Introduction
Epidemiology
Diet and the risk of IBD
Fat intake
Omega-3 fatty acids
Protein intake
Carbohydrates
Vitamins D, C, and E
Curcumin and other antioxidants
Dietary perceptions and practices in patients with IBD
Defined and exclusionary diets
The specific carbohydrate diet
Principle: Disaccharides and polysaccharides are poorly absorbed in the human digestive tract, results in bacterial and yeast overgrowth with the overproduction of mucous. It only permits simple carbohydrates | ||
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Food group | Include | Exclude |
Fruit | All fresh fruit | Canned fruit |
Vegetables | Fresh vegetables | Canned or frozen vegetables Potato, yam, legumes, corn |
Grains | None | Avoid all cereal grain |
Protein | Fresh meat, lentil, split pea | Canned, processed or smoked meat Legumes (chickpea, soybean) |
Dairy | Only lactose-free | All dairy products, soybean milk Instant tea and coffee |
Beverage | Wine | Beer |
Other | Honey, butter | Corn syrup, margarine, chocolate |
The lactose-free diet
The anti-inflammatory diet
The low FODMAP diet
Principle: Foods containing fermentable oligosaccharides, disaccharides, monosaccharides, and polyols are poorly absorbed, presents a high osmotic load and are rapidly fermented by bacteria in the gut which can cause Irritable bowel syndrome and Inflammatory bowel disease symptoms | ||
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Food group | Include | Exclude |
Fruit | Bananas, strawberry, raspberry, blueberry, orange, mandarin, Clementine, cantaloupe, grapes, melons(honeydew), lemon, lime, kiwi, passion fruit | Apple, applesauce, apricots, blackberries, cherries, nectarines, pears, peach, plum, prune, watermelon, grapefruit, dried fruit |
Vegetables | Carrots, celery, corn, alfalfa, bean sprouts, bell pepper, broccoli (< 1/2 cup), Brussels sprout (< 2 sprouts) bok choy, cucumber, eggplant, green bean, kale, lettuce, potato, spinach, spring onion (green top), squash, tomato, turnip, zucchini | Brussel sprouts, asparagus, avocado, beetroot, cauliflower, cabbage, garlic, leek, mushroom, onion, pea shallot, snow pea, sweet corn, sweet potato |
Grains | Rice, oats | Wheat, Rye |
Protein | All | None |
Dairy | Lactose-free yoghurt and milk, almond, coconut, rice or soy milk, hard cheese, low-lactose cheese | Cow, goat, sheep milk, buttermilk, soymilk, soft cheese cream and ice cream |
Beverage | Fruit juice and vegetable juices from permitted foods, wine, vodka, gin | Soft drinks, sports drinks, white tea, green tea, coconut water |
Other | Maple syrup | Honey and sweeteners |
The Paleolithic diet
Principle: The human gastrointestinal tract is poorly evolved and unable to handle diets that result from modern agricultural methods. Exposure to foods not consumed at the time of evolution may thus result in modern diseases | ||
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Food group | Include | Exclude |
Fruit | All | None |
Vegetables | All except (see under exclude) | Potatoes, legumes, corn, yam, beet, butternut squash |
Grains | Cereal grains | All other |
Protein | Lean meats: game, fish | Processed meat, domesticated meat |
Dairy | None | All dairy produce |
Beverage | All others | Fruit juice, all alcoholic and non-alcoholic beverages |
Other | Honey | Refined sugars |