Background
Methods
Participants
Study design
Resistance exercise group (RG)
Starting position | Description of the exercise | Number of repetitions in 1 set |
---|---|---|
Lying supine with feet on the ground 10 cm apart, arms at sides with palms down. | Shoulder bridge – The pelvis is slowly lifted with tense abdominal and gluteal muscles. This position is held and the knees are alternately extended. The pelvis is then slowly lowered. | 4×/side |
Lying supine with the hips and knees flexed at 90° | One leg with flexed knee is lowered towards the ground while the contralateral arm is raised vertically. This position is held 2 s and then the exercise is repeated with the opposite limbs. | 4×/side |
Kneeling position, elbows and forearms on the floor, knees under the hips, trunk stabilized, spine and pelvis stable. | Swimming - The contralateral arm and leg are simultaneously raised until level with the trunk. The exercise is then repeated with the opposite limbs. | 4×/side |
Static forearm plank. | One leg is raised with the knee extended (lumbar spine in neutral), the position is held for 2 s and then the leg is slowly lowered. This is then repeated with the opposite leg. | 4×/side |
Static low forearm plank. | The pelvis in held in a raised position for 2 s and then lowered. | 6x/side |
Sitting on a physioball, legs apart, soles on the ground, hands holding a green band. | The participant leans forward from the hip to 45° with shoulders at approximately 150° flexion while stretching the band. This position is held for 2 s and then the participant slowly returns to the starting position. | 8x |
Standing straight with feet hip width apart and a ball between the back and a wall. | Ball squatting against a wall – The participant leans into the ball and squats until the thighs are parallel to the ground. The arms are raised and this position is held for 2 s. | 8x |
Standing with feet hip width apart and tense trunk muscles. | Backward lunge – The knees are bent to a lunge position, which is held for 2 s before returning to the starting stance. | 4×/side |
Standing with 1 kg weights in both hands. | The participant performs a forward lunge while abducting the arms to 90° and then returns to the starting position. | 4×/side |
Standing with feet hip width apart and arms straight in front. | The participant steps right/left and lowers into a side lunge before returning to the starting position. | 4×/side |
Walking group (WG)
Control group (CG)
Laboratory tests
Physiotherapist-conducted interviews
Data analysis
Results
Participant characteristics
Variables | RG (n = 50) | WG (n = 50) | CG (n = 50) | P value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age, years | 60.2 ± 6.9 | 58.7 ± 6.3 | 57.8 ± 8.4 | 0.15 |
Height, cm | 162.6 ± 9.8 | 159.6 ± 6.4 | 161.7 ± 5.0 | 0.06 |
Weight, kg | 69.7 ± 11.8 | 72.7 ± 14.8 | 69.5 ± 13.0 | 0.41 |
BMI, kg/m2 | 26.3 ± 5.4 | 27.2 ± 6.1 | 28.1 ± 3.9 | 0.24 |
T-score | −2.2 ± 0.7 | −1.9 ± 0.9 | −2.1 ± 0.7 | 0.31 |
PTH, pmol/L | 5.0 ± 1.6 | 5.7 ± 2.6 | 4.9 ± 1.7 | 0.21 |
25-OH-D, nmol/L | 25.8 ± 11.2 | 27.1 ± 17.6 | 26.8 ± 16.0 | 0.16 |
Resting heart rate, /min | 75 ± 6.2 | 74 ± 7.1 | 76 ± 4.7 | 0.38 |
Number that occasionally consume alcohol, %a | 19 (38 %) | 16 (32 %) | 12 (40 %) | 0.43 |
Number that consume coffee, %a,b | 31 (62 %) | 37 (74 %) | 23 (76 %) | 0.21 |
Smokers, %a | 5 (10 %) | 6 (12 %) | 3 (10 %) | 0.43 |
Physical activity, kcal/weekc | 3075 ± 1546 | 3150 ± 1687 | 3190 ± 1543 | 0.54 |
Bone biomarkers
Variables | RG (n = 50) | WG (n = 50) | CG (n = 50) |
---|---|---|---|
BALP | |||
Baseline [%]a | 41.7 ± 12.8 | 41.8 ± 7.6 | 42.2 ± 10.4 |
Post-intervention [%]a | 41.8 ± 12.0 | 42.1 ± 8.4 | 42.1 ± 10.2 |
Change [%]b | +0.1 ± 5.0 | +0.9 ± 2.6 | −0.14 ± 0.57 |
P value | 0.33 | 0.05 | 0.19 |
ANOVA | P = 0.21 | ||
Post hoc tests | P
RG − CG = 0.90; P
RG − WG = 0.47; P
WG − CG = 0.23 | ||
CTX | |||
Baseline [pg/mL] | 303.6 ± 156.8 | 247.3 ± 106.2 | 259.1 ± 110.2 |
Post-intervention [pg/mL] | 276.4 ± 143.6 | 253.9 ± 107.5 | 256.7 ± 111.2 |
Change [pg/mL]b | −27.2 ± 33.5 | +6.6 ± 30.7 | −2.4 ± 14.6 |
P value (paired t) | <0.01 | 0.11 | 0.37 |
ANOVA | P < 0.01 | ||
Post hoc tests | P
RG − CG < 0.01; P
RG − WG < 0.01; P
WG − CG = 0.20 | ||
SCLEROSTIN | |||
Baseline [pmol/L] | 26.8 ± 14.0 | 23.6 ± 10.0 | 24.0 ± 8.8 |
Post-intervention [pmol/L] | 29.8 ± 15.7 | 29.9 ± 10.8 | 24.2 ± 8.8 |
Change [pmol/L]b | +2.9 ± 8.6 | +6.3 ± 12.1 | −0.2 ± 8.7 |
P value | 0.08 | <0.01 | 0.49 |
ANOVA | P < 0.01 | ||
Post hoc tests | P
TG − CG = 0.1; P
TG − WG = 0.11; P
WG − CG < 0.01 |