0.83 | 0.12 (−0.41, 0.65) | 0.87 |
Pp-choline | ||||||||
T3:T1 | 4.54 (−3.07, 12.15) | 0.71 | −2.95 (−12.99, 7.08) | 0.83 | −5.21 (−15.57, 5.14) | 0.73 | 1.11 (0.23, 1.98) | 0.16* |
T2:T1 | −1.03 (−7.55, 5.50) | 0.90 | −10.81 (−27.27, 5.64) | 0.69 | −12.35 (−29.79, 5.09) | 0.68 | 0.50 (−0.61, 1.60) | 0.77 |
Ppt-choline | ||||||||
T3:T1 | 0.36 (−6.86, 7.58) | 0.98 | 11.60 (−1.45, 24.65) | 0.48 | −1.13 (−19.21, 16.94) | 0.98 | 0.24 (−0.86, 1.35) | 0.88 |
T2:T1 | 5.71 (−2.92, 14.33) | 0.69 | −3.17 (−15.51, 9.17) | 0.85 | 16.04 (3.31, 28.78) | 0.16* | −0.19 (−0.58, 0.21) | 0.76 |
Total choline | ||||||||
T3:T1 | 1.33 (−6.50, 9.16) | 0.90 | 8.61 (−7.92, 25.14) | 0.72 | 5.96 (−12.23, 24.15) | 0.83 | 0.18 (−1.26, 1.61) | 0.92 |
T2:T1 | 3.76 (−4.42, 11.94) | 0.76 | −6.68 (−20.25, 6.90) | 0.74 | −2.06 (−16.74, 12.62) | 0.92 | −0.38 (−1.35, 0.59) | 0.80 |
Betaine | ||||||||
T3:T1 | −2.62 (−9.35, 4.10) | 0.80 | 12.85 (0.98, 24.72) | 0.29 | 9.13 (−1.59, 19.85) | 0.51 | 0.98 (0.30, 1.66) | 0.13* |
T2:T1 | 4.20 (−6.18, 14.58) | 0.79 | −9.34 (−21.55, 2.86) | 0.61 | −9.10 (−19.78, 3.59) | 0.68 | 0.21 (−0.56, 0.98) | 0.85 |
Vitamin B-2 | ||||||||
T3:T1 | −0.95 (−8.43, 6.54) | 0.92 | −4.74 (−18.10, 8.61) | 0.82 | 3.81 (−10.97, 18.58) | 0.85 | 0.40 (−0.66, 1.46) | 0.80 |
T2:T1 | 1.66 (−8.13, 11.44) | 0.90 | 8.98 (−7.57, 25.52) | 0.71 | −4.04 (−17.65, 9.56) | 0.83 | −0.12 (1.12, 0.88) | 0.92 |
Vitamin B-6 | ||||||||
T3:T1 | 2.53 (−5.37, 10.43) | 0.83 | 4.19 (−10.21, 18.59) | 0.83 | 0.26 (−13.43, 13.94) | 1.00 | 0.46 (−0.21, 1.13) | 0.69 |
T2:T1 | 4.64 (−3.10, 12.38) | 0.71 | −4.96 (−20.50, 10.57) | 0.83 | 0.81 (−14.85, 16.46) | 0.98 | −0.65 (−1.20, 0.00) | 0.36 |
Vitamin B-12 | ||||||||
T3:T1 | −0.02 (−8.26, 8.22) | 1.00 | 6.42 (−8.93, 21.77) | 0.77 | 1.70 (−11.74, 15.13) | 0.92 | 0.79 (0.09, 1.50) | 0.29 |
T2:T1 | 1.53 (−7.17, 10.23) | 0.90 | −2.40 (−16.46, 11.66) | 0.90 | −3.38 (−16.85, 10.10) | 0.86 | 0.29 (−0.53, 1.11) | 0.82 |
Evaluating dietary nutrients with respect to methylation outcomes
Epigenetic measure | IFNγ CpG-54 | IFNγ CpG-186 | LINE-1 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Dietary factor | Estimate (95% CI) | q-value | Estimate (95% CI) | q-value | Estimate (95% CI) | q-value |
Kilocalories | ||||||
T3:T1 | 0.46 (−2.46, 3.38) | 0.90 | −0.11 (−4.35, 4.13) | 1.00 | 3.20 (0.82, 5.58) | 0.16* |
T2:T1 | −0.40 (−2.87, 2.07) | 0.90 | −4.56 (−7.44, −1.69) | 0.09* | 0.00 (−2.45, 2.46) | 1.00 |
Protein | ||||||
T3:T1 | 2.60 (−0.90, 6.10) | 0.65 | −0.04 (−3.41, 3.32) | 1.00 | 1.62 (−0.79, 4.03) | 0.69 |
T2:T1 | 2.17 (−0.46, 4.80) | 0.55 | 2.02 (−1.24, 5.27) | 0.71 | 2.67 (0.62, 4.71) | 0.16* |
M-fats | ||||||
T3:T1 | −1.10 (−3.70, 1.51) | 0.77 | 4.77 (−0.04, 9.57) | 0.36 | 1.14 (−1.23, 3.51) | 0.76 |
T2:T1 | −2.42 (−4.74, −0.11) | 0.33 | 6.86 (3.11, 10.62) | 0.02* | 1.12 (−1.00, 3.24) | 0.72 |
S-fats | ||||||
T3:T1 | −0.75 (−3.11, 1.61) | 0.83 | 5.11 (−1.08, 11.31) | 0.55 | 1.52 (−1.09, 4.13) | 0.71 |
T2:T1 | 1.02 (−1.91, 3.96) | 0.82 | 3.00 (−2.48, 8.48) | 0.71 | 1.26 (−1.45, 3.97) | 0.76 |
Omega 3:6 ratio | ||||||
T3:T1 | 1.44 (−1.23, 4.10) | 0.71 | 2.29 (−1.85, 6.44) | 0.71 | −0.09 (−2.70, 2.52) | 0.99 |
T2:T1 | 3.72 (0.44, 7.01) | 0.29 | 0.24 (−4.72, 5.20) | 0.98 | 0.96 (−1.03, 2.95) | 0.74 |
Selenium | ||||||
T3:T1 | 0.34 (−2.45, 3.13) | 0.92 | −1.40 (−5.17, 2.38) | 0.81 | 2.32 (−0.15, 4.79) | 0.45 |
T2:T1 | 1.40 (−0.60, 3.40) | 0.68 | −2.38 (−5.01, 0.24) | 0.45 | −0.18 (−2.69, 2.33) | 0.98 |
Fiber | ||||||
T3:T1 | 0.53 (−2.31, 3.37) | 0.90 | −4.67 (−9.09, −0.24) | 0.33 | 1.89 (−1.02, 4.80) | 0.69 |
T2:T1 | 0.19 (−2.29, 2.68) | 0.98 | −2.52 (−6.54, 1.49) | 0.71 | −0.27 (−2.70, 2.16) | 0.94 |
Folate | ||||||
T3:T1 | 2.93 (0.06, 5.80) | 0.36 | 2.46 (−2.25, 7.17) | 0.72 | 4.29 (2.25, 6.34) | 0.01* |
T2:T1 | 1.95 (−0.03, 3.93) | 0.36 | −4.05 (−6.18, −1.91) | 0.02* | 0.46 (−1.24, 2.16) | 0.85 |
Methionine | ||||||
T3:T1 | 0.63 (−2.42, 3.68) | 0.89 | −2.70 (−6.86, 1.45) | 0.69 | 1.12 (−1.78, 4.03) | 0.80 |
T2:T1 | 0.43 (−2.25, 3.11) | 0.90 | −1.38 (−5.68, 2.92) | 0.83 | 1.58 (−1.04, 4.21) | 0.71 |
Free choline | ||||||
T3:T1 | 1.33 (−1.08, 3.74) | 0.71 | −2.61 (−5.84, 0.63) | 0.55 | 2.18 (0.54, 3.82) | 0.16* |
T2:T1 | 1.29 (−1.03, 3.60) | 0.71 | −3.28 (−6.33, −0.24) | 0.29 | 0.01 (−1.82, 1.85) | 1.00 |
Glycpp-choline | ||||||
T3:T1 | 0.44 (−2.23, 3.12) | 0.90 | −2.81 (−5.95, 0.33) | 0.48 | 0.66 (−1.48, 2.80) | 0.83 |
T2:T1 | 1.68 (−0.54, 3.89) | 0.65 | −0.31 (−3.84, 3.22) | 0.97 | 0.24 (−1.74, 2.21) | 0.92 |
Pp-choline | ||||||
T3:T1 | 0.50 (−2.65, 3.65) | 0.90 | −1.77 (−5.27, 1.73) | 0.73 | 0.41 (−1.43, 2.25) | 0.88 |
T2:T1 | 1.47 (−0.52, 3.46) | 0.65 | −1.54 (−5.83, 2.75) | 0.82 | −2.08 (−4.41, 0.24) | 0.48 |
Ppt-choline | ||||||
T3:T1 | 1.49 (−1.08, 4.06) | 0.71 | −2.33 (−6.06, 1.39) | 0.71 | 0.64 (−1.66, 2.94) | 0.84 |
T2:T1 | −0.78 (−3.40, 1.84) | 0.83 | −1.55 (−6.86, 3.76) | 0.83 | −1.66 (−4.03, 0.71) | 0.68 |
Total choline | ||||||
T3:T1 | 1.29 (−1.06, 3.64) | 0.71 | −3.47 (−6.68, −0.26) | 0.29 | 2.60 (0.60, 4.60) | 0.16* |
T2:T1 | 0.85 (−1.41, 3.11) | 0.80 | −3.58 (−6.59, −0.58) | 0.28 | 0.42 (−1.88, 2.73) | 0.90 |
Betaine | ||||||
T3:T1 | −0.00 (−2.50, 2.49) | 1.00 | −4.34 (−7.25, −1.42) | 0.12* | 1.18 (−1.25, 3.62) | 0.74 |
T2:T1 | 1.52 (−1.21, 4.26) | 0.71 | 1.28 (−4.28, 1.73) | 0.77 | 1.65 (−0.61, 3.91) | 0.65 |
Vitamin B-2 | ||||||
T3:T1 | 0.62 (−2.44, 3.68) | 0.89 | −4.19 (−7.91, −0.48) | 0.29 | 2.47 (−0.37, 5.32) | 0.51 |
T2:T1 | 1.41 (−0.74, 3.56) | 0.69 | −4.03 (−7.86, −0.20) | 0.33 | 0.23 (−2.48, 2.94) | 0.97 |
Vitamin B-6 | ||||||
T3:T1 | 2.05 (−1.04, 5.14) | 0.69 | −6.63 (−11.13, −2.14) | 0.12* | 1.44 (−1.65, 4.52) | 0.76 |
T2:T1 | 0.66 (−1.80, 3.12) | 0.85 | −6.57 (−10.65, −2.48) | 0.09* | 0.13 (−2.39, 2.65) | 0.98 |
Vitamin B-12 | ||||||
T3:T1 | 1.12 (−2.31, 4.55) | 0.83 | −2.31 (−7.00, 2.39) | 0.74 | 0.59 (−2.43, 3.60) | 0.90 |
T2:T1 | 2.21 (−0.48, 4.91) | 0.55 | 1.84 (−2.37, 6.05) | 0.77 | 0.87 (−2.09, 3.82) | 0.83 |
Evaluating DNA methylation with respect to respiratory health
Epigenetic marker | dPFV | % Predicted morning FEV1
| % Predicted evening FEV1
| PAQLQ | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Estimate (95% CI) | q-value | Estimate (95% CI) | q-value | Estimate (95% CI) | q-value | Estimate (95% CI) | q-value | |
LINE-1 | 1.24 (0.31, 2.16) | 0.16* | −0.89 (−3.18, 1.41) | 0.80 | −1.19 (−3.41, 1.03) | 0.72 | 0.04 (−0.11, 0.20) | 0.84 |
IFNγ CpG-186 | 0.58 (0.06, 1.09) | 0.29 | −0.53 (−1.79, 0.72) | 0.77 | −0.57 (−1.62, 0.48) | 0.72 | 0.03 (0.00, 0.07) | 0.44 |
IFNγ CpG-54 | 0.22 (−0.74, 1.19) | 0.87 | −0.57 (−1.92, 0.77) | 0.77 | −0.84 (−2.10, 0.42) | 0.69 | 0.02 (−0.07, 0.11) | 0.85 |