Background
Aims
Methods
Study design and setting
Participants
Variables
Ethics
Analyses
Power calculation
Statistical methods
Results
Students | Nurses | P-value | |
---|---|---|---|
(n = 243) | (n = 203) | ||
Age in years (SD), range (n = 441)1)
| 28.2 (7.6), 21-54 | 42.0 (9.3), 23-66 | <0.001 |
Gender (men) | 29 (11.9%) | 16 (7.9%) | 0.16 |
Childhood outside Norway (n = 445)1)
| 12 (5.0%) | 16 (7.9%) | 0.21 |
Mathematics beyond 1st year high-school/USS2)
| 105 (43.2%) | 80 (39.4%) | 0.42 |
Other education prior to nurse education | 106 (43.6%) | 81 (39.9%) | 0.43 |
Part time job past 12 months (full time = 1.00) | 0.23 (0.21) | 0.86 (0.16) | <0.001 |
Frequency
3)
medication tasks - overall
| 0.6 (0.5) | 1.7 (0.6) | <0.001 |
- Drug dose calculation tasks | 0.2 (0.5) | 1.4 (1.1) | <0.001 |
- Preparation tasks | 0.3 (0.5) | 1.8 (0.6) | <0.001 |
- Distribution tasks | 0.9 (0.8) | 1.8 (0.7) | <0.001 |
Total mean score GHQ
4)
(9 items) | 0.89 (0.26) | 0.90 (0.23) | 0.67 |
- Sense of coping (0-3) | 0.97 (0.27) | 0.79 (0.28) | <0.001 |
- Sense of self esteem/well-being (0-3) | 0.79 (0.35) | 1.01 (0.23) | <0.001 |
Knowledge | Certainty in each answer | Risk of error | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Proportion correct answers | Score 0-3 1)
| Score 1-3 2)
| ||||
Students | Nurses | Students | Nurses | Students | Nurses | |
Total
|
61.5 (7.8)
|
68.9 (8.0)
|
1.7 (0.4)
|
1.9 (0.4)
|
1.8 (0.1)
|
1.7 (0.1)
|
Pharmacology (14)
3)
|
70.8 (11.4)
|
73.7 (11.1)
|
1.6 (0.5)
|
1.8 (0.5)
|
1.7 (0.2)
|
1.6 (0.2)
|
- General (3) | 84.5 (19.7) | 81.9 (21.8) | 1.8 (0.6) | 1.70.6) | 1.5 (0.3) | 1.5 (0.4) |
- Effect (3) | 72.8 (25.0) | 79.8 (20.8) | 1.3 (0.7) | 1.6 (0.7) | 1.6 (0.3) | 1.5 (0.3) |
- Side effects, interactions (4) | 71.3 (22.7) | 77.1 (21.8) | 1.5 (0.6) | 1.8 (0.7) | 1.7 (0.3) | 1.6 (0.3) |
- Administration form/generics (4) | 58.5 (20.6) | 59.5 (19.1) | 1.8 (0.5) | 1.9 (0.6) | 1.9 (0.3) | 1.8 (0.3) |
Drug management (14)
|
42.7 (11.8)
|
53.2 (11.8)
|
1.6 (0.5)
|
1.9 (0.5)
|
2.0 (0.2)
|
1.9 (0.2)
|
- Responsibility (2) | 27.4 (33.7) | 58.9 (34.4) | 1.5 (0.8) | 2.0 (0.7) | 2.2 (0.5) | 1.8 (0.6) |
- Storage (4) | 17.3 (18.0) | 33.9 (21.4) | 1.2 (0.7) | 1.5 (0.6) | 2.3 (0.3) | 2.1 (0.4) |
- Dispensing (4) | 61.6 (19.7) | 60.1 (21.5) | 1.7 (0.6) | 2.0 (0.6) | 1.7 (0.3) | 1.8 (0.4) |
- Distribution (4) | 56.9 (22.6) | 62.8 (22.2) | 1.8 (0.7) | 2.1 (0.6) | 2.0 (0.4) | 1.8 (0.4) |
Drug dose calculations (14)
|
71.0 (13.5)
|
79.9 (14.2)
|
1.8 (0.5)
|
2.0 (0.6)
|
1.6 (0.2)
|
1.5 (0.3)
|
- Units (7) | 71.4 (17.7) | 75.7 (20.4) | 1.9 (0.5) | 2.1 (0.6) | 1.6 (0.2) | 1.5 (0.3) |
- Dose-amount-strength (4) | 71.5 (19.1) | 84.7 (16.9) | 1.9 (0.6) | 2.0 (0.7) | 1.5 (0.3) | 1.4 (0.3) |
- Dilution/infusion (3) | 67.7 (25.9) | 83.4 (25.3) | 1.5 (0.8) | 1.8 (0.8) | 1.6 (0.4) | 1.5 (0.4) |
Proportion of questions with high risk of error | |||
---|---|---|---|
Students | Nurses | P-value | |
(n = 243) | (n = 203) | ||
Total (42)
2)
|
15.6%
|
14.9%
|
0.46
|
Pharmacology (14)
| 11.2% | 11.1% | 0.98 |
- General (3) | 5.9% | 5.4% | 0.68 |
- Effect (3) | 3.7% | 2.8% | 0.38 |
- Side effects/interactions (4) | 7.9% | 8.9% | 0.66 |
- Administration form/generics (4) | 24.0% | 23.8% | 0.99 |
Drug management
|
26.6%
|
26.4%
|
0.87
|
- Responsibility (2) | 36.4% | 24.9% | 0.001 |
- Storage (4) | 29.8% | 27.3% | 0.39 |
- Dispensing (4) | 15.0% | 24.3% | <0.001 |
- Distribution (4) | 30.0% | 28.4% | 0.43 |
Drug dose calculations (14)
|
9.1%
|
7.2%
|
0.005
|
- Units (7) | 10.8% | 10.2% | 0.30 |
- Dose-amount-strength (4) | 8.4% | 3.4% | <0.001 |
- Dilution/infusion (3) | 5.5% | 4.8% | 0.38 |
Total | Pharmacology | Drug management | Drug dose calculations | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
B (95% CI) | P-value | B (95% CI) | P-value | B (95% CI) | P-value | B (95% CI) | P-value | |
Study group (student - > nurse) | 8.05 (5.86:10.24) | <0.001 | 5.32 (2.22:6.41) | 0.001 | 10.87 (7.32:14.42) | <0.001 | 5.87 (1.58:10.16) | 0.007 |
Age (years) | -0.02 (-0.11:0.07) | 0.69 | -0.09 (-0.22:0.03) | 0.15 | 0.08 (-0.05:0.22) | 0.22 | -0.04 (-0.20:0.11) | 0.59 |
Gender (men- > women) | - 2.76 (-5.25:-0.28) | 0.03 | -0.57 (-4.08:2.95) | 0.75 | -1.68 (-.39:2.04) | 0.38 | -5.79 (-10.06:-1.51) | 0.008 |
Childhood outside Norway | -3.53 (-6.64:-0.42) | 0.03 | -5.39 (9.79:-0.98) | 0.02 | -1.40 (-6.05:3.24) | 0.55 | -4.86 (-10.24:0.53) | 0.08 |
Maths beyond 1 year USS1)
| 0.48 (-1.04:2.01) | 0.53 | -1.40 (-3.56:0.76) | 0.43 | 0.80 (-0.48:3.08) | 0.49 | 2.00(-0.61:4.62) | 0.13 |
Other education prior to nurse | -0.10 (-1.64:1.43) | 0.90 | 0.88 (-1.30:3.05) | 0.20 | 0.50 (-1.80:2.80) | 0.67 | -1.88(-4.52:0.77) | 0.16 |
Part time job | *) | *) | *) | *) | ||||
Sense of coping2)
| - 0.16 (-3.18:2.86) | 0.92 | 2.84 (-1.43:7.11) | 0.19 | 0.09 (-4.43:4.60) | 0.97 | -3.13 (-8.32:2.05) | 0.24 |
Sense of wellbeing/self esteem2)
| -0.82 (-3.61:1.96) | 0.56 | -2.24 (-6.18:1.71) | 0.27 | -1.13 (-5.29:3.04) | 0.60 | 1.11(-3.67:5.89) | 0.65 |
Frequency of medication tasks3)
| *) | *) | ||||||
Dispensing | *) | |||||||
Distribution | -1.30(-2.79:0.18) | 0.09 | - | - | ||||
Drug dose calculations | - | - | 2.59 (1.07:4.11) | 0.001 | ||||
R-square change | 0.20 | 0.05 | 0.18 | 0.15 |
Total | Pharmacology | Drug management | Drug dose calculations | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
B (95% CI) | P-value | B (95% CI) | P-value | B (95% CI) | P-value | B (95% CI) | P-value | |
Study group (student - > nurse) | 0.80 (-0.19: 1.79) | 0.11 | 0.14 (-0.17: 0.46) | 0.37 | 0.28 (-0.40: 0.97) | 0.41 | 0.07 (-0.32: 0.47) | 0.71 |
Age (years) | 0.005 (-0.03: 0.04) | 0.79 | <-0.01(-0.02:0.01) | 0.42 | 0.01 (-0.01: 0.04) | 0.34 | <0.01 (-0.01: 0.02) | 0.44 |
Gender (men- > women) | -0.99 (-2.06: 0.08) | 0.07 | -0.35 (-0.71:0.001) | 0.05 | -0.42 (-1.11: 0.27) | 0.23 | -0.12 (-0.51: 0.27) | 0.55 |
Childhood outside Norway | 1.87 (0.53: 3.20) | 0.006 | 0.46 ( 0.01: 0.90) | 0.04 | 1.11 ( 0.26: 1.96) | 0.01 | 0.33 (-0.16: 0.82) | 0.18 |
Maths beyond 1 year USS1)
| -0.47 (-1.12: 0.19) | 0.16 | -0.19 (-0.41: 0.03) | 0.09 | -0.24 (-0.66: 0.18) | 0.26 | -0.03 (-0.26: 0.21) | 0.83 |
Other education prior to nurse | 0.31 (-0.35:0.97) | 0.35 | 0.15 (-0.07: 0.37) | 0.19 | <0.01 (-0.43:0.42) | 0.98 | 0.16 (-0.08: 0.41) | 0.18 |
Part time job | *) | *) | *) | *) | ||||
Sense of coping3)
| -1.66 (-2.98:-0.33) | 0.01 | -0.36 (-0.80: 0.08) | 0.11 | -1.14 (-1.99:-0.29) | 0.01 | -0.07 (-0.55: 0.42) | 0.78 |
Sense of wellbeing/self esteem2)
| 0.59 (-0.61: 1.80) | 0.33 | 0.23 (-0.17: 0.63) | 0.25 | 0.32 (-0.46: 0.10) | 0.42 | 0.01 (-0.45: 0.43) | 0.96 |
Knowledge - total | -0.15 (-0.19:-0.11) | <0.001 | - | - | - | - | - | |
Pharmacology | - | -0.03 (-0.04:-0.02) | <0.001 | - | - | - | - | |
Drug management | - | - | -0.07 (-0.09:-0.06) | <0.001 | - | - | ||
Drug dose calculations | - | - | - | - | -0.03 (-0.04:-0.03) | <0.001 | ||
Frequency of medication tasks3)
| *) | *) | - | - | - | - | ||
Dispensing | *) | - | - | |||||
Distribution | 0.12 (-0.16: 0.39) | 0.41 | - | - | ||||
Drug dose calculations | - | - | 0.15 (0.02:0.29) | 0.03 | ||||
R square change | 0.15 | 0.13 | 0.17 | 0.14 |