Skip to main content
Erschienen in: BMC Geriatrics 1/2017

Open Access 01.12.2017 | Research Article

Differences in handgrip strength protocols to identify sarcopenia and frailty - a systematic review

Erschienen in: BMC Geriatrics | Ausgabe 1/2017

Abstract

Background

Hand grip strength (HGS) is used for the diagnosis of sarcopenia and frailty. Several factors have been shown to influence HGS values during measurement. Therefore, variations in the protocols used to assess HGS, as part of the diagnosis of sarcopenia and frailty, may lead to the identification of different individuals with low HGS, introducing bias. The aim of this systematic review is to gather all the relevant studies that measured HGS to diagnose sarcopenia and frailty and to identify the differences between the protocols used.

Methods

A systematic review was carried out following the recommendations of The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) Statement. PubMed and Web of Science were systematically searched, until August 16, 2016. The evidence regarding HGS measurement protocols used to diagnose sarcopenia and frailty was summarised and the most recent protocols regarding the procedure were compared.

Results

From the described search 4393 articles were identified. Seventy-two studies were included in this systematic review, in which 37 referred to sarcopenia articles, 33 to frailty and two evaluated both conditions. Most studies presented limited information regarding the protocols used.

Conclusions

The majority of the studies included did not describe a complete procedure of HGS measurement. The high heterogeneity between the protocols used, in sarcopenia and frailty studies, create an enormous difficulty in drawing comparative conclusions among them.
Abkürzungen
ASHT
American Society of Hand Therapists
CHS
Cardiovascular Health Study
EWGSOP
European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People
HGS
Handgrip strength
IWGS
International Working Group on Sarcopenia
PRISMA
Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses

Background

Ageing is accompanied by numerous underlying physiological changes and increasing risk of certain health conditions, such as chronic diseases. These changes that constitute and influence ageing are complex [1]. Sarcopenia and frailty are two geriatric syndromes that are frequently confounded [2].
Sarcopenia was initially proposed by Irwin Rosenberg, in 1989, to define the age-related decrease of muscle mass. It derives from the Greek words ‘sarx’, that means flesh, and ‘penia’, that means loss [3]. In 2009, the International Working Group on Sarcopenia (IWGS) provided a consensus definition describing sarcopenia as the age-associated loss of skeletal muscle mass and function. It was proposed that older patients who presented decline in physical function, strength or overall health should be considered for sarcopenia diagnosis [4]. In 2010, the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People (EWGSOP) released a clinic definition and a consensus diagnostic criteria for age-related sarcopenia. They presented sarcopenia as a syndrome characterised by progressive and generalised loss of skeletal muscle mass and strength with a risk of adverse outcomes such as physical disability, poor quality of life, and death. The diagnosis should consider the presence of low muscle mass and low muscle function (strength or performance) to define conceptual stages as ‘presarcopenia’, ‘sarcopenia’ and ‘severe sarcopenia’ [2].
Frailty is a clinically recognisable state of increased vulnerability resulting from age-associated decline in reserve and function across multiple physiologic systems [5], which is associated with adverse outcomes, such as falls, functional decline, hospitalisations and mortality [69]. Even though, there is no single generally accepted clinical definition of frailty, in the Cardiovascular Health Study (CHS) it was defined as a clinical syndrome in which three or more of the following characteristics were present: unintended weight loss, exhaustion, weakness, slow gait speed and low physical activity [10]. Fried’s frailty scale has been the most extensively tested for its validity and is the most widely used instrument in frailty research [11].
Hand grip strength (HGS) is used to diagnose both sarcopenia and frailty [2, 4, 10]. It can be quantified by measuring the amount of static force that the hand can squeeze around a dynamometer [12] and it is an indicator of overall muscle strength [13]. Age and gender are described as the strongest factors influencing HGS in healthy subjects, HGS declines with increasing age [14] and presents lower values for women [15, 16]. It has good intra- and inter-tester reliability and can be recommended the use in clinical practice [17, 18]. HGS can independently identify changes in nutritional status [19]; it responds earlier than anthropometrical measurements to nutritional deprivation and has shown to be significantly associated with sarcopenia [2] and frailty [10].
While HGS is considered a reliable measure to assess muscle strength, several factors have been shown to influence HGS values during measurement. It was reported that a different posture [20], different positions of the elbow [20] and wrist [21], the hand used to test [22] and the setting of the dynamometer [23] may affect the values of strength. It is even reinforced that certain positions can optimise the measurement and produce a maximal HGS. Therefore, variations in the protocols used to assess HGS, as part of the diagnosis of sarcopenia and frailty, may lead to the identification of different individuals with low HGS, introducing bias. This can occur even when the same cut-off points are adopted, which consequently can lead to differences in the number of individuals identified with sarcopenia and frailty.The American Society of Hand Therapists (ASHT) recommended, in 1981, that HGS should be measured with the individuals seated with their shoulders adducted, their elbows flexed 90° and their forearms in neutral position using the Jamar dynamometer [24]. This protocol has been updated with more details of the procedure in 1992 [25], and later in 2015 [26]. In 2011, a new protocol was proposed, the Southampton protocol [27], representing another step towards an improvement of the description of HGS measurement. Nevertheless, there is still a lack of consistency in the studies’ protocols to evaluate HGS used over time.
This systematic review resulted from the need to evaluate the differences between the protocols used for the HGS measurement to diagnose sarcopenia and frailty in older adults. For this reason, this revision represents a step forward towards the standardisation of the procedure. Therefore, the aim of this article is to gather all the relevant studies that measure HGS and to identify the differences between the protocols used. To this end, the proposed systematic review will answer the following questions:
1.
Which dynamometer was used for measuring HGS?
 
2.
Which hand was used?
 
3.
What was the individual’s posture?
 
4.
What was the arm position?
 
5.
Which handle position was used?
 
6.
How long did the HGS measurement take?
 
7.
How long were the intervals between the measurements?
 

Methods

A systematic review was carried out following the recommendations for reporting systematic reviews and meta-analyses of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (The PRISMA Statement) [28]. PubMed and Web of Science were systematically searched until August 16, 2016, with no restriction on the year of publication. The search was limited to English, Portuguese, Spanish and French publications and to human subjects. The reference lists within the articles were scanned for any additional references missing from the databases’ search. The following search terms were used: [1] ((hand OR handgrip OR grip OR grasp) AND (force OR strength)) AND (sarcopenia OR frail elderly OR frail OR frailty). Subsequently, search results were inserted in EndNote X7 and duplicates were excluded. All the titles and abstracts were screened based on the eligibility criteria and classified as “relevant” or “not relevant”. Full texts of eligible articles were assessed and read. Those that met all criteria were included.

Eligibility criteria

Studies were included if [1] participants were aged 65 years or older within well-defined samples, with a clear description of the inclusion and exclusion criteria; [2] sarcopenia and frailty were considered as outcomes, in which HGS was used to identify this condition; [3] a description of the protocol used to measure handgrip strength was provided; [4] the outcome measures described are: type of dynamometer for the assessment of HGS, individual’s position (including shoulder, elbow, arm and handle position and posture), hand dominance, number of repetitions, acquisition and rest time, encouragement and handgrip strength values.
Randomised control trials, cohort studies, case control studies and cross-sectional studies were included, and meta-analyses or review articles, case reports, case series, meetings’ proceedings, conference summaries and duplicate records were excluded. Articles were not included if information about either the posture of the individual, or concerning the arm position (shoulder, elbow or wrist) was absent. When the complete procedure was not described but a reference was made to another article, we searched for the missing parts of the procedure. If the article did not add more details regarding the procedure, it was still excluded. In case of disagreement about the inclusion of a study, the reviewers discussed their opinions to reach consensus. The studies were divided into two subgroups: [1] articles about sarcopenia and [2] articles about frailty. Final studies selected for inclusion in each category were independently compiled in data tables. Articles which presented the same data as an earlier study were still excluded.

Results

From the described search 4393 articles were identified. After removing duplicates, a total of 2753 articles remained. From these, after screening for title and abstract 2166 articles were excluded. Five hundred and eighty-seven full-text articles were assessed for eligibility and 515 references were excluded. Seventy-two studies were found eligible and, therefore, included in this systematic review. Figure 1 presents a flow diagram of the literature search and of the selection process.
The studies comprised in this systematic review were published between 2003 and 2016. Fifty-two were cross-sectional studies, 17 were cohorts, and three were clinical trials. The sample size ranged between 24 and 11,844 individuals.
From the articles included, 37 studies referred to sarcopenia, 33 to frailty and two evaluated both conditions. The EWGSOP and the CHS definitions were used in the majority of studies to diagnose sarcopenia and frailty.

Description of HGS measurement

Most studies presented limited information regarding the protocols used. As shown in both Tables 1 and 2, all 72 studies described the dynamometer used, but only five specified if it was calibrated for the study. Although, there was a wide range of equipment used, the Jamar dynamometer was the most mentioned (n = 35), followed by the Smedley dynamometer (n = 10). Sixty-six studies described the posture of the individual, in which the majority was measured in a sitting position (n = 47), and 19 were in a standing position. Three studies mentioned variations regarding the posture, depending on the ability of the individuals.
Table 1
Details and HGS protocols of the studies that diagnose sarcopenia, included in this systematic review
Study details
Author
Sample
Size
Age
Dynamometer
Repetitions
Hand
Posture
Shoulder position
Elbow position
Wrist position
Handle position
Encouragement
Acquisition time
Rest time
HGS analysis
Cut-off values
Cross-sectional study
Toulouse and Lyon, France
Abellan van Kan et al. [52]
Community-dwelling older women from the EPIDOS cohort
3025
≥75
Martin vigorimeter, Medizin Tecnik, Tuttlingen, Germany
3
Dominant
Standing upright
Adducted
180°
Adjusted to a comfortable position
Higher value
Lowest 25%
Cross-sectional study
Turkey
Akin et al. [53]
Community-dwelling older adults from KEHES Study
879
≥60
Takei TKK
5401 digital handgrip dynamometer, Takei, Niigata-City, Japan
3
Dominant
Standing upright
Adducted
90°
Higher value
Fried’s criteria*
Cross-sectional study
S. Paulo, Brazil
Alexandre Tda et al. [54]
Older urban population from the SABE Study
1149
≥60
Takei Kiki Kogyo TK 1201, Tokyo, Japan
2
Dominant
Sitting position
Resting on the table (forearms too)
Palms facing up
Adjusted to a comfortable position
1 min
Higher value
M: <30 kgf
W: <20 kgf
Cross-sectional study
Milan, Italy
Barichella et al. [55]
Consecutive patients from a specialised tertiary care center
364
≥65
DynEx digital hand dynamometer, Akern/MD Systems, Florence, Italy
3
Dominant
Sitting position
Adducted and neutrally rotated
90°
Forearm neutral
Neutral
Mean value
M: <30 kgf
W: <20 kgf
Cross-sectional study
The Netherlands
Bastiaanse et al. [56] (a)
Adults with intellectual disabilities from the HA-ID study
884
≥50
Jamar hand dynamometer, Sammons Preston Rolyan, USA
6
Both
Sitting position
Adducted and neutrally rotated
90°
Forearm neutral
Neutral
2nd
1 min
Higher value
M: <30 kgf
W: <20 kgf
Cross-sectional study
Liège, Belgium
Beaudart et al. [57] (d)
Consecutive outpatients from an osteoporotic and geriatric department of a clinic and community-dwelling older adults
250
≥65
Hydraulic and pneumatic dynamometer Saehan Corporation, MSD Europe, Bvba, Belgium
(calibrated)
6
Both
Sitting position
Forearms resting on the arms of the chair
Neutral position, over the end of the arm of the chair, thumb facing upwards
Adjusted so that the thumb is round one side of the handle and the four fingers are around the other side
Yes
Higher value
M: <30 kgf
W: <20 kgf
Cross-sectional study
Liège, Belgium
Beaudart et al. [58] (d)
Community-dwelling older adults from the SarcoPhAge study
534
≥65
Hydraulic dynamometer Saehan Corporation, MSD Europe, Bvba, Belgium
(calibrated)
6
Both
Sitting position
Forearms resting on the arms of the chair
Neutral position, over the end of the arm of the chair, thumb facing upwards
Adjusted so that the thumb is round one side of the handle and the four fingers are around the other side
Yes
Higher value
M: <30 kgf
W: <20 kgf
Cross-sectional study
The Netherlands
Bijlsma et al. [59]
Young and healthy older Europeans from the Leiden Longevity Study
654
38–82
Jamar hand dynamometer, Sammons Preston Inc., Bolingbrook, IL, USA
3
Dominant
Standing upright
Abducted
180°
Adjusted to hand size
(middle phalanx rested on the inner handle)
Higher value
M: <30.3 kgf
W: <19.3 kgf
Cross-sectional study
Leiden, The Netherlands; Jyvaskyla, Finland; Tartu, Estonia; Paris, France and Manchester, United Kingdom (UK)
Bijlsma et al. [60]
Middle to older participants from the MYOAGE study
452
18–30/ 69–81
Jamar hand dynamometer, Sammons Preston, Inc., Bolingbrook, IL, USA
6
Both
Standing upright
Abducted
180°
Adjusted to hand size
Higher value
**
Cross-sectional study
Guelph, Ontario, Canada
Campbell et al. [61]
Assisted-living older adults
40
≥65
Vernier digital hand dynamometer and collected using LoggerPro software, Vernier, OR, USA; 60 Hz
6
Both
Sitting position
Adducted
90°
Dynamometer vertical
Yes
Self-selected pace
Higher value
M: <30 kgf
W: <20 kgf
Prospective cohort study
Northern Italy
Cerri et al. [62]
Consecutively admitted older inpatients of an Acute Geriatric Clinic, S. Gerardo University Hospital
103
≥65
Jamar hand dynamometer
3
Dominant
Sitting position
Adducted
90°
Forearm neutral
Between 0 and 30° extension
1 min
Higher value
M: <30 kgf
W: <20 kgf
Cross-sectional study
Madrid and Barcelona, Spain
Cuesta et al. [63] (a)
Geriatric outpatients from the ELLI study
298
≥70
Jamar hand dynamometer
3
Dominant
Sitting position
Adducted and neutrally rotated
90°
Forearm neutral
Neutral
2nd
1 min
Higher value
M: <30 kgf
W: <20 kgf
Cross-sectional study
Midwestern United States of America (USA)
Fukuda et al. [64]
Caucasian ambulatory individuals
107
65–89
DHS-176 digital handgrip dynamometer, Detecto, Webb City, MO
3
Dominant
Standing upright
Adducted
90°
3 to 5 s
Mean value
**
Cross-sectional study
Spain
Garatachea et al. [65]
Caucasian community-dwelling older adults from two geriatric nursing homes
81
71–93
Smedley digital hand dynamometer, Sportstek,VIC, Australia
3
Non-dominant
Standing upright
Abducted
180°
Adjusted to hand size
30 to 60 s
Higher value
**
Prospective cohort study
Spain
Gonzalez-Montalvo et al. [66]
Consecutive patients hospitalised for hip fracture in a public 1300-bed university hospital
509
≥65
Jamar hydraulic dynamometer, Sammons Preston, Bolingbrook, IL, USA
3
Dominant
Sitting position
Forearms resting on the arms of the chair
Neutral, over the end of the arm of the chair, thumb facing upwards
Adjusted so that the thumb is round one side of the handle and the four fingers are around the other side
Yes
Higher value
M: <30 kgf
W: <20 kgf
Cross-sectional study
USA
Gray et al. [67]
Community-dwelling older adults
43
≥65
Takei Scientific Instruments digital grip strength dynamometer, Niigata City,
Japan
3
Preferred hand
Standing upright
Arms down by the side
Neutral
Interphalangeal joint
of the index finger maintained at 90°
Yes
Minimum of 3 s
1 min
Higher value
**
Cross-sectional study
Taipei, Taiwan
Han et al. [68]
Healthy volunteers from the Taiwan Fitness for Seniors Study
878
≥65
Baseline hydraulic dynamometer, Fabrication Enterprises Inc., Irvington, NY, USA
3
Dominant
Adducted
90°
Forearm neutral
Higher value
M: <30 kgf
W: <20 kgf
Cross-sectional study
6th district of Tehran, Iran
Hashemi et al. [69] (c)
Community-dwelling individuals from the SARIR study
300
≥55
Baseline pneumatic
squeeze bulb dynamometer, Jamar, Inc. USA: c7489–02 Rolyan
(calibrated)
6
Both
Sitting position
Adducted and neutrally rotated
90°
Forearm neutral
Neutral
2nd
30 s
Mean value
Compared with normative data from Merkies et al. [70]
Cross-sectional study
Northern Bavaria, Germany
Kemmler et al. [71]
Community-dwelling German women from the FORMoSA study
1325
≥70
Jamar hand dynamometer, Sammons Preston Inc., Bollington, USA
2
Both
Standing upright
Arms down by the side
Adjusted to hand size
Higher value
W: <20 kgf
Prospective cohort study
I-Lan County, Taiwan
Lee et al. [72]
Young healthy volunteers and older adults from the I-Lan Longitudinal Ageing Study
508
20–40/ ≥65
Smedley hand dynamometer, TTM, Tokyo, Japan
3
Dominant
Standing upright
Abducted
180°
Higher value
M: <22.4 kgf
W: <14.3 kgf
Cross-sectional study
Korea
Lee et al. [73] (b)
Ambulatory women from the University Hospital Menopause Clinic
196
≥65
Jamar hand dynamometer, Sammons Preston Inc., Bolingbrook, IL, USA
3
Dominant
Sitting position
Adducted and neutrally rotated
90°
Forearm neutral
Between 0 and 30° dorsiflexion
2nd
Mean value
W: <18 kgf
Cross-sectional study
Tamana, Japan
Maeda et al. [74]
Patients admitted to acute phase wards from Tamana Regional Health Medical Center
224
≥65
Smedley hand dynamometer, TTM, Tokyo, Japan
2
Dominant
Standing or sitting position, depending on their ability
Higher value
M: <26 kgf
W: <18 kgf
Cross-sectional study
Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
Martinez et al. [75]
Hospitalised elderly patients in a multi-specialty hospital
110
≥60
Saehan hydraulic dynamometer, Saehan Corporation, 973, Yangdeok-Dong, Masan 630–728, Korea
3
Sitting position
90°
1 min
Higher value
M: <30 kgf
W: <20 kgf
Cross-sectional study
Guelph, Canada
McIntosh et al. [76]
Community-dwelling older adults
85
≥65
Vernier digital hand dynamometer and collected using LoggerPro software, Vernier, OR, USA; 60 Hz
6
Both
Standing upright
Adducted
90°
Yes
Higher value
M: <30 kgf
W: <20 kgf
Prospective cohort study
Reykjavik, Iceland
Mijnarends et al. [77]
Community-dwelling older adults from the AGES-Reykjavik Study
2309
66–93
Good Strength
software, Metitur, Finland
3
Dominant
Sitting position
Relaxed
90°, neutral
Attached by belts to a strain-gauge system, thumb up
Yes
4–5 s
30 s
M: <30 kgf
W: <20 kgf
Prospective cohort study
Seongnam, Korea
Moon et al. [78]
Community-dwelling older adults from the Korean Longitudinal Study on Health and Aging
297
≥65
Jamar hydraulic hand dynamometer, Sammons Preston,
Bolingbrook, IL, USA
2
Dominant
Sitting position
Adducted
90°
Forearm neutral
Adjusted
to a comfortable position
1 min
Mean value
M: <26 kgf
W: <16 kgf
Cross-sectional study
London, Ontario, Canada
Morat et al. [79]
Healthy and independent living older adults from the
Canadian Centre for Activity and Aging
24
≥65
Smedley hand
dynamometer, TTM, Tokyo, 100 kg
6
Both
Standing upright
90°
Forearm neutral
Neutral
 
Higher value
M: <30 kgf
W: <20 kgf
Cross-sectional study
Goiâna, Brazil
Pagotto et al. [80] (b)
Community-dwelling older adults
132
≥60
CROWN hydraulic
dynamometer
2
Dominant
Sitting position
Adducted and neutrally rotated
90°
Extended between 0 and 30° dorsiflexion
2nd
6 s
1 min
Both values
M: <30 kgf
W: <20 kgf
and
Fried’s criteria*
Cross-sectional study
UK
Patel et al. [81] (d)
Community-dwelling older adults from the Hertfordshire Sarcopenia Study
1890
68–77
Jamar hand dynamometer
6
Both
Sitting position
Forearms resting on the arms of the chair
Neutral, over the end of the arm of the chair, thumb facing upwards
Adjusted so that the thumb is round one side of the handle and the four fingers are around the other side
Yes
Higher value
M: <30 kgf
W: <20 kgf
Cross-sectional study
Pavia, Italy
Rondanelli et al. [82]
Older adults consecutively admitted to a physical medicine and rehabilitation division, in Santa Margherita institute
159
≥65
Jamar 5030 J1 hydraulic hand dynamometer, Sammons Preston Rolyan, Bolingbrook, IL,USA
4
Sitting position
Comfortable arm position
Yes
5 s
1 min
Mean value of the last three efforts
**
Prospective cohort study
Barcelona, Spain
Sanchez-Rodriguez et al. [83] (d)
Consecutive hospitalised
patients from a postacute care geriatric unit
100
≥70
Jamar hand dynamometer, Nottinghamshire, UK
3
Sitting position
Forearms resting on the arms of the chair
Neutral, over the end of the arm of the chair, thumb facing upwards
Adjusted so that the thumb is round one side of the handle and the four fingers are around the other side
Yes
Higher value
Compared with normative data from Luna-Heredia et al. [16]
Retrospective cohort study
Kuopio, Eastern Finland
Sjoblom et al. [84]
Finnish postmenopausal women from the OSTPRE study
590
65–72
Pneumatic hand-held dynamometer Martin Vigorimeter, Germany
3
Sitting position
Mean value
Lowest 25%
Cross-sectional study
Porto, Portugal
Sousa et al. [85] (b)
Hospitalised adult patients from medical and surgical wards in a general and teaching hospital
608
≥18
Jamar hydraulic hand dynamometer, Sammons Preston, Bolingbrook, IL, USA
(calibrated)
3
Non-dominant
Sitting position
Adducted and neutrally rotated
90°
Between 0 and 30° dorsiflexion
2nd
1 min
Higher value
M: <30 kgf
W: <20 kgf
Cross-sectional study
Berlin, Germany
Spira et al. [86]
Community-dwelling older adults from the BASE-II study
1405
60–80
Smedley hand dynamometer, Scandidact, Denmark
6
Both
Standing upright
Adducted and neutrally rotated
90°
Forearm neutral
Neutral
Higher value
Fried’s criteria*
Cross-sectional study
Manchester, UK and Leuven, Belgium
Verschuere et al. [87] (d)
Men from the European Male Ageing Study
679
40–79
Jamar hand dynamometer, TEC Inc., Clifton, NJ
6
Both
Sitting position
Forearms resting on the arms of the chair
Neutral, over the end of the arm of the chair, thumb facing upwards
Adjusted so that the thumb is round one side of the handle and the four fingers are around the other side
Yes
Higher value
Fried’s criteria*
Multicentre cohort study
Italy
Vetrano et al. [88]
Older adults admitted to acute care wards, of seven Italian hospitals, from the CRIME study
770
≥65
North Coast hydraulic hand dynamometer, North Coast Medical Inc., Morgan Hill, CA
4
Both
Sitting position or lying at 30° in bed (when unable to sit)
90° or with elbows supported
Neutral
Higher value
M: <30 kgf
W: <20 kgf
Cohort study
Ankara, Turkey
Yalcin et al. [89]
Residents in Seyranbagları Nursing Home and Rehabilitation Center
141
≥65
Takei Scientific Instruments, Niigata, Japan
2
Dominant
Abducted (30°)
180°
Palm perpendicular to the shoulder line
5 s
Mean value
M: <30 kgf
W: <20 kgf
Cross-sectional study
Obu, Aichi, Japan
Yoshida et al. [90]
Community-dwelling older adults from Obu Study of Health Promotion for the Elderly
4811
≥65
Grip-D hand dynamometer, Takei, Niigata, Japan
1
Dominant
Standing upright
Single value
M: <28.8 kgf
W: <18.2 kgf
Cohort study
North west regions and Western suburbs of Adelaide, Australia
Yu et al. [91]
Community-dwelling individuals, from the CASA, FAMAS and NWAHS studies
1123
≥18
Lafayette Instrument Company, IN, USA (CASA and NWAHS), Smedley, Chicago, IL (FAMAS)
3
Dominant
Sitting position
Arm supported by a horizontal surface
Mean value
M: <30 kgf
W: <20 kgf
S Seconds; Min Minutes; M Men; W Women
(a) Study cited the ASHT 1981 protocol
(b) Study cited the ASHT 1992 protocol
(c) Study cited the ASHT protocol, without specifying which protocol year was used
(d) Study cited the Southampton protocol
* Fried’s criteria (Cut-off points for handgrip strength) Men: ≤29 kgf (BMI ≤ 24 kg/m2); ≤30 kgf (BMI 24.1–26 kg/m2); ≤30 kgf (BMI 26.1–28 kg/m2); ≤32 kgf (BMI > 28 kg/m2) / Women: ≤17 kgf (BMI ≤ 23 kg/m2); ≤17.3 kgf (BMI 23.1–26 kg/m2); ≤18 kgf (BMI 26.1–29 kg/m2); ≤21 kgf (BMI > 29 kg/m2)
** Not defined due to the type of analysis conducted by the study
Table 2
Details and HGS protocols of the studies that diagnose frailty, included in this systematic review
Study details
Author
Sample
Size
Age
Dynamometer
Repetitions
Hand
Posture
Shoulder position
Elbow position
Wrist position
Handle position
Encouragement
Acquisition time
Rest time
HGS analysis
Cut-off values
Multicentric prospective cohort study
Burgos, Albacete and Madrid, Spain
Abizanda et al. [92] (c)
Institutionalised older adults, in four nursing homes from the ACTIVNES study
91
≥70
Jamar hand dynamometer, Sammons Preston Rolyan, Bolingbrook, IL
3
Sitting position
Adducted and neutrally rotated
90°
Forearm neutral
Neutral
2nd
Higher value
Fried’s criteria*
Cross-sectional study
Alexandria, Egypt
Abou-Raya et al. [93]
Consecutive patients with congestive heart failure
126
≥65
Jamar hand dynamometer
2
Dominant
Sitting position
Adducted
90°
Between 0 and 30° dorsiflexion and 0 and 15° ulnar deviation
2nd
Yes
M: ≤21 kgf
W: ≤14 kgf
Cross-sectional study
USA
Bandeen-Roche et al. [94]
Older adults from the 2011 baseline of the National Health and Aging Trends Study
7439
≥65
Jamar digital hand dynamometer
2
Dominant
Sitting position
Adducted
90°
Dynamometer or forearm resting on the table
2nd
Yes
Higher value
Lowest 20% within 8 sex and BMI categories
Cross-sectional study
The Netherlands
Bastiaanse et al. [56] (a)
Adults with intellectual disabilities from the HA-ID study
884
≥50
Jamar hand dynamometer, Sammons Preston Rolyan, USA
6
Both
Sitting position
Adducted and neutrally rotated
90°
Forearm neutral
Neutral
2nd
1 min
Higher value
Fried’s criteria*
Cross-sectional study
Liège, Belgium
Beaudart et al. [58] (d)
Community-dwelling older adults from the SarcoPhAge study
534
≥65
Hydraulic dynamometer Saehan Corporation, MSD Europe, Bvba, Belgium
(calibrated)
6
Both
Sitting position
Forearms resting on the arms of the chair
Neutral position, over the end of the arm of the chair, thumb facing upwards
Adjusted so that the thumb is round one side of the handle and the four fingers are around the other side
Yes
Higher value
Fried’s criteria*
Cross-sectional study
England
Buttery et al. [95]
Consecutively patients from three elderly care wards of an urban teaching hospital
44
67–91
Jamar isometric hand dynamometer, Sammons Preston, Bolingbrook, Illinois, USA
6
Both
Sitting position
Adducted and neutrally rotated
90°
Between 0 and 30° dorsiflexion and 0 and 15° ulnar deviation
2nd
Yes
Higher value
Compared with normative data from Bohannon et al. [96]
Cross-sectional study
Germany
Buttery et al. [97]
Community-dwelling older adults from the DEGS1
1843
65–79
Smedley hand dynamometer, Scandidact, Denmark, 100 kg
4
Both
Standing upright
Higher value
Fried’s criteria*
Cross-sectional study
Urban administrative section of Taipei, Taiwan
Chang et al. [98]
Community-dwelling older adults
234
≥65
Handgrip dynamometer, Fabrication Enterprises, Inc., Irvington, NY
Both
Adducted
90°
Yes
Lowest 20% at baseline
Cross-sectional study
Saint Bruno,Québec, Canada and Santa Cruz, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
Da Camara et al. [99]
Community-dwelling older adults
124
65–74
Jamar hand dynamometer, Jamar, Irvington, NY, USA
3
Sitting position
Adducted and neutrally rotated
90°
Forearm neutral
Neutral
Adjusted to a comfortable position between the 2nd or 3th handle
1 min
Mean value
Fried’s criteria*
Cross-sectional study
Chicago, USA
Danilovich et al. [100] (b)
Convenience sample of older adults
42
≥65
Jamar hand hydraulic dynamometer
4
Both
Sitting position
Adducted and neutrally rotated
90°
Between 0 and 30° dorsiflexion
2nd
Higher value
M: <30 kgf
W: <20 kgf
Cross-sectional study
Denmark
Dato et al. [101]
Community-dwelling older adults
3719
≥70
Smedley hand dynamometer TTM
3
Dominant
Sitting position
Adducted
Higher value
**
Cross-sectional study
The Netherlands
Evenhuis et al. [102]
Individuals with borderline to profound intellectual disabilities of three care provider services from the HA-ID Study
848
≥50
Jamar hand dynamometer, 5030 J1, Sammons Preston Rolyan, Dolgeville, NY
6
Both
Sitting position
Adducted and neutrally rotated
90°
Between 0 and 30° dorsiflexion and 0 and 15° ulnar deviation
2nd
Yes
Fried’s criteria*
Prospective cohort study
USA
Fried et al. [10]
Community-dwelling older adults from the Cardiovascular Health study
5317
≥65
Jamar hand dynamometer
3
Dominant
Sitting position
90°
2nd
Yes
Mean value
Fried’s criteria*
Cross-sectional study
The Kolpino district, St. Petersburg, Russia
Gurina et al. [103]
Community-dwelling older adults from the “Crystal” Study
611
≥65
Carpal dynamometer (DK-50, Nizhni Tagil, Russian Federation)
6
Both
Standing upright
Arms hanging down at the sides
30 s
Mean value
Lowest 20%, adjusted for sex and BMI
Cross-sectional study
Vienna, Austria.
Haider et al. [104] (d)
Pre-frail and frail community-dwelling older adults
83
≥65
Jamar hydraulic hand
dynamometer, Lafayette, Louisiana
6
Both
Sitting position
Forearms resting on the arms of the chair
Neutral, over the end of the arm of the chair, thumb facing upwards
Adjusted so that the thumb is round one side of the handle and the four fingers are around the other side
Yes
1 min
Higher value
**
Cross-sectional and prospective cohort study
The Netherlands
Hoogendijk et al. [105]
Older adults from the Longitudinal Aging Study Amsterdam
1115
≥65
Takei TKK 5001, Takei Scientific Instruments, Tokyo, Japan
4
Both
Standing upright or sitting position when the participant was not able to stand
180°
Sum of the highest values of each hand
Fried’s criteria*
Cross-sectional study
Seoul, Korea
Kang et al. [106]
Female outpatients from the department of family medicine at Kangbuk Samsung Hospital
121
≥65
Lavisen electronic hand grip dynamometer KS 301, Lavisen Co.
Ltd., Namyangju, Korea
Right
Abducted
180°
Medial phalange of the third finger perpendicular to the handle
≤14.5 kgf
Cross-sectional study
Seoul and Gyeonggi province, Korea
Kim et al. [107]
Older adults who registered at six senior welfare centers
486
≥65
Jamar hydraulic hand dynamometer; Sammons Preston, Bolingbrook, IL, USA
2
Abducted
180°
Higher value
Lowest 20%, adjusted for sex and BMI
Cross-sectional study
Beaver Dam, Wisconsin
Klein et al. [108]
Adults and older adults from the Beaver Dam Eye Study
2962
≥53
Lafayette hand dynamometer, Model 78,010, Lafayette Instrument Company, Lafayette, Indiana
4
Both
Standing upright
Abducted
180°
Adjusted to hand size
Mean value for the dominant hand
M: ≤ 34.5 kgf
W: ≤ 18.5 kgf
Randomised controlled trial
Itabashi Ward, Tokyo, Japan
Kwon et al. [109]
Pre-frail community-dwelling older women
89
≥70
Smedley hand dynamometer, Yagami, Tokyo, Japan
2
Dominant
Standing upright
Arms hanging naturally at their sides
Higher value
W: ≤23 kgf at baseline
Cohort study
Korea
Lee et al. [110]
Community-dwelling older adults from the Living profiles of Older People Survey
11,844
≥65
Tanita, No. 6103, Japan
4
Both
Elbow by the side of the body
90°
Higher value
Lowest 20%, adjusted for sex and BMI
Prospective cohort study
Boston, Massachusetts, USA
Mohr et al. [111]
Community-dwelling men from the Massachusetts Male Aging study
646
50–86
Jamar hydraulic hand dynamometer, Sammons Preston, Bolingbrook, IL
2
Dominant
Sitting position
Arms at their sides
90°
Forearm neutral
Neutral
Adjusted to hand size
3 s
1 min
Higher value
M: ≤28 kgf (BMI ≤ 24.9 kg/m2);
≤30 kgf (BMI 25.0–27.2 kg/m2); ≤32 kgf
(BMI > 27.2 kg/m2)
Prospective cohort study
Barcelona, Spain
Mora et al. [112]
Community-dwelling women from the Mataró Ageing Study
110
≥70
Jamar hand dynamometer
3
Non-dominant
Sitting position
Adducted and neutrally rotated
90°
Forearm neutral
Between 0 and 30° dorsiflexion and between 0 and 15° ulnar deviation
Yes
Mean value
Fried’s criteria*
Cross-sectional study
Belo Horizonte, Brazil
Moreira et al. [113] (b)
Community-dwelling older women with type 2 diabetes
99
65–89
Jamar hand dynamometer
3
Dominant
Sitting position
Adducted and neutrally rotated
90°
Forearm neutral
Between 0 and 30° dorsiflexion
2nd
Yes
Mean value
Fried’s criteria*
Double-blind, randomised, controlled trial
Rotterdam, The Netherlands
Muller et al. [114]
Community-dwelling older men
100
≥70
Jamar hand dynamometer, Horsham, PA
3
Non-dominant
Sitting position
Adducted and neutrally rotated
90°
Forearm neutral
Between 0 and 30° dorsiflexion and between 0 and 15° ulnar deviation
Yes
Mean value
**
Cross-sectional study
Dimantina, Brasil
Parentoni et al. [115] (c)
Convenience sample of older women
106
≥65
Saehan dynamometer, SH5001
(calibrated)
3
Dominant
Sitting position
Adducted and neutrally rotated
90°
Forearm neutral
Neutral
2nd
Yes
1 min
Mean value
Fried’s criteria*
Cross-sectional study
Calabria district, Italy
Passarino et al. [116]
Community-dwelling older adults
369
65–85
Smedley hand dynamometer TTM
3
Dominant
Sitting position
Adducted
Higher value
**
Cohort study
Texas, New Mexico, Colorado, Arizona and California, USA
Samper-Ternent et al. [117]
Non-institutionalised Mexican Americans from the Hispanic Established Population for the Epidemiological Study of the Elderly
1370
≥65
Jamar hydraulic hand dynamometer, Model 5030 J1, J.A. Preston Corp., Clifton, NJ
2
Dominant
Sitting position
Resting on the table
Palm facing up
Adjusted to a comfortable position
Yes
Higher value
Lowest 20%, adjusted for sex and BMI
Cohort study
United States and Denmark
Sanders et al. [118]
Community-dwelling individuals from The Long Life Family Study
4875
32–105
Jamar hydraulic hand Dynamometer, Lafayette, IN
2
Dominant
Sitting position
Mean value
Lowest 25%, adjusted for sex and BMI
Cross-sectional study
Saarland, Germany
Saum et al. [119] (d)
Community-dwelling adults from ESTHER study
3112
≥59
Jamar hand dynamometer, Lafayette Instrument Company, Lafayette, IN
3
Dominant
Sitting position
Forearm resting on the arm of the chair
Neutral, over the end of the arm of the chair, thumb facing upwards
Adjusted so that the thumb is round one side of the handle and the four fingers are around the other side
Yes
Higher value
M: <30 kgf
W: <20 kgf
and
Fried’s criteria*
Cross-sectional study
Lausanne, Switzerland
Seematter-Bagnoud et al. [120]
Community-dwelling older adults from the Lc65+ study
861
65–70
Baseline hydraulic dynamometer
3
Right
Sitting position
Adducted and neutrally rotated
90°
Between 0 and 30° dorsiflexion and 0 and 15° ulnar deviation
2nd
Yes
Higher value
Fried’s criteria*
Randomised, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial
The Netherlands
Tieland et al. [121]
Frail older adults
62
≥65
Jamar hand dynamometer, Jackson, MI, USA
6
Both
Sitting position
90°
Fried’s criteria*
Cross-sectional study
Portugal
Vieira et al. [122] (c)
Institutionalised older adults from three urban residential homes
50
68–99
Jamar hydraulic hand dynamometer, J00105
3
Dominant
Sitting position
Adducted and in extension
90°
Forearm neutral
Extended between 0 and 30°
.
10 s
1 min
M:<30 kgf
W: <18 kgf
Cross-sectional study
Baltimore, Maryland, USA
Walston et al. [123]
Community-dwelling women from the Women’s Health and Aging Studies I and II
463
70–79
Jamar hand dynamometer, model BK-74978, Fred Sammons, Inc., Burr Ridge, IL
6
Both
Sitting position
Adducted
90°
.
Yes
Higher value of the non-dominant hand
Fried’s criteria*
Cross-sectional study
Southern Taiwan
Wu et al. [124]
Community-dwelling older adults and outpatients from a hospital-based outpatient clinic
90
≥65
Jamar hand dynamometer, Sammons Preston, Bolingbrook, IL
Dominant
Sitting position
Fried’s criteria*
S Seconds; Min Minutes; M Men; W Women
(a) Study cited the ASHT 1981 protocol
(b) Study cited the ASHT 1992 protocol
(c) Study cited the ASHT protocol, without specifying which protocol year was used
(d) Study cited the Southampton protocol
* Fried’s criteria (Cut-off points for handgrip strength) Men: ≤29 kgf (BMI ≤ 24 kg/m2); ≤30 kgf (BMI 24.1–26 kg/m2); ≤30 kgf (BMI 26.1–28 kg/m2); ≤32 kgf (BMI > 28 kg/m2) / Women: ≤17 kgf (BMI ≤ 23 kg/m2); ≤17.3 kgf (BMI 23.1–26 kg/m2); ≤18 kgf (BMI 26.1–29 kg/m2); ≤21 kgf (BMI > 29 kg/m2)
** Not defined due to the type of analysis conducted by the study
Most studies chose to measure HGS only in the dominant hand (n = 33), in four studies measurement was obtained from the non-dominant, and in 25 in both dominant and non-dominant. In one study HGS was measured using the preferred hand while the right hand was used in two other studies. In seven articles information about the chosen limb was absent. The position of the shoulder and the elbow was indicated in 46 and 62 studies, respectively, and the wrist position was described in 39 studies. The dynamometer’s handle was referred in 37 articles, while the second handle position was mentioned in 16 articles. Encouragement during the procedure was reported in 26 studies, only nine studies indicated the data acquisition time and, 19 studies specified the rest time. Most studies (n = 42) used the higher HGS value for the analysis. The ASHT protocol was mentioned in 11 studies, of which the 1981 protocol was referred twice and the 1992 protocol was cited in five studies. The others did not specify the ASHT protocol used. The Southampton protocol was alluded to in eight studies.

Discussion

The aim of this systematic review is to identify the HGS protocols used to diagnose sarcopenia and frailty. The heterogeneity in HGS protocols, the wide variability in the criteria used to identify either sarcopenia and frailty and the different inclusion and exclusion criteria in the evaluated studies is an issue in this research field. Indeed, these differences hinder comparison between the studies and hamper progress of the study of these conditions.
We observed that most studies which diagnose these conditions did not mention the protocol used in the measurement of HGS, or did not include a full description of it. Although the ASHT and Roberts et al. proposed standardised protocols, the results of the present review showed high heterogeneity of the chosen procedure. Studies concerning sarcopenia and frailty did not differ in standardised protocols used. Plus, the complete description of the procedure is lacking in most studies. In trying to overcome this problem, some authors raise an additional difficulty when they cite the previous publication of their study protocol.
The parameters regarding the HGS procedure that were presented in the Tables 1 and 2 and its influence in HGS values were evaluated in several studies. As shown below, in spite of some results being similar between the studies, others present contradictory results.

Dynamometer

The ASHT recommends a calibrated Jamar dynamometer in the second handle position for the measurement of HGS [2426]. While, the Southampton protocol suggested the handle should be adjusted so that the thumb is round one side of the handle and the four fingers are around the other side and the instrument should feel comfortable in the hand [27].
The Jamar hydraulic dynamometer presents higher intra and inter-individual reliability [17]. Despite this being referred to as the most widely used and tested dynamometer [27], this review shows a great variability in the dynamometers used, regardless of Jamar’s predominance. Present results exhibit a great number of studies which failed to describe if the instruments were properly calibrated for the measurements. A correctly calibrated dynamometer is highly reliable. Nevertheless, it should be recalibrated regularly [29].
Other dynamometers, such as Smedley dynamometer (mechanical) and Martin vigorimeter (pneumatic), measure HGS by a different mechanism [30]. Concerning the Smedley dynamometer, it has shown excellent results regarding its laboratory tested accuracy but, when applied among older adults, it did not produce comparable results to the Jamar hydraulic [31]. Low agreement between Jamar dynamometer and Takei dynamometer was observed [32]. Otherwise, the results of the comparison between the Jamar dynamometer and the Martin vigorimeter in a healthy elderly population, indicate a very high correlation between the two HGS data values [33]. When the hydraulic dynamometers, Baseline and Saehan, were tested they shown to be valid, reliable and comparable to the Jamar dynamometer [34, 35].

Hand

A summary of the studies comparing HGS in dominant and non-dominant limbs, revealed that it is reasonable to expect greater grip strength in the dominant upper extremity in right-handed individuals [36]. Yet, it is important to consider that the difference between sides varies widely among studied samples and in a significant proportion of individuals the opposite is observed [37, 38].

Posture and arm position (shoulder, elbow and wrist)

Most studies revised here, a standing or sitting position was selected. In some cases, the position was adapted to the individual’s physical function. The influence of the standing versus sitting posture in HGS values was evaluated and no significant differences were found by several studies [3941]. When comparing standing versus sitting position, Balogun et al. observed significant differences only between sitting with elbow at 90 degrees and standing with elbow at full extension [20]. These results were in agreement with one study that showed that grip strength is significantly greater when measured with the elbow in the fully extended position [42]. Additionally, even though the posture alone did not significantly influence HGS values, combined with the elbow position it could indicate the presence of an interaction between the elbow position at 180 degrees and a standing position. On the other hand, other results showed a stronger grip strength measurement in the 90 degrees elbow flexed position than in the fully extended position [41, 43].
Su et al. also evaluated different shoulder and elbow positions. They observed that when the shoulder was positioned at 180 degrees of flexion with elbow in full extension the highest mean grip strength measurement was recorded; whereas the position of 90 degrees elbow flexion with shoulder in zero degrees of flexion produced the lowest grip strength score [44]. While, De et al. did not find significant differences when shoulder joints varied between 90 and 180 degrees [41].
Regarding the wrist position, one study suggested that a minimum of 25 degrees of wrist extension was required for optimum grip strength [21]. Later, it was shown that HGS measured with wrist in a neutral position was significantly higher than that in the wrist ulnar deviation [41] and, in another study that the mean grip strength scores were higher for all the tested six positions when wrist was positioned in neutral than in extension position [45].

Handle position

Some researchers opted for HGS measurement in a standard handle position. However, in others, researchers adapted the handle to hand size or to a comfortable position for the individual. It was suggested that hand size and optimal grip span only correlated in women [46]. Other studies results have shown that the second handle position was the best position for the majority of the participants. Therefore, the authors suggested the use of a standard handle position (second setting) over multiple different positions [23, 47]. This would provide accurate results and increase the comparability of the results [47].

Repetitions

Mathiowetz et al. suggested that the mean of three trials is a more accurate measure than one trial or even the highest score of three trials [48], while the latter was the most widely adopted by the studies included in this systematic review. In contrast, it was suggested that muscle fatigability might occur with each attempt and one trial is sufficient for the measurement of grip strength [49]. In another study, it was observed that the mean values of grip strength generated for each method of grip strength testing (one trial, the mean of three trials, and the best of three trials) produced comparable results [50].

Encouragement

To our knowledge, only one research described the effects of the encouragement during HGS measurement. It showed that instruction, verbal encouragement, and visual feedback had critical effects on the handgrip strength and, therefore it should be mentioned in the articles [51]. More than half of the articles included here did not provide a full description of if and how the encouragement was made during the trials.

Analysis

As described above, most studies used the higher value for the HGS analysis, however other forms of HGS values chosen by the authors, such as the mean or the sum of the values obtained during the measurements was also observed. Hence, the diagnosis of sarcopenia and frailty between the studies is even less comparable.

Comparison of the protocols

Although the most recent ASHT protocol presents more details regarding the HGS measurement, this protocol has not been adopted by any of the studies included in this revision. Almost every aspect was described in the protocol, making the variations between the studies almost impossible, but also increasing the complexity of the measurement, and therefore the duration of the procedure. Despite the fact that the Southampton protocol referred to all the aforementioned aspects in Table 3, it did not describe in detail the joints position, which could lead to variations in HGS values between the studies.
Table 3
Recent HGS protocols proposed
 
ASHT protocol – 2015 [26]
Southampton protocol – 2011 [27]
Posture
Subject seated in a chair without arm rests, with feet fully resting on the floor, hips as far back in the chair as possible, and the hips and knees positioned at approximately 90°
Subject seated (same chair for every measurement)
Arm position
 
Forearms rested on the arms of the chair
 -Shoulder
Adducted and neutrally rotated
 -Elbow
Flexed to 90°, the forearm should be in midprone (neutral)
 -Wrist
Between 15 and 30° of extension (dorsiflexion) and 0–15° of ulnar deviation
Just over the end of the arm of the chair, in a neutral position, thumb facing upwards
Trials
Three trials
Three trials on each side, alternating sides (start with the right hand)
Dynamometer
 -Model
Jamar dynamometer
Jamar hydraulic hand dynamometer
 -Calibration
Yes
 -Handle position
2nd
Thumb is round one side of the handle and the four fingers are around the other side
Acquisition time
At least 3 s
Rest time
At least 15 s
Instructions
“This test will tell me your maximum grip strength. When I say go, grip as hard as you can until I say stop. Before each trial, I will ask you ‘Are you ready?’ and then tell you ‘Go’. Stop immediately if you experience any unusual pain or discomfort at any point during testing. Do you have any questions? Are you ready? Go!”. “Harder... harder... harder...Relax”
‘I want you to squeeze as hard as you can for as long as you can until I say stop. Squeeze, squeeze, squeeze, stop’ (when the needle stops rising)
HGS analysis
Mean of three trials
Maximal grip score from all six trials
Due to the great variability in the studies concerning sarcopenia and frailty, namely in the inclusion and exclusion criteria, and in the definition and procedures used to identify these conditions, it is difficult to evaluate the impact of each parameter of the procedure in HGS values. Therefore, to diminish the heterogeneity observed in the studies, the most recent ASHT protocol should be adopted. Variations in the procedure are strongly discouraged, however when it is impossible to fully implement this protocol, namely due to the individuals’ health conditions, any variation should be reported.

Main topics

The mixed results above discussed reinforce the need to standardise HGS measurement. The difference between the protocols can influence the HGS results and, consequently, affect the comparability between the studies. A common approach would be not only important for research purposes but also for clinical practice. For both sarcopenia and frailty, the major studies that suggested a diagnosis using HGS did not recommend a protocol for its measurement, neither referred to the protocols used to estimate the outlined cut-off points. There is a necessity to include guidelines concerning a standardised protocol in the consensus made by European and International societies. That will allow the results of the studies to be more comparable and more suitable for the application in clinical practice.
In order to describe with precision the handgrip strength protocol used, researchers should always make reference to which protocol was adopted (when applied). For a complete description of the protocol, we suggest that all the points addressed in Table 3 should be mentioned in the methods section of the articles, and therefore include the description of the posture, arm position (including shoulder, elbow and wrist positions), number of trials, characteristics of the dynamometer (brand, model, resolution, calibration and handle position), acquisition and rest time, the applied instructions and the HGS values used in the analysis. The cut-off points to identify low HGS for sarcopenia or frailty should also be stated. Additionally, deviations to the protocol must be described.

Strengths and limitations

Some strengths of this systematic review can be highlighted. Besides the original search, we additionally handsearched the references of the included articles for a broader research. Plus, for our knowledge there is no other review of literature that comprises a detailed description of the methods of HGS in observational and experimental studies about sarcopenia and frailty in older adults and that considered the most recent protocols proposed for HGS measurement.
This article also had a few limitations. Data was only searched in two databases (Pubmed and Web of Science) and the inclusion of other databases could increase the range of articles found. In addition, we identified three articles in which we could not locate the references made for the full procedure. The focus of the present revision was to gather information regarding HGS methods, hence, we have not evaluated the methodologic quality of the included studies. In our opinion, we do not consider that the limitations would substantially alter our results.

Conclusion

In conclusion, the majority of the studies included did not describe a complete procedure of HGS measurement. The high heterogeneity between the protocols used, in sarcopenia and frailty related studies, create an enormous difficulty in drawing comparative conclusions among them. Even though, there are suggested standardised procedures, present results reinforce the need to uniform the procedure not only in the studies that diagnose these conditions but also in studies which present normative data. Further studies should evaluate which factors contribute to higher HGS values. Meanwhile, we suggest the adoption of the most recent ASHT protocol. In our opinion, this is the most detailed one and, thus, it is less probable to generate differences in HGS values between the studies. Nevertheless, we embrace that the complexity of this protocol may increase the difficulty in its application, especially in clinical practice. Future studies of these issues should include a complete description of the procedure, mentioning the deviations to the protocol.

Acknowledgements

Not applicable.

Funding

Not applicable.

Availability of data and materials

The datasets analysed during the current study available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
Not applicable.
Not applicable.

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Publisher’s Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://​creativecommons.​org/​licenses/​by/​4.​0/​), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://​creativecommons.​org/​publicdomain/​zero/​1.​0/​) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.
Literatur
1.
Zurück zum Zitat WHO. World report on ageing and health. Luxembourg: World Health Organization; 2015. WHO. World report on ageing and health. Luxembourg: World Health Organization; 2015.
2.
Zurück zum Zitat Cruz-Jentoft AJ, Baeyens JP, Bauer JM, Boirie Y, Cederholm T, Landi F, et al. Sarcopenia: European consensus on definition and diagnosis: report of the European working group on sarcopenia in older people. Age Ageing. 2010;39(4):412–23.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Cruz-Jentoft AJ, Baeyens JP, Bauer JM, Boirie Y, Cederholm T, Landi F, et al. Sarcopenia: European consensus on definition and diagnosis: report of the European working group on sarcopenia in older people. Age Ageing. 2010;39(4):412–23.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
3.
Zurück zum Zitat Rosenberg IH. Sarcopenia: origins and clinical relevance. J Nutr. 1997;127(5 Suppl):990s–1s.PubMed Rosenberg IH. Sarcopenia: origins and clinical relevance. J Nutr. 1997;127(5 Suppl):990s–1s.PubMed
4.
Zurück zum Zitat Fielding RA, Vellas B, Evans WJ, Bhasin S, Morley JE, Newman AB, et al. Sarcopenia: an undiagnosed condition in older adults. Current consensus definition: prevalence, etiology, and consequences. International working group on sarcopenia. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2011;12(4):249–56.PubMedCrossRef Fielding RA, Vellas B, Evans WJ, Bhasin S, Morley JE, Newman AB, et al. Sarcopenia: an undiagnosed condition in older adults. Current consensus definition: prevalence, etiology, and consequences. International working group on sarcopenia. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2011;12(4):249–56.PubMedCrossRef
6.
Zurück zum Zitat Woods NF, LaCroix AZ, Gray SL, Aragaki A, Cochrane BB, Brunner RL, et al. Frailty: emergence and consequences in women aged 65 and older in the Women's Health Initiative observational study. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2005;53(8):1321–30.PubMedCrossRef Woods NF, LaCroix AZ, Gray SL, Aragaki A, Cochrane BB, Brunner RL, et al. Frailty: emergence and consequences in women aged 65 and older in the Women's Health Initiative observational study. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2005;53(8):1321–30.PubMedCrossRef
7.
Zurück zum Zitat Ensrud KE, Ewing SK, Taylor BC, Fink HA, Stone KL, Cauley JA, et al. Frailty and risk of falls, fracture, and mortality in older women: the study of osteoporotic fractures. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2007;62(7):744–51.PubMedCrossRef Ensrud KE, Ewing SK, Taylor BC, Fink HA, Stone KL, Cauley JA, et al. Frailty and risk of falls, fracture, and mortality in older women: the study of osteoporotic fractures. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2007;62(7):744–51.PubMedCrossRef
8.
Zurück zum Zitat Cawthon PM, Marshall LM, Michael Y, Dam TT, Ensrud KE, Barrett-Connor E, et al. Frailty in older men: prevalence, progression, and relationship with mortality. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2007;55(8):1216–23.PubMedCrossRef Cawthon PM, Marshall LM, Michael Y, Dam TT, Ensrud KE, Barrett-Connor E, et al. Frailty in older men: prevalence, progression, and relationship with mortality. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2007;55(8):1216–23.PubMedCrossRef
9.
Zurück zum Zitat Wong CH, Weiss D, Sourial N, Karunananthan S, Quail JM, Wolfson C, et al. Frailty and its association with disability and comorbidity in a community-dwelling sample of seniors in Montreal: a cross-sectional study. Aging Clin Exp Res. 2010;22(1):54–62.PubMedCrossRef Wong CH, Weiss D, Sourial N, Karunananthan S, Quail JM, Wolfson C, et al. Frailty and its association with disability and comorbidity in a community-dwelling sample of seniors in Montreal: a cross-sectional study. Aging Clin Exp Res. 2010;22(1):54–62.PubMedCrossRef
10.
Zurück zum Zitat Fried LP, Tangen CM, Walston J, Newman AB, Hirsch C, Gottdiener J, et al. Frailty in older adults: evidence for a phenotype. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2001;56(3):M146–56.PubMedCrossRef Fried LP, Tangen CM, Walston J, Newman AB, Hirsch C, Gottdiener J, et al. Frailty in older adults: evidence for a phenotype. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2001;56(3):M146–56.PubMedCrossRef
11.
Zurück zum Zitat Bouillon K, Kivimaki M, Hamer M, Sabia S, Fransson EI, Singh-Manoux A, et al. Measures of frailty in population-based studies: an overview. BMC Geriatr. 2013;13:64.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Bouillon K, Kivimaki M, Hamer M, Sabia S, Fransson EI, Singh-Manoux A, et al. Measures of frailty in population-based studies: an overview. BMC Geriatr. 2013;13:64.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
12.
Zurück zum Zitat Massy-Westropp NM, Gill TK, Taylor AW, Bohannon RW, Hill CL. Hand grip strength: age and gender stratified normative data in a population-based study. BMC Res Notes. 2011;4:127.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Massy-Westropp NM, Gill TK, Taylor AW, Bohannon RW, Hill CL. Hand grip strength: age and gender stratified normative data in a population-based study. BMC Res Notes. 2011;4:127.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
13.
Zurück zum Zitat Rantanen T, Volpato S, Ferrucci L, Heikkinen E, Fried LP, Guralnik JM. Handgrip strength and cause-specific and total mortality in older disabled women: exploring the mechanism. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2003;51(5):636–41.PubMedCrossRef Rantanen T, Volpato S, Ferrucci L, Heikkinen E, Fried LP, Guralnik JM. Handgrip strength and cause-specific and total mortality in older disabled women: exploring the mechanism. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2003;51(5):636–41.PubMedCrossRef
14.
Zurück zum Zitat Frederiksen H, Hjelmborg J, Mortensen J, McGue M, Vaupel JW, Christensen K. Age trajectories of grip strength: cross-sectional and longitudinal data among 8,342 Danes aged 46 to 102. Ann Epidemiol. 2006;16(7):554–62.PubMedCrossRef Frederiksen H, Hjelmborg J, Mortensen J, McGue M, Vaupel JW, Christensen K. Age trajectories of grip strength: cross-sectional and longitudinal data among 8,342 Danes aged 46 to 102. Ann Epidemiol. 2006;16(7):554–62.PubMedCrossRef
15.
Zurück zum Zitat Budziareck MB, Pureza Duarte RR, Barbosa-Silva MC. Reference values and determinants for handgrip strength in healthy subjects. Clin Nutr. 2008;27(3):357–62. Budziareck MB, Pureza Duarte RR, Barbosa-Silva MC. Reference values and determinants for handgrip strength in healthy subjects. Clin Nutr. 2008;27(3):357–62.
16.
Zurück zum Zitat Luna-Heredia E, Martin-Pena G, Ruiz-Galiana J. Handgrip dynamometry in healthy adults. Clin Nutr. 2005;24(2):250–8.PubMedCrossRef Luna-Heredia E, Martin-Pena G, Ruiz-Galiana J. Handgrip dynamometry in healthy adults. Clin Nutr. 2005;24(2):250–8.PubMedCrossRef
17.
Zurück zum Zitat Bohannon RW, Schaubert KL. Test-retest reliability of grip-strength measures obtained over a 12-week interval from community-dwelling elders. J Hand Ther. 2005;18(4):426–7. Bohannon RW, Schaubert KL. Test-retest reliability of grip-strength measures obtained over a 12-week interval from community-dwelling elders. J Hand Ther. 2005;18(4):426–7.
18.
Zurück zum Zitat Peolsson A, Hedlund R, Oberg B. Intra- and inter-tester reliability and reference values for hand strength. J Rehabil Med. 2001;33(1):36–41.PubMedCrossRef Peolsson A, Hedlund R, Oberg B. Intra- and inter-tester reliability and reference values for hand strength. J Rehabil Med. 2001;33(1):36–41.PubMedCrossRef
19.
Zurück zum Zitat Flood A, Chung A, Parker H, Kearns V, O’Sullivan TA. The use of hand grip strength as a predictor of nutrition status in hospital patients. Clin Nutr. 2014;33(1):106–14.PubMedCrossRef Flood A, Chung A, Parker H, Kearns V, O’Sullivan TA. The use of hand grip strength as a predictor of nutrition status in hospital patients. Clin Nutr. 2014;33(1):106–14.PubMedCrossRef
20.
Zurück zum Zitat Balogun JA, Akomolafe CT, Amusa LO. Grip strength: effects of testing posture and elbow position. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1991;72(5):280–3.PubMed Balogun JA, Akomolafe CT, Amusa LO. Grip strength: effects of testing posture and elbow position. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1991;72(5):280–3.PubMed
21.
Zurück zum Zitat O'Driscoll SW, Horii E, Ness R, Cahalan TD, Richards RR, An K-N. The relationship between wrist position, grasp size, and grip strength. J Hand Surg Am. 1992;17(1):169–77.PubMedCrossRef O'Driscoll SW, Horii E, Ness R, Cahalan TD, Richards RR, An K-N. The relationship between wrist position, grasp size, and grip strength. J Hand Surg Am. 1992;17(1):169–77.PubMedCrossRef
22.
Zurück zum Zitat Incel NA, Ceceli E, Durukan PB, Erdem HR, Yorgancioglu ZR. Grip strength: effect of hand dominance. Singapore Med. 2002;43(5):234–7. Incel NA, Ceceli E, Durukan PB, Erdem HR, Yorgancioglu ZR. Grip strength: effect of hand dominance. Singapore Med. 2002;43(5):234–7.
23.
Zurück zum Zitat Firrell JC, Crain GM. Which setting of the dynamometer provides maximal grip strength? J Hand Surg Am. 1996;21(3):397–401.PubMedCrossRef Firrell JC, Crain GM. Which setting of the dynamometer provides maximal grip strength? J Hand Surg Am. 1996;21(3):397–401.PubMedCrossRef
24.
Zurück zum Zitat Fess E, Moran C. Clinical assessment recommendations. 1st ed. Indianapolis: American Society of Hand Therapists; 1981. Fess E, Moran C. Clinical assessment recommendations. 1st ed. Indianapolis: American Society of Hand Therapists; 1981.
25.
Zurück zum Zitat Fess E. Clinical assessment recommendations. Chicago: American Society of Hand Therapists; 1992. Fess E. Clinical assessment recommendations. Chicago: American Society of Hand Therapists; 1992.
26.
Zurück zum Zitat MacDermid J, Solomon G, Fedorczyk J, Valdes K. Clinical assessment recommendations 3rd edition: Impairment-based conditions. American Society of Hand Therapists; 2015. MacDermid J, Solomon G, Fedorczyk J, Valdes K. Clinical assessment recommendations 3rd edition: Impairment-based conditions. American Society of Hand Therapists; 2015.
27.
Zurück zum Zitat Roberts HC, Denison HJ, Martin HJ, Patel HP, Syddall H, Cooper C, et al. A review of the measurement of grip strength in clinical and epidemiological studies: towards a standardised approach. Age Ageing. 2011;40(4):423–9.PubMedCrossRef Roberts HC, Denison HJ, Martin HJ, Patel HP, Syddall H, Cooper C, et al. A review of the measurement of grip strength in clinical and epidemiological studies: towards a standardised approach. Age Ageing. 2011;40(4):423–9.PubMedCrossRef
28.
Zurück zum Zitat Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, Altman DG. Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. PLoS Med. 2009;6(7):e1000097.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, Altman DG. Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. PLoS Med. 2009;6(7):e1000097.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
29.
Zurück zum Zitat Fess EE. A method for checking Jamar dynamometer calibration. J Hand Ther. 1987;1(1):28–32. Fess EE. A method for checking Jamar dynamometer calibration. J Hand Ther. 1987;1(1):28–32.
30.
Zurück zum Zitat Innes E. Handgrip strength testing: a review of the literature. Aust Occup Ther J. 1999;46(3):120–40.CrossRef Innes E. Handgrip strength testing: a review of the literature. Aust Occup Ther J. 1999;46(3):120–40.CrossRef
31.
Zurück zum Zitat Guerra RS, Amaral TF. Comparison of hand dynamometers in elderly people. J Nutr Health Aging. 2009;13(10):907–12.PubMedCrossRef Guerra RS, Amaral TF. Comparison of hand dynamometers in elderly people. J Nutr Health Aging. 2009;13(10):907–12.PubMedCrossRef
32.
Zurück zum Zitat Amaral JF, Mancini M, Novo Junior JM. Comparison of three hand dynamometers in relation to the accuracy and precision of the measurements. Rev Bras Fisioter. 2012;16(3):216–24. Amaral JF, Mancini M, Novo Junior JM. Comparison of three hand dynamometers in relation to the accuracy and precision of the measurements. Rev Bras Fisioter. 2012;16(3):216–24.
33.
Zurück zum Zitat Desrosiers J, Hebert R, Bravo G, Dutil E. Comparison of the Jamar dynamometer and the Martin vigorimeter for grip strength measurements in a healthy elderly population. Scand J Rehabil Med. 1995;27(3):137–43.PubMed Desrosiers J, Hebert R, Bravo G, Dutil E. Comparison of the Jamar dynamometer and the Martin vigorimeter for grip strength measurements in a healthy elderly population. Scand J Rehabil Med. 1995;27(3):137–43.PubMed
34.
Zurück zum Zitat Mathiowetz V, Vizenor L, Melander D. Comparison of baseline instruments to the Jamar dynamometer and the B&L Engineering Pinch Gauge. OTJR. 2000;20(3):147–62. Mathiowetz V, Vizenor L, Melander D. Comparison of baseline instruments to the Jamar dynamometer and the B&L Engineering Pinch Gauge. OTJR. 2000;20(3):147–62.
35.
Zurück zum Zitat Reis MM, Arantes PMM. [Medida da força de preensão manual- validade e confiabilidade do dinamômetro saehan.] Fisioter Pesqui. 2011;18:176–81. Reis MM, Arantes PMM. [Medida da força de preensão manual- validade e confiabilidade do dinamômetro saehan.] Fisioter Pesqui. 2011;18:176–81.
36.
Zurück zum Zitat Bohannon RW. Grip strength: a summary of studies comparing dominant and nondominant limb measurements. Percept Mot Skills. 2003;96(3 Pt 1):728–30.PubMedCrossRef Bohannon RW. Grip strength: a summary of studies comparing dominant and nondominant limb measurements. Percept Mot Skills. 2003;96(3 Pt 1):728–30.PubMedCrossRef
37.
Zurück zum Zitat Petersen P, Petrick M, Connor H, Conklin D. Grip strength and hand dominance: challenging the 10% rule. Am J Occup Ther. 1989;43(7):444–7.PubMedCrossRef Petersen P, Petrick M, Connor H, Conklin D. Grip strength and hand dominance: challenging the 10% rule. Am J Occup Ther. 1989;43(7):444–7.PubMedCrossRef
38.
Zurück zum Zitat Schmidt RT, Toews JV. Grip strength as measured by the Jamar dynamometer. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1970;51(6):321–7.PubMed Schmidt RT, Toews JV. Grip strength as measured by the Jamar dynamometer. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1970;51(6):321–7.PubMed
39.
Zurück zum Zitat El-Sais WM, Mohammad WS. Influence of different testing postures on hand grip strength. Eur Sci J. 2014;10(36):290-301. El-Sais WM, Mohammad WS. Influence of different testing postures on hand grip strength. Eur Sci J. 2014;10(36):290-301.
40.
Zurück zum Zitat Watanabe T, Owashi K, Kanauchi Y, Mura N, Takahara M, Ogino T. The short-term reliability of grip strength measurement and the effects of posture and grip span. J Hand Surg Am. 2005;30(3):603–9.PubMedCrossRef Watanabe T, Owashi K, Kanauchi Y, Mura N, Takahara M, Ogino T. The short-term reliability of grip strength measurement and the effects of posture and grip span. J Hand Surg Am. 2005;30(3):603–9.PubMedCrossRef
41.
Zurück zum Zitat De S, Sengupta P, Maity P, Pal A, Dhara P. Effect of body posture on hand grip strength in adult Bengalee population. JESP. 2011;7(2):79–88. De S, Sengupta P, Maity P, Pal A, Dhara P. Effect of body posture on hand grip strength in adult Bengalee population. JESP. 2011;7(2):79–88.
42.
43.
Zurück zum Zitat Mathiowetz V, Rennells C, Donahoe L. Effect of elbow position on grip and key pinch strength. J Hand Surg Am. 1985;10(5):694–7.PubMedCrossRef Mathiowetz V, Rennells C, Donahoe L. Effect of elbow position on grip and key pinch strength. J Hand Surg Am. 1985;10(5):694–7.PubMedCrossRef
44.
Zurück zum Zitat Su CY, Lin JH, Chien TH, Cheng KF, Sung YT. Grip strength in different positions of elbow and shoulder. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1994;75(7):812–5. Su CY, Lin JH, Chien TH, Cheng KF, Sung YT. Grip strength in different positions of elbow and shoulder. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1994;75(7):812–5.
45.
Zurück zum Zitat Parvatikar V, Mukkannavar P. Comparative study of grip strength in different positions of shoulder and elbow with wrist in neutral and extension positions. JESP. 2009;5(2):67–75. Parvatikar V, Mukkannavar P. Comparative study of grip strength in different positions of shoulder and elbow with wrist in neutral and extension positions. JESP. 2009;5(2):67–75.
46.
Zurück zum Zitat Ruiz-Ruiz J, Mesa JLM, Gutiérrez A, Castillo MJ. Hand size influences optimal grip span in women but not in men. J Hand Surg Am. 2002;27(5):897–901.PubMedCrossRef Ruiz-Ruiz J, Mesa JLM, Gutiérrez A, Castillo MJ. Hand size influences optimal grip span in women but not in men. J Hand Surg Am. 2002;27(5):897–901.PubMedCrossRef
47.
Zurück zum Zitat Trampisch US, Franke J, Jedamzik N, Hinrichs T, Platen P. Optimal Jamar dynamometer handle position to assess maximal isometric hand grip strength in epidemiological studies. J Hand Surg Am. 2012;37(11):2368–73.PubMedCrossRef Trampisch US, Franke J, Jedamzik N, Hinrichs T, Platen P. Optimal Jamar dynamometer handle position to assess maximal isometric hand grip strength in epidemiological studies. J Hand Surg Am. 2012;37(11):2368–73.PubMedCrossRef
48.
Zurück zum Zitat Mathiowetz V, Weber K, Volland G, Kashman N. Reliability and validity of grip and pinch strength evaluations. J Hand Surg Am. 1984;9(2):222–6.PubMedCrossRef Mathiowetz V, Weber K, Volland G, Kashman N. Reliability and validity of grip and pinch strength evaluations. J Hand Surg Am. 1984;9(2):222–6.PubMedCrossRef
49.
Zurück zum Zitat Abizanda P, Navarro JL, Garcia-Tomas MI, Lopez-Jimenez E, Martinez-Sanchez E, Paterna G. Validity and usefulness of hand-held dynamometry for measuring muscle strength in community-dwelling older persons. Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 2012;54(1):21–7.PubMedCrossRef Abizanda P, Navarro JL, Garcia-Tomas MI, Lopez-Jimenez E, Martinez-Sanchez E, Paterna G. Validity and usefulness of hand-held dynamometry for measuring muscle strength in community-dwelling older persons. Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 2012;54(1):21–7.PubMedCrossRef
50.
Zurück zum Zitat Coldham F, Lewis J, Lee H. The reliability of one vs. three grip trials in symptomatic and asymptomatic subjects. J Hand Ther. 2006;19(3):318–26. Coldham F, Lewis J, Lee H. The reliability of one vs. three grip trials in symptomatic and asymptomatic subjects. J Hand Ther. 2006;19(3):318–26.
51.
Zurück zum Zitat Jung MC, Hallbeck MS. The effects of instruction, verbal encouragement, and visual feedback on static handgrip strength. Proc Hum Factors Ergon Soc Annu Meet. 1999;43(12):703–7. Jung MC, Hallbeck MS. The effects of instruction, verbal encouragement, and visual feedback on static handgrip strength. Proc Hum Factors Ergon Soc Annu Meet. 1999;43(12):703–7.
52.
Zurück zum Zitat Abellan van Kan G, Cesari M, Gillette-Guyonnet S, Dupuy C, Nourhashemi F, Schott AM, et al. Sarcopenia and cognitive impairment in elderly women: results from the EPIDOS cohort. Age Ageing. 2013;42(2):196–202.PubMedCrossRef Abellan van Kan G, Cesari M, Gillette-Guyonnet S, Dupuy C, Nourhashemi F, Schott AM, et al. Sarcopenia and cognitive impairment in elderly women: results from the EPIDOS cohort. Age Ageing. 2013;42(2):196–202.PubMedCrossRef
53.
Zurück zum Zitat Akin S, Mucuk S, Ozturk A, Mazicioglu M, Gocer S, Arguvanli S, et al. Muscle function-dependent sarcopenia and cut-off values of possible predictors in community-dwelling Turkish elderly: calf circumference, midarm muscle circumference and walking speed. Eur J Clin Nut. 2015;69(10):1087–90.CrossRef Akin S, Mucuk S, Ozturk A, Mazicioglu M, Gocer S, Arguvanli S, et al. Muscle function-dependent sarcopenia and cut-off values of possible predictors in community-dwelling Turkish elderly: calf circumference, midarm muscle circumference and walking speed. Eur J Clin Nut. 2015;69(10):1087–90.CrossRef
54.
Zurück zum Zitat Alexandre Tda S, Duarte YA, Santos JL, Wong R, Lebrao ML. Prevalence and associated factors of sarcopenia among elderly in Brazil: findings from the SABE study. J Nutr Health Aging. 2014;18(3):284–90.PubMedCrossRef Alexandre Tda S, Duarte YA, Santos JL, Wong R, Lebrao ML. Prevalence and associated factors of sarcopenia among elderly in Brazil: findings from the SABE study. J Nutr Health Aging. 2014;18(3):284–90.PubMedCrossRef
55.
Zurück zum Zitat Barichella M, Pinelli G, Iorio L, Cassani E, Valentino A, Pusani C, et al. Sarcopenia and Dynapenia in patients with parkinsonism. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2016;17(7):640–6.PubMedCrossRef Barichella M, Pinelli G, Iorio L, Cassani E, Valentino A, Pusani C, et al. Sarcopenia and Dynapenia in patients with parkinsonism. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2016;17(7):640–6.PubMedCrossRef
56.
Zurück zum Zitat Bastiaanse LP, Hilgenkamp TI, Echteld MA, Evenhuis HM. Prevalence and associated factors of sarcopenia in older adults with intellectual disabilities. Res Dev Disabil. 2012;33(6):2004–12. Bastiaanse LP, Hilgenkamp TI, Echteld MA, Evenhuis HM. Prevalence and associated factors of sarcopenia in older adults with intellectual disabilities. Res Dev Disabil. 2012;33(6):2004–12.
57.
Zurück zum Zitat Beaudart C, Reginster JY, Slomian J, Buckinx F, Dardenne N, Quabron A, et al. Estimation of sarcopenia prevalence using various assessment tools. Exp Gerontol. 2015;61:31–7.PubMedCrossRef Beaudart C, Reginster JY, Slomian J, Buckinx F, Dardenne N, Quabron A, et al. Estimation of sarcopenia prevalence using various assessment tools. Exp Gerontol. 2015;61:31–7.PubMedCrossRef
58.
Zurück zum Zitat Beaudart C, Reginster JY, Petermans J, Gillain S, Quabron A, Locquet M, et al. Quality of life and physical components linked to sarcopenia: the SarcoPhAge study. Exp Gerontol. 2015;69:103–10.PubMedCrossRef Beaudart C, Reginster JY, Petermans J, Gillain S, Quabron A, Locquet M, et al. Quality of life and physical components linked to sarcopenia: the SarcoPhAge study. Exp Gerontol. 2015;69:103–10.PubMedCrossRef
59.
Zurück zum Zitat Bijlsma AY, Meskers CGM, Ling CHY, Narici M, Kurrle SE, Cameron ID, et al. Defining sarcopenia: the impact of different diagnostic criteria on the prevalence of sarcopenia in a large middle aged cohort. Age. 2013;35(3):871–81.PubMedCrossRef Bijlsma AY, Meskers CGM, Ling CHY, Narici M, Kurrle SE, Cameron ID, et al. Defining sarcopenia: the impact of different diagnostic criteria on the prevalence of sarcopenia in a large middle aged cohort. Age. 2013;35(3):871–81.PubMedCrossRef
60.
Zurück zum Zitat Bijlsma AY, Meskers MC, Molendijk M, Westendorp RG, Sipila S, Stenroth L, et al. Diagnostic measures for sarcopenia and bone mineral density. Osteoporos Int. 2013;24(10):2681–91.PubMedCrossRef Bijlsma AY, Meskers MC, Molendijk M, Westendorp RG, Sipila S, Stenroth L, et al. Diagnostic measures for sarcopenia and bone mineral density. Osteoporos Int. 2013;24(10):2681–91.PubMedCrossRef
61.
Zurück zum Zitat Campbell TM, Vallis LA. Predicting fat-free mass index and sarcopenia in assisted-living older adults. Age. 2014;36(4):9674. Campbell TM, Vallis LA. Predicting fat-free mass index and sarcopenia in assisted-living older adults. Age. 2014;36(4):9674.
62.
Zurück zum Zitat Cerri AP, Bellelli G, Mazzone A, Pittella F, Landi F, Zambon A, et al. Sarcopenia and malnutrition in acutely ill hospitalized elderly: prevalence and outcomes. Clin Nutr. 2015;34(4):745–51.PubMedCrossRef Cerri AP, Bellelli G, Mazzone A, Pittella F, Landi F, Zambon A, et al. Sarcopenia and malnutrition in acutely ill hospitalized elderly: prevalence and outcomes. Clin Nutr. 2015;34(4):745–51.PubMedCrossRef
63.
Zurück zum Zitat Cuesta F, Formiga F, Lopez-Soto A, Masanes F, Ruiz D, Artaza I, et al. Prevalence of sarcopenia in patients attending outpatient geriatric clinics: the ELLI study. Age Ageing. 2015;44(5):807–9.PubMedCrossRef Cuesta F, Formiga F, Lopez-Soto A, Masanes F, Ruiz D, Artaza I, et al. Prevalence of sarcopenia in patients attending outpatient geriatric clinics: the ELLI study. Age Ageing. 2015;44(5):807–9.PubMedCrossRef
64.
Zurück zum Zitat Fukuda DH, Smith-Ryan AE, Kendall KL, Moon JR, Stout JR. Simplified method of clinical phenotyping for older men and women using established field-based measures. Exp Gerontol. 2013;48(12):1479–88.PubMedCrossRef Fukuda DH, Smith-Ryan AE, Kendall KL, Moon JR, Stout JR. Simplified method of clinical phenotyping for older men and women using established field-based measures. Exp Gerontol. 2013;48(12):1479–88.PubMedCrossRef
65.
Zurück zum Zitat Garatachea N, Fiuza-Luces C, Torres-Luque G, Yvert T, Santiago C, Gomez-Gallego F, et al. Single and combined influence of ACE and ACTN3 genotypes on muscle phenotypes in octogenarians. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2012;112(7):2409–20.PubMedCrossRef Garatachea N, Fiuza-Luces C, Torres-Luque G, Yvert T, Santiago C, Gomez-Gallego F, et al. Single and combined influence of ACE and ACTN3 genotypes on muscle phenotypes in octogenarians. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2012;112(7):2409–20.PubMedCrossRef
66.
Zurück zum Zitat Gonzalez-Montalvo JI, Alarcon T, Gotor P, Queipo R, Velasco R, Hoyos R, et al. Prevalence of sarcopenia in acute hip fracture patients and its influence on short-term clinical outcome. Geriatr Gerontol Int. 2015. Gonzalez-Montalvo JI, Alarcon T, Gotor P, Queipo R, Velasco R, Hoyos R, et al. Prevalence of sarcopenia in acute hip fracture patients and its influence on short-term clinical outcome. Geriatr Gerontol Int. 2015.
67.
Zurück zum Zitat Gray M, Glenn JM, Binns A. Predicting sarcopenia from functional measures among community-dwelling older adults. Age. 2016;38(1):22. Gray M, Glenn JM, Binns A. Predicting sarcopenia from functional measures among community-dwelling older adults. Age. 2016;38(1):22.
68.
Zurück zum Zitat Han DS, Chang KV, Li CM, Lin YH, Kao TW, Tsai KS, et al. Skeletal muscle mass adjusted by height correlated better with muscular functions than that adjusted by body weight in defining sarcopenia. Sci Rep. 2016;6:19457.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Han DS, Chang KV, Li CM, Lin YH, Kao TW, Tsai KS, et al. Skeletal muscle mass adjusted by height correlated better with muscular functions than that adjusted by body weight in defining sarcopenia. Sci Rep. 2016;6:19457.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
69.
Zurück zum Zitat Hashemi R, Shafiee G, Motlagh AD, Pasalar P, Esmailzadeh A, Siassi F, et al. Sarcopenia and its associated factors in Iranian older individuals: results of SARIR study. Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 2016;66:18–22.PubMedCrossRef Hashemi R, Shafiee G, Motlagh AD, Pasalar P, Esmailzadeh A, Siassi F, et al. Sarcopenia and its associated factors in Iranian older individuals: results of SARIR study. Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 2016;66:18–22.PubMedCrossRef
70.
Zurück zum Zitat Merkies IS, Schmitz PI, Samijn JP, Meche FG, Toyka KV, van Doorn PA. Assessing grip strength in healthy individuals and patients with immune-mediated polyneuropathies. Muscle Nerve. 2000;23(9):1393–401.PubMedCrossRef Merkies IS, Schmitz PI, Samijn JP, Meche FG, Toyka KV, van Doorn PA. Assessing grip strength in healthy individuals and patients with immune-mediated polyneuropathies. Muscle Nerve. 2000;23(9):1393–401.PubMedCrossRef
71.
Zurück zum Zitat Kemmler W, Teschler M, Goisser S, Bebenek M, von Stengel S, Bollheimer LC, et al. Prevalence of sarcopenia in Germany and the corresponding effect of osteoarthritis in females 70 years and older living in the community: results of the FORMoSA study. Clin Interv Aging. 2015;10:1565–73.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Kemmler W, Teschler M, Goisser S, Bebenek M, von Stengel S, Bollheimer LC, et al. Prevalence of sarcopenia in Germany and the corresponding effect of osteoarthritis in females 70 years and older living in the community: results of the FORMoSA study. Clin Interv Aging. 2015;10:1565–73.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
72.
Zurück zum Zitat Lee WJ, Liu LK, Peng LN, Lin MH, Chen LK. Comparisons of sarcopenia defined by IWGS and EWGSOP criteria among older people: results from the I-Lan longitudinal aging study. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2013;14(7):528.e1–7.PubMedCrossRef Lee WJ, Liu LK, Peng LN, Lin MH, Chen LK. Comparisons of sarcopenia defined by IWGS and EWGSOP criteria among older people: results from the I-Lan longitudinal aging study. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2013;14(7):528.e1–7.PubMedCrossRef
73.
Zurück zum Zitat Lee ES, Park HM. Prevalence of sarcopenia in healthy Korean elderly women. J Bone Miner Metab. 2015;22(4):191–5.CrossRef Lee ES, Park HM. Prevalence of sarcopenia in healthy Korean elderly women. J Bone Miner Metab. 2015;22(4):191–5.CrossRef
74.
Zurück zum Zitat Maeda K, Akagi J. Sarcopenia is an independent risk factor of dysphagia in hospitalized older people. Geriatr Gerontol Int. 2015; Maeda K, Akagi J. Sarcopenia is an independent risk factor of dysphagia in hospitalized older people. Geriatr Gerontol Int. 2015;
75.
Zurück zum Zitat Martinez BP, Batista AK, Gomes IB, Olivieri FM, Camelier FW, Camelier AA. Frequency of sarcopenia and associated factors among hospitalized elderly patients. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2015;16:108.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Martinez BP, Batista AK, Gomes IB, Olivieri FM, Camelier FW, Camelier AA. Frequency of sarcopenia and associated factors among hospitalized elderly patients. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2015;16:108.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
76.
Zurück zum Zitat McIntosh EI, Smale KB, Vallis LA. Predicting fat-free mass index and sarcopenia: a pilot study in community-dwelling older adults. Age. 2013;35(6):2423–34.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef McIntosh EI, Smale KB, Vallis LA. Predicting fat-free mass index and sarcopenia: a pilot study in community-dwelling older adults. Age. 2013;35(6):2423–34.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
77.
Zurück zum Zitat Mijnarends DM, Koster A, Schols JM, Meijers JM, Halfens RJ, Gudnason V, et al. Physical activity and incidence of sarcopenia: the population-based AGES-Reykjavik study. Age Ageing. 2016; Mijnarends DM, Koster A, Schols JM, Meijers JM, Halfens RJ, Gudnason V, et al. Physical activity and incidence of sarcopenia: the population-based AGES-Reykjavik study. Age Ageing. 2016;
78.
Zurück zum Zitat Moon JH, Moon JH, Kim KM, Choi SH, Lim S, Park KS, et al. Sarcopenia as a predictor of future cognitive impairment in older adults. J Nutr Health Aging. 2016;20(5):496–502.PubMedCrossRef Moon JH, Moon JH, Kim KM, Choi SH, Lim S, Park KS, et al. Sarcopenia as a predictor of future cognitive impairment in older adults. J Nutr Health Aging. 2016;20(5):496–502.PubMedCrossRef
79.
Zurück zum Zitat Morat T, Gilmore KJ, Rice CL. Neuromuscular function in different stages of sarcopenia. Exp Gerontol. 2016;81:28–36.PubMedCrossRef Morat T, Gilmore KJ, Rice CL. Neuromuscular function in different stages of sarcopenia. Exp Gerontol. 2016;81:28–36.PubMedCrossRef
80.
Zurück zum Zitat Pagotto V, Silveira EA. Applicability and agreement of different diagnostic criteria for sarcopenia estimation in the elderly. Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 2014;59(2):288–94.PubMedCrossRef Pagotto V, Silveira EA. Applicability and agreement of different diagnostic criteria for sarcopenia estimation in the elderly. Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 2014;59(2):288–94.PubMedCrossRef
81.
Zurück zum Zitat Patel HP, Syddall HE, Jameson K, Robinson S, Denison H, Roberts HC, et al. Prevalence of sarcopenia in community-dwelling older people in the UK using the European working group on sarcopenia in older people (EWGSOP) definition: findings from the Hertfordshire cohort study (HCS). Age Ageing. 2013;42(3):378–84.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Patel HP, Syddall HE, Jameson K, Robinson S, Denison H, Roberts HC, et al. Prevalence of sarcopenia in community-dwelling older people in the UK using the European working group on sarcopenia in older people (EWGSOP) definition: findings from the Hertfordshire cohort study (HCS). Age Ageing. 2013;42(3):378–84.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
82.
Zurück zum Zitat Rondanelli M, Guido D, Opizzi A, Faliva MA, Perna S, Grassi MA. Path model of sarcopenia on bone mass loss in elderly subjects. J Nutr Health Aging. 2014;18(1):15–21.PubMedCrossRef Rondanelli M, Guido D, Opizzi A, Faliva MA, Perna S, Grassi MA. Path model of sarcopenia on bone mass loss in elderly subjects. J Nutr Health Aging. 2014;18(1):15–21.PubMedCrossRef
83.
Zurück zum Zitat Sanchez-Rodriguez D, Marco E, Miralles R, Guillen-Sola A, Vazquez-Ibar O, Escalada F, et al. Does gait speed contribute to sarcopenia case-finding in a postacute rehabilitation setting? Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 2015;61(2):176–81.PubMedCrossRef Sanchez-Rodriguez D, Marco E, Miralles R, Guillen-Sola A, Vazquez-Ibar O, Escalada F, et al. Does gait speed contribute to sarcopenia case-finding in a postacute rehabilitation setting? Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 2015;61(2):176–81.PubMedCrossRef
84.
Zurück zum Zitat Sjoblom S, Suuronen J, Rikkonen T, Honkanen R, Kroger H, Sirola J. Relationship between postmenopausal osteoporosis and the components of clinical sarcopenia. Maturitas. 2013;75(2):175–80.PubMedCrossRef Sjoblom S, Suuronen J, Rikkonen T, Honkanen R, Kroger H, Sirola J. Relationship between postmenopausal osteoporosis and the components of clinical sarcopenia. Maturitas. 2013;75(2):175–80.PubMedCrossRef
85.
Zurück zum Zitat Sousa AS, Guerra RS, Fonseca I, Pichel F, Amaral TF. Sarcopenia among hospitalized patients - a cross-sectional study. Clin Nutr. 2015;34(6):1239-44. Sousa AS, Guerra RS, Fonseca I, Pichel F, Amaral TF. Sarcopenia among hospitalized patients - a cross-sectional study. Clin Nutr. 2015;34(6):1239-44.
86.
Zurück zum Zitat Spira D, Norman K, Nikolov J, Demuth I, Steinhagen-Thiessen E, Eckardt R. Prevalence and definition of sarcopenia in community dwelling older people: data from the berlin aging study II (BASE-II). Z Gerontol Geriatr. 2015. Spira D, Norman K, Nikolov J, Demuth I, Steinhagen-Thiessen E, Eckardt R. Prevalence and definition of sarcopenia in community dwelling older people: data from the berlin aging study II (BASE-II). Z Gerontol Geriatr. 2015.
87.
Zurück zum Zitat Verschueren S, Gielen E, O'Neill TW, Pye SR, Adams JE, Ward KA, et al. Sarcopenia and its relationship with bone mineral density in middle-aged and elderly European men. Osteoporos Int. 2013;24(1):87–98.PubMedCrossRef Verschueren S, Gielen E, O'Neill TW, Pye SR, Adams JE, Ward KA, et al. Sarcopenia and its relationship with bone mineral density in middle-aged and elderly European men. Osteoporos Int. 2013;24(1):87–98.PubMedCrossRef
88.
Zurück zum Zitat Vetrano DL, Landi F, Volpato S, Corsonello A, Meloni E, Bernabei R, et al. Association of sarcopenia with short- and long-term mortality in older adults admitted to acute care wards: results from the CRIME study. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2014;69(9):1154–61.PubMedCrossRef Vetrano DL, Landi F, Volpato S, Corsonello A, Meloni E, Bernabei R, et al. Association of sarcopenia with short- and long-term mortality in older adults admitted to acute care wards: results from the CRIME study. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2014;69(9):1154–61.PubMedCrossRef
89.
Zurück zum Zitat Yalcin A, Aras S, Atmis V, Cengiz OK, Varli M, Cinar E, et al. Sarcopenia prevalence and factors associated with sarcopenia in older people living in a nursing home in Ankara Turkey. Geriatr Gerontol Int. 2015. Yalcin A, Aras S, Atmis V, Cengiz OK, Varli M, Cinar E, et al. Sarcopenia prevalence and factors associated with sarcopenia in older people living in a nursing home in Ankara Turkey. Geriatr Gerontol Int. 2015.
90.
Zurück zum Zitat Yoshida D, Suzuki T, Shimada H, Park H, Makizako H. T, et al. using two different algorithms to determine the prevalence of sarcopenia. Geriatr Gerontol Int. 2014;14:46–51.PubMedCrossRef Yoshida D, Suzuki T, Shimada H, Park H, Makizako H. T, et al. using two different algorithms to determine the prevalence of sarcopenia. Geriatr Gerontol Int. 2014;14:46–51.PubMedCrossRef
91.
Zurück zum Zitat Yu S, Appleton S, Adams R, Chapman I, Wittert G, Visvanathan T, et al. The impact of low muscle mass definition on the prevalence of sarcopenia in older Australians. Biomed Res Int. 2014;2014:361790.PubMedPubMedCentral Yu S, Appleton S, Adams R, Chapman I, Wittert G, Visvanathan T, et al. The impact of low muscle mass definition on the prevalence of sarcopenia in older Australians. Biomed Res Int. 2014;2014:361790.PubMedPubMedCentral
92.
Zurück zum Zitat Abizanda P, Lopez MD, Garcia VP, Estrella Jde D, da Silva GA, Vilardell NB, et al. Effects of an oral nutritional supplementation plus physical exercise intervention on the physical function, nutritional status, and quality of life in frail institutionalized older adults: The ACTIVNES Study. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2015;16(5):439.e9-.e16. Abizanda P, Lopez MD, Garcia VP, Estrella Jde D, da Silva GA, Vilardell NB, et al. Effects of an oral nutritional supplementation plus physical exercise intervention on the physical function, nutritional status, and quality of life in frail institutionalized older adults: The ACTIVNES Study. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2015;16(5):439.e9-.e16.
93.
Zurück zum Zitat Abou-Raya S, Abou-Raya A. Osteoporosis and congestive heart failure (CHF) in the elderly patient: double disease burden. Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 2009;49(2):250–4.PubMedCrossRef Abou-Raya S, Abou-Raya A. Osteoporosis and congestive heart failure (CHF) in the elderly patient: double disease burden. Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 2009;49(2):250–4.PubMedCrossRef
94.
Zurück zum Zitat Bandeen-Roche K, Seplaki CL, Huang J, Buta B, Kalyani RR, Varadhan R, et al. Frailty in older adults: a nationally representative profile in the United States. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2015;70(11):1427–34.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Bandeen-Roche K, Seplaki CL, Huang J, Buta B, Kalyani RR, Varadhan R, et al. Frailty in older adults: a nationally representative profile in the United States. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2015;70(11):1427–34.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
95.
Zurück zum Zitat Buttery AK, Martin FC. Knowledge, attitudes and intentions about participation in physical activity of older post-acute hospital inpatients. Physiotherapy. 2009;95(3):192–8.PubMedCrossRef Buttery AK, Martin FC. Knowledge, attitudes and intentions about participation in physical activity of older post-acute hospital inpatients. Physiotherapy. 2009;95(3):192–8.PubMedCrossRef
96.
Zurück zum Zitat Bohannon RW, Peolsson A, Massy-Westropp N, Desrosiers J, Bear-Lehman J. Reference values for adult grip strength measured with a Jamar dynamometer: a descriptive meta-analysis. Physiotherapy. 2006;92(1):11–5.CrossRef Bohannon RW, Peolsson A, Massy-Westropp N, Desrosiers J, Bear-Lehman J. Reference values for adult grip strength measured with a Jamar dynamometer: a descriptive meta-analysis. Physiotherapy. 2006;92(1):11–5.CrossRef
97.
Zurück zum Zitat Buttery AK, Busch MA, Gaertner B, Scheidt-Nave C, Fuchs J. Prevalence and correlates of frailty among older adults: findings from the German health interview and examination survey. BMC Geriatr. 2015;15. Buttery AK, Busch MA, Gaertner B, Scheidt-Nave C, Fuchs J. Prevalence and correlates of frailty among older adults: findings from the German health interview and examination survey. BMC Geriatr. 2015;15.
98.
Zurück zum Zitat Chang SF, Yang RS, Lin TC, Chiu SC, Chen ML, Lee HC. The discrimination of using the short physical performance battery to screen frailty for community-dwelling elderly people. J Nurs Scholarsh. 2014;46(3):207–15. Chang SF, Yang RS, Lin TC, Chiu SC, Chen ML, Lee HC. The discrimination of using the short physical performance battery to screen frailty for community-dwelling elderly people. J Nurs Scholarsh. 2014;46(3):207–15.
99.
Zurück zum Zitat da Camara SM, Alvarado BE, Guralnik JM, Guerra RO, Maciel AC. Using the short physical performance battery to screen for frailty in young-old adults with distinct socioeconomic conditions. Geriatr Gerontol Int. 2013;13(2):421–8.PubMedCrossRef da Camara SM, Alvarado BE, Guralnik JM, Guerra RO, Maciel AC. Using the short physical performance battery to screen for frailty in young-old adults with distinct socioeconomic conditions. Geriatr Gerontol Int. 2013;13(2):421–8.PubMedCrossRef
100.
Zurück zum Zitat Danilovich MK, Corcos DM, Marquez DX, Eisenstein AR, Hughes SL. Performance measures, hours of caregiving assistance, and risk of adverse care outcomes among older adult users of Medicaid home and community-based services. SAGE Open Med. 2015;3:2050312115614588. Danilovich MK, Corcos DM, Marquez DX, Eisenstein AR, Hughes SL. Performance measures, hours of caregiving assistance, and risk of adverse care outcomes among older adult users of Medicaid home and community-based services. SAGE Open Med. 2015;3:2050312115614588.
101.
Zurück zum Zitat Dato S, Montesanto A, Lagani V, Jeune B, Christensen K, Passarino G. Frailty phenotypes in the elderly based on cluster analysis: a longitudinal study of two Danish cohorts. Evidence for a genetic influence on frailty. Age. 2012;34(3):571–82.PubMedCrossRef Dato S, Montesanto A, Lagani V, Jeune B, Christensen K, Passarino G. Frailty phenotypes in the elderly based on cluster analysis: a longitudinal study of two Danish cohorts. Evidence for a genetic influence on frailty. Age. 2012;34(3):571–82.PubMedCrossRef
102.
Zurück zum Zitat Evenhuis HM, Hermans H, Hilgenkamp TIM, Bastiaanse LP, Echteld MA. Frailty and disability in older adults with intellectual disabilities: results from the healthy ageing and intellectual disability study. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2012;60(5):934–8.PubMedCrossRef Evenhuis HM, Hermans H, Hilgenkamp TIM, Bastiaanse LP, Echteld MA. Frailty and disability in older adults with intellectual disabilities: results from the healthy ageing and intellectual disability study. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2012;60(5):934–8.PubMedCrossRef
103.
Zurück zum Zitat Gurina NA, Frolova EV, Degryse JMA. A roadmap of aging in Russia: the prevalence of frailty in community-dwelling older adults in the St. Petersburg district - the “crystal” study. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2011;59(6):980–8. Gurina NA, Frolova EV, Degryse JMA. A roadmap of aging in Russia: the prevalence of frailty in community-dwelling older adults in the St. Petersburg district - the “crystal” study. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2011;59(6):980–8.
104.
Zurück zum Zitat Haider S, Luger E, Kapan A, Titze S, Lackinger C, Schindler KE, et al. Associations between daily physical activity, handgrip strength, muscle mass, physical performance and quality of life in prefrail and frail community-dwelling older adults. Qual Life Res. 2016. Haider S, Luger E, Kapan A, Titze S, Lackinger C, Schindler KE, et al. Associations between daily physical activity, handgrip strength, muscle mass, physical performance and quality of life in prefrail and frail community-dwelling older adults. Qual Life Res. 2016.
105.
Zurück zum Zitat Hoogendijk EO, Suanet B, Dent E, Deeg DJ, Aartsen MJ. Adverse effects of frailty on social functioning in older adults: results from the longitudinal aging study Amsterdam. Maturitas. 2015. Hoogendijk EO, Suanet B, Dent E, Deeg DJ, Aartsen MJ. Adverse effects of frailty on social functioning in older adults: results from the longitudinal aging study Amsterdam. Maturitas. 2015.
106.
Zurück zum Zitat Kang JY, Kim CH, Sung EJ, Shin HC, Shin WJ, Jung KH. The association between frailty and cognition in elderly women. Korean J Fam Med. 2016;37(3):164–70.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Kang JY, Kim CH, Sung EJ, Shin HC, Shin WJ, Jung KH. The association between frailty and cognition in elderly women. Korean J Fam Med. 2016;37(3):164–70.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
107.
Zurück zum Zitat Kim S, Park JL, Hwang HS, Kim YP. Correlation between frailty and cognitive function in non-demented community dwelling older Koreans. Korean J Fam Med. 2014;35(6):309–20.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Kim S, Park JL, Hwang HS, Kim YP. Correlation between frailty and cognitive function in non-demented community dwelling older Koreans. Korean J Fam Med. 2014;35(6):309–20.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
108.
Zurück zum Zitat Klein BE, Klein R, Knudtson MD, Lee KE. Relationship of measures of frailty to visual function: the beaver dam eye study. Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc. 2003;101:191–9. Klein BE, Klein R, Knudtson MD, Lee KE. Relationship of measures of frailty to visual function: the beaver dam eye study. Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc. 2003;101:191–9.
109.
Zurück zum Zitat Kwon J, Yoshida Y, Yoshida H, Kim H, Suzuki T, Lee Y. Effects of a combined physical training and nutrition intervention on physical performance and health-related quality of life in Prefrail older women living in the community: a randomized controlled trial. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2015;16(3). Kwon J, Yoshida Y, Yoshida H, Kim H, Suzuki T, Lee Y. Effects of a combined physical training and nutrition intervention on physical performance and health-related quality of life in Prefrail older women living in the community: a randomized controlled trial. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2015;16(3).
110.
Zurück zum Zitat Lee Y, Kim J, Han ES, Ryu M, Cho Y, Chae S. Frailty and body mass index as predictors of 3-year mortality in older adults living in the community. Gerontology. 2014;60(6):475–82.PubMedCrossRef Lee Y, Kim J, Han ES, Ryu M, Cho Y, Chae S. Frailty and body mass index as predictors of 3-year mortality in older adults living in the community. Gerontology. 2014;60(6):475–82.PubMedCrossRef
111.
Zurück zum Zitat Mohr BA, Bhasin S, Kupelian V, Araujo AB, O'Donnell AB, McKinlay JB. Testosterone, sex hormone-binding globulin, and frailty in older men. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2007;55(4):548–55.PubMedCrossRef Mohr BA, Bhasin S, Kupelian V, Araujo AB, O'Donnell AB, McKinlay JB. Testosterone, sex hormone-binding globulin, and frailty in older men. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2007;55(4):548–55.PubMedCrossRef
112.
Zurück zum Zitat Mora M, Granada ML, Palomera E, Serra-Prat M, Puig-Domingo M. Obestatin is associated to muscle strength, functional capacity and cognitive status in old women. Age. 2013;35(6):2515–23. Mora M, Granada ML, Palomera E, Serra-Prat M, Puig-Domingo M. Obestatin is associated to muscle strength, functional capacity and cognitive status in old women. Age. 2013;35(6):2515–23.
113.
Zurück zum Zitat Moreira BD. Dos Anjos DMD, Pereira DS, Sampaio RF, Pereira LSM, Dias RC, et al. the geriatric depression scale and the timed up and go test predict fear of falling in community-dwelling elderly women with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a cross-sectional study. BMC Geriatr. 2016;16. Moreira BD. Dos Anjos DMD, Pereira DS, Sampaio RF, Pereira LSM, Dias RC, et al. the geriatric depression scale and the timed up and go test predict fear of falling in community-dwelling elderly women with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a cross-sectional study. BMC Geriatr. 2016;16.
114.
Zurück zum Zitat Muller M, van den Beld AW, van der Schouw YT, Grobbee DE, Lamberts SW. Effects of dehydroepiandrosterone and atamestane supplementation on frailty in elderly men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2006;91(10):3988–91.PubMedCrossRef Muller M, van den Beld AW, van der Schouw YT, Grobbee DE, Lamberts SW. Effects of dehydroepiandrosterone and atamestane supplementation on frailty in elderly men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2006;91(10):3988–91.PubMedCrossRef
115.
Zurück zum Zitat Parentoni AN, Lustosa LP, Santos KDd SLF, Ferreira FO, Mendonça VA. [Comparação da força muscular respiratória entre os subgrupos de fragilidade em idosas da comunidade]. Fisioter Pesqui. 2013;20(4):361–6. Parentoni AN, Lustosa LP, Santos KDd SLF, Ferreira FO, Mendonça VA. [Comparação da força muscular respiratória entre os subgrupos de fragilidade em idosas da comunidade]. Fisioter Pesqui. 2013;20(4):361–6.
116.
Zurück zum Zitat Passarino G, Montesanto A, De Rango F, Garasto S, Berardelli M, Domma F, et al. A cluster analysis to define human aging phenotypes. Biogerontology. 2007;8(3):283–90.PubMedCrossRef Passarino G, Montesanto A, De Rango F, Garasto S, Berardelli M, Domma F, et al. A cluster analysis to define human aging phenotypes. Biogerontology. 2007;8(3):283–90.PubMedCrossRef
117.
Zurück zum Zitat Samper-Ternent R, Al Snih S, Raji MA, Markides KS, Ottenbacher KJ. Relationship between frailty and cognitive decline in older Mexican Americans. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2008;56(10):1845–52.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Samper-Ternent R, Al Snih S, Raji MA, Markides KS, Ottenbacher KJ. Relationship between frailty and cognitive decline in older Mexican Americans. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2008;56(10):1845–52.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
118.
Zurück zum Zitat Sanders JL, Singh J, Minster RL, Walston JD, Matteini AM, Christensen K, et al. Association between mortality and heritability of the scale of aging vigor in epidemiology. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2016. Sanders JL, Singh J, Minster RL, Walston JD, Matteini AM, Christensen K, et al. Association between mortality and heritability of the scale of aging vigor in epidemiology. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2016.
119.
Zurück zum Zitat Saum KU, Mueller H, Stegmaier C, Hauer K, Raum E, Brenner H. Development and evaluation of a modification of the fried frailty criteria using population-independent Cutpoints. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2012;60(11):2110–5. Saum KU, Mueller H, Stegmaier C, Hauer K, Raum E, Brenner H. Development and evaluation of a modification of the fried frailty criteria using population-independent Cutpoints. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2012;60(11):2110–5.
120.
Zurück zum Zitat Seematter-Bagnoud L, Santos-Eggimann B, Rochat S, Martin E, Karmaniola A, Aminian K, et al. Vulnerability in high-functioning persons aged 65 to 70 years: the importance of the fear factor. Aging Clin Exp Res. 2010;22(3):212–8.PubMedCrossRef Seematter-Bagnoud L, Santos-Eggimann B, Rochat S, Martin E, Karmaniola A, Aminian K, et al. Vulnerability in high-functioning persons aged 65 to 70 years: the importance of the fear factor. Aging Clin Exp Res. 2010;22(3):212–8.PubMedCrossRef
121.
Zurück zum Zitat Tieland M, Dirks ML, van der Zwaluw N, Verdijk LB, van de Rest O, de Groot LCPGM, et al. Protein supplementation increases muscle mass gain during prolonged resistance-type exercise training in frail elderly people: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2012;13(8):713–9.PubMedCrossRef Tieland M, Dirks ML, van der Zwaluw N, Verdijk LB, van de Rest O, de Groot LCPGM, et al. Protein supplementation increases muscle mass gain during prolonged resistance-type exercise training in frail elderly people: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2012;13(8):713–9.PubMedCrossRef
122.
Zurück zum Zitat Vieira AI, Nogueira D, de Azevedo Reis E, da Lapa Rosado M, Vania Nunes M, Castro-Caldas A. Hand tactile discrimination, social touch and frailty criteria in elderly people: a cross sectional observational study. Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 2016;66:73–81.PubMedCrossRef Vieira AI, Nogueira D, de Azevedo Reis E, da Lapa Rosado M, Vania Nunes M, Castro-Caldas A. Hand tactile discrimination, social touch and frailty criteria in elderly people: a cross sectional observational study. Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 2016;66:73–81.PubMedCrossRef
123.
Zurück zum Zitat Walston J, Arking DE, Fallin D, Li T, Beamer B, Xue Q, et al. IL-6 gene variation is not associated with increased serum levels of IL-6, muscle, weakness, or frailty in older women. Exp Gerontol. 2005;40(4):344–52.PubMedCrossRef Walston J, Arking DE, Fallin D, Li T, Beamer B, Xue Q, et al. IL-6 gene variation is not associated with increased serum levels of IL-6, muscle, weakness, or frailty in older women. Exp Gerontol. 2005;40(4):344–52.PubMedCrossRef
124.
Zurück zum Zitat Wu IC, Shiesh SC, Kuo PH, Lin XZ. High oxidative stress is correlated with frailty in elderly chinese. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2009;57(9):1666–71. Wu IC, Shiesh SC, Kuo PH, Lin XZ. High oxidative stress is correlated with frailty in elderly chinese. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2009;57(9):1666–71.
Metadaten
Titel
Differences in handgrip strength protocols to identify sarcopenia and frailty - a systematic review
Publikationsdatum
01.12.2017
Erschienen in
BMC Geriatrics / Ausgabe 1/2017
Elektronische ISSN: 1471-2318
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-017-0625-y

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 1/2017

BMC Geriatrics 1/2017 Zur Ausgabe

Leitlinien kompakt für die Innere Medizin

Mit medbee Pocketcards sicher entscheiden.

Seit 2022 gehört die medbee GmbH zum Springer Medizin Verlag

Update Innere Medizin

Bestellen Sie unseren Fach-Newsletter und bleiben Sie gut informiert.