Background
Methods
Design & Participants
Sample size
Measures
Socio-demographic characteristics
Self-rated health status (SRH)
Health-promoting lifestyle (HPL)
Data analysis
Results
Characteristics of the participants
Parameters | Total sample (n = 829) | International students | Chinese students | x2/t/z |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age | 23.04 ± 3.30 | 22.95 ± 3.90 | 21.63 ± 2.77 |
t = −6.49* |
Gender | ||||
Female | 498(60.1%) | 221 (68%) | 277(55%) | ×2 = 14.00* |
Male | 331 (39.9%) | 104 (32%) | 227(45%) | |
BMI | ||||
< 18.5 | 74 (8.9%) | 32 (9.8%) | 42 (8.3%) | ×2 = 21.03* |
18.6–24.9 | 596 (71.9%) | 256 (78.8%) | 340 (67.5%) | |
25.0–29.9 | 119 (14.4%) | 27 (8.3%) | 92 (18.3%) | |
≥ 30 | 40 (4.8%) | 10(3.1%) | 30 (6.0%) | |
Level of Education | ||||
Sophomore/freshman year | 628 (77.0%) | 245(75.4%) | 393 (78.0%) | ×2 = 23.04* |
Senior year | 168(20.25%) | 60(18.5%) | 108(21.4%) | |
Post-graduate | 23(2.8%) | 20 (6.2%) | 3(0.6) | |
Students’ major | ||||
Medical | 653(78.8%) | 298(91.7% | 355(70.4%) | ×2 = 53.38* |
Non-Medical | 176(21.2%) | 27(8.3%) | 149(29.6%) | |
Smoking Status | ||||
Current Smoker | 73 (8.8%) | 59 (18.2%) | 14 (2.8%) | ×2 = 58.172* |
Non-smoker | 756 (91.2%) | 266 (81.8%) | 490 (97.2%) | |
Alcohol Consumption | ||||
drinker | 254 (30.6%) | 141(43.60%) | 113(22.4%) | ×2 = 40.862* |
Non-drinker | 575 (69.4%) | 184 (56.40%) | 391 (77.6%) | |
Financial Status (RMB) | ||||
≤ 1000 | 221(26.7%) | 104 (32.0%) | 117(23.3%) | ×2 = 52.23* |
1000 ~ 2000 | 464(56.0%) | 203 (62.5%) | 261(51.9%) | |
> 2000 | 143 (17.3%) | 18 (5.5%) | 126 (24.9%) | |
Length of stay in Dalian (yrs.) | 1(1) | 2.0 (1.00) | z = −1.202* |
Health-promoting lifestyle (HPL) of college students in Dalian City, China
Socio-demographic characteristics | Total HPLP-II Mean ± SD | HR Mean ± SD | SG Mean ± SD | PA Mean ± SD | Nutrition Mean ± SD | IR Mean ± SD | SM Mean ± SD |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gender | |||||||
Female | 2.63 ± 0.47 | 2.28 ± .59 | 2.24 ± .60 | 2.33 ± 0.58 | 2.68 ± 0.60 | 2.89 ± 0.58 | 2.38 ± 0.50 |
Male | 2.65 ± 0.40 | 2.24 ± 0.57 | 2.88 ± 0.54 | 2.34 ± 0.57 | 2.74 ± 0.55 | 2.89 ± 0.49 | 2.40 ± 0.47 |
t | −.487 | 1.12 | −.395 | −1.408 | −1.11 | −.079 | −.398 |
P value | 0.616 | 0.264 | 0.267 | 0.694 | 0.160 | 0.937 | 0.688 |
95% CI | -0.08 ~ .05 | −0.04 ~ .13 | −0.13 ~ 0.03 | −0.10 ~ 0.07 | −0.14 ~ 0.02 | −0.08 ~ 0.07 | −0.08 ~ 0.05 |
Eta squared | 0.000 | 0.002 | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.002 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
BMI | |||||||
< 18.5 | 2.60 ± 0.51 | 2.62 ± 0.63 | 2.85 ± 0.65 | 2.34 ± 0.51 | 2.62 ± 0.63 | 2.85 ± 0.69 | 2.41 ± 0.56 |
18.6 - 24.9 | 2.64 ± 0.44 | 2.70 ± 0.59 | 2.92 ± 0.57 | 2.32 ± 0.58 | 2.70 ± 0.59 | 2.90 ± 0.53 | 2.39 ± 0.48 |
25.0 - 29.9 | 2.64 ± 0.39 | 2.79 ± 0.53 | 2.85 ± 0.55 | 2.35 ± 0.57 | 2.79 ± 0.54 | 2.86 ± 0.52 | 2.39 ± 0.46 |
≥ 30 | 2.69 ± 0.54 | 2.74 ± 0.64 | 2.91 ± 0.63 | 2.44 ± 0.69 | 2.74 ± 0.63 | 2.86 ± 0.65 | 2.37 ± 0.64 |
F | 0.288 | 1.042 | 0.529 | 0.614 | 1.410 | 0.264 | 0.040 |
P Value | 0.834 | 0.373 | 0.662 | 0.606 | 0.239 | 0.852 | 0.989 |
Eta squared | 0.001 | 0.004 | 0.002 | 0.002 | 0.005 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Level of education | |||||||
Sophomore/Freshman year | 2.63 ± 0.44 | 2.22 ± 0.57 | 2.90 ± 0.57 | 2.32 ± 0.58 | 2.70 ± 0.59 | 2.89 ± 0.55 | 2.38 ± 0.49 |
Senior Year | 2.70 ± .45 | 2.43 ± .58 | 2.90 ± .61 | 2.40 ± .55 | 2.76 ± .58 | 2.91 ± .54 | 2.44 ± .48 |
Post graduate | 2.47 ± 37 | 2.35 ± .51 | 2.82 ± .50 | 2.22 ± .57 | 2.40 ± 0.39 | 2.59 ± 0.46 | 2.14 ± 0.29 |
F | 3.061 | 8.401 | 0.166 | 1.523 | 3.125 | 2.934 | 0.040 |
P value | 0.047 | 0.000 | 0.847 | 0.219 | 0.044 | 0.054 | 0.989 |
Eta squared | 0.008 | 0.021 | 0.000 | 0.004 | 0.008 | 0.007 | 0.000 |
Students’ major | |||||||
Medical | 2.60 ± 0.43 | 2.25 ± 0.55 | 2.87 ± 0.56 | 2.30 ± 0.55 | 2.67 ± 0.58 | 2.85 ± 0.53 | 2.36 ± .49 |
Non-medical | 2.75 ± 0.49 | 2.33 ± .66 | 2.99 ± .62 | 2.44 ± .65 | 2.85 ± .60 | 3.03 ± 0.58 | 2.50 ± 0.48 |
t | −3.895 | −1.62 | −2.62 | −3.65 | −2.46 | −3.95 | −3.68 |
P value | 0.000 | 0.100 | 0.014 | 0.009 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
95% CI | −.22 ~ −0.07 | −0.19 ~ 0.02 | −0.22 ~ −0.02 | −0.25 ~ −0.03 | −0.28 ~ −0.09 | −0.27 ~ −0.09 | −0.23 ~ −0.07 |
Eta squared | 0.019 | 0.003 | 0.003 | 0.003 | 0.005 | 0.019 | 0.017 |
Smoking status | |||||||
Current smoker | 2.48 ± 0.42 | 2.30 ± 0.54 | 2.68 ± 0.52 | 2.33 ± 0.54 | 2.46 ± 0.50 | 2.65 ± 0.54 | 2.22 ± 0.47 |
Non-smoker | 2.65 ± 0.44 | 2.26 ± 0.58 | 2.92 ± 0.58 | 2.33 ± 0.58 | 2.73 ± 0.59 | 2.91 ± 0.54 | 2.41 ± 0.49 |
t | −3.161 | 0.444 | −3.412 | 0.013 | −3.797 | −3.822 | −3.161 |
P value | 0.002 | 0.657 | 0.001 | 0.990 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.002 |
95% CI | -0.28 ~ −0.07 | −0.11 ~ 0.17 | −0.38 ~ −0.10 | −0.14 ~ 0.14 | −0.41 ~ −0.13 | −0.39 ~ −0.12 | −0.28 ~ −0.07 |
Eta squared | 0.012 | 0.000 | 0.014 | 0.000 | 0.018 | 0.005 | 0.012 |
Alcohol consumption | |||||||
drinker | 2.56 ± 0.42 | 2.19 ± 0.56 | 2.80 ± 0.57 | 2.35 ± 0.55 | 2.58 ± 0.53 | 2.79 ± 0.52 | 2.33 ± 0.46 |
Non-drinker | 2.67 ± 0.45 | 2.30 ± 0.59 | 2.94 ± 0.57 | 2.32 ± 0.59 | 2.76 ± 0.60 | 2.93 ± 0.55 | 2.42 ± 0.50 |
t | −3.335 | −2.312 | −3.242 | 0.642 | −3.824 | −3.357 | −2.185 |
P value | 0.001 | 0.021 | 0.001 | 0.521 | 0.000 | 0.001 | 0.029 |
95% CI | -0.18 ~ −0.05 | −0.19 ~ −0.02 | −0.23 ~ −0.06 | −0.06 ~ 0.12 | −0.26 ~ −0.08 | −0.22 ~ −0.06 | −0.16 ~ −0.01 |
Eta squared | 0.014 | 0.007 | 0.013 | 0.000 | 0.018 | 0.014 | 0.006 |
Financial status | |||||||
≤ 1000 | 2.63 ± .49 | 2.24 ± .58 | 2.91 ± .66 | 2.34 ± .61 | 2.66 ± .63 | 2.92 ± .58 | 2.39 ± .54 |
1000 ~ 2000 | 2.65 ± .43 | 2.29 ± .59 | 2.91 ± .54 | 2.34 ± .57 | 2.72 ± .57 | 2.88 ± .54 | 2.40 ± .45 |
> 2000 | 2.62 ± .43 | 2.23 ± .55 | 2.85 ± .55 | 2.30 ± .57 | 2.75 ± .58 | 2.86 ± .53 | 2.35 ± .50 |
F | 0.229 | 0.762 | 0.549 | 0.212 | 0.983 | 0.657 | 0.499 |
P value | 0.795 | 0.467 | 0.578 | 0.809 | 0.375 | 0.519 | 0.607 |
Eta squared | 0.000 | 0.002 | 0.001 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Nationality | |||||||
Chinese | 2.74 ± 0.44 | 2.30 ± 0.61 | 2.98 ± 0.57 | 2.38 ± 0.60 | 2.92 ± 0.54 | 3.00 ± 0.52 | 2.53 ± 0.47 |
International | 2.44 ± 0.42 | 2.21 ± 0.52 | 2.75 ± 0.55 | 2.24 ± 0.52 | 2.34 ± 0.47 | 2.68 ± 0.52 | 2.16 ± 0.43 |
P value | 0.000 | 0.030 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
95% CI | 0.24 ~ 0.36 | 0.01 ~ 0.17 | 0.15 ~ 0.31 | 0.06 ~ 0.23 | 0.51 ~ 0.66 | 0.15 ~ .25 | 0.30 ~ 0.43 |
Eta squared | 0.113 | 0.006 | 0.037 | 0.015 | 0.257 | .083 | 0.136 |
Socio-demographic characteristics and HPL of college students in Dalian City China
Comparison of self-rated health of between the Chinese and international students
Socio-demographic characteristics | Physical health ± SD | Psychological health ± SD | Social health ± SD |
---|---|---|---|
Gender | |||
Female | 68.30 ± 9.89 | 66.51 ± 13.53 | 65.52 ± 15.21 |
Male | 66.48 ± 10.02 | 64.78 ± 12.40 | 64.70 ± 13.91 |
t | 2.545 | 1.84 | 0.776 |
P value | 0.011 | 0.067 | 0.438 |
95% CI | 0.42 ~ 3.24 | −0.12 ~ 3.58 | −1.27 ~ 2.90 |
Eta squared | 0.008 | 0.004 | 0.000 |
BMI | |||
< 18.5 | 69.19 ± 9.70 | 68.46 ± 11.87 | 67.18 ± 15.38 |
18.6 - 24.9 | 68.29 ± 9.99 | 66.65 ± 13.17 | 65.63 ± 14.60 |
25.0 - 29.9 | 63.27 ± 9.28 | 61.22 ± 11.97 | 62.81 ± 14.23 |
≥ 30 | 66.64 ± 9.14 | 62.28 ± 14.28 | 61.99 ± 15.45 |
F | 9.201 | 7.585 | 2.232 |
P Value | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.083 |
Eta squared | 0.033 | 0.03 | 0.000 |
Level of education | |||
Freshman year/sophomore | 67.36 ± 9.93 | 65.64 ± 13.36 | 64.31 ± 14.96 |
Senior year | 67.32 ± 9.65 | 66.15 ± 12.31 | 68.07 ± 12.57 |
Post-graduate | 76.79 ± 10.61 | 68.98 ± 11.30 | 69.60 ± 14.96 |
F | 8.008 | 0.637 | 5.104 |
P value | 0.000 | 0.529 | 0.006 |
Eta squared (h2) | 0.012 | 0.000 | 0.013 |
Students’ major | |||
Medical | 67.59 ± 10.20 | 65.35 ± 13.06 | 64.41 ± 14.75 |
Non-medical | 67.49 ± 9.16 | 67.46 ± 13.17 | 67.97 ± 14.19 |
t | 0.112 | 0.709 | −2.85 |
P value | 0.911 | 0.100 | 0.005 |
95% CI | -1.58 ~ 1.77 | −4.31 ~ .09 | --6.02 ~ −1.10 |
Eta squared | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.01 |
Smoking status | |||
Current smoker | 68.48 ± 7.32 | 64.76 ± 13.68 | 58.85 ± 18.18 |
Non-smoker | 67.48 ± 10.20 | 65.92 ± 13.05 | 65.82 ± 14.16 |
t | 0.814 | −0.718 | −3.880 |
P value | 0.416 | 0.473 | 0.000 |
95% CI | -1.4 ~ 3.42 | −4.34 ~ 2.02 | −10.51 ~ −3.45 |
Eta squared | 0.002 | 0.000 | 0.019 |
Alcohol consumption | |||
Drinker | 68.12 ± 10.26 | 65.35 ± 12.83 | 63.89 ± 15.09 |
Non-drinker | 67.32 ± 9.85 | 66.02 ± 13.23 | 65.75 ± 14.50 |
t | 1.042 | −0.662 | −1.648 |
P value | 0.298 | .508 | 0.100 |
95% CI | -0.71 ~ 2.31 | −2.65 ~ 1.31 | −4.08 ~ .36 |
Eta squared | 0.00 | 0.007 | 0.013 |
Financial status | |||
≤ 1000 | 68.86 ± 9.89 | 68.35 ± 13.75 | 66.95 ± 14.71 |
1000 ~ 2000 | 67.83 ± 10.31 | 65.7564 ± 13.15 | 64.8711 ± 15.03 |
> 2000 | 64.79 ± 18.52 | 62.1332 ± 11.04 | 63.5172 ± 13.42 |
F | 7.578 | 9.795 | 2.566 |
P value | 0.001 | 0.000 | 0.077 |
Eta squared | 0.019 | 0.0204 | 0.006 |
Nationality | |||
Chinese | 65.03 ± 8.01 | 66.25 ± 12.99 | 66.5289 ± 12.43 |
International | 71.89 ± 11.41 | 65.07 ± 13.29 | 62.9035 ± 17.68 |
t | −9.10 | 1.234 | 3.105 |
P value | 0.000 | 0.217 | 0.002 |
95% CI | -8.34 ~ −5.38 | −0.70 ~ 3.07 | 1.33 ~ 5.92 |
Eta squared | 0.094 | 0.002 | 0.012 |
Socio-demographic characteristics and SRH of college students in Dalian City, China
Physiological health
Psychological health
Social health
Individual factors predicting health promoting lifestyle
Group | Variable | B | SD Error | β | t | p | Tolerance | Variance inflation Factor |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Chinese students | Financial status >2000 RMB | -0.128 | 0.045 | −0.126 | −2.838 | 0.005 | 0.984 | 1.016 |
International students | Age | 0.028 | 0.007 | 0.240 | 4.021 | 0.000 | 0.893 | 1.120 |
Student major | 0.180 | 0.077 | 0.0132 | 2.339 | 0.020 | 0.995 | 1.005 | |
Level of education (post-graduate) | −0.209 | 0.105 | −0.119 | −1.988 | 0.048 | 0.889 | 1.125 |
Individual factors predicting self-rated health status
Group | SHMV1.0 domain | Predictor | B | SD Error | β | t | p | Tolerance | VIF |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Chinese | Physiological Health | BMI-24 ~ 27 | −3.633 | 0.916 | −0.174 | −3.966 | 0.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 |
Financial status ≤1000RMB | -1.92 | 0.704 | −0.119 | −2.73 | 0.007 | 0.997 | 1.000 | ||
Psychological Health | Financial status ≥2000 | −4.147 | 1.357 | −0.138 | −3.055 | 0.002 | 0.870 | 1.150 | |
BMI = 25-29.9 | −4.363 | 1.484 | −0.129 | −2.940 | 0.003 | 0.917 | 1.091 | ||
Financial status ≤1000 | 4.793 | 1.370 | 0.156 | 3.499 | 0.001 | 0.893 | 1.119 | ||
Smoking status | 9.267 | 3.462 | 0.113 | 2.677 | 0.008 | 0.992 | 1.009 | ||
Gender | −2.795 | 1.150 | −0.107 | −2.430 | 0.015 | 0.914 | 1.094 | ||
Social Health | Financial status ≤1000 | 4.592 | 1.297 | 0.156 | 3.540 | 0.000 | 0.994 | 1.006 | |
BMI = 25-29.9 | −2.880 | 1.424 | −0.089 | −2.023 | 0.044 | 0.994 | 1.006 | ||
International students | Physiological health | BMI = 25-29.9 | −4.687 | 2.360 | −0.112 | −1.986 | 0.048 | 0.996 | 1.004 |
Age | 0.566 | .195 | 0.164 | 2.896 | 0.004 | 0.989 | 1.012 | ||
Students’ major(medical) | 5.368 | 2.274 | 0.133 | 2.360 | 0.019 | 0.997 | 1.003 | ||
Smoking (smoker) | −3.574 | 1.629 | −0.125 | −2.194 | 0.029 | 0.988 | 1.012 | ||
Psychological health | BMI = 25-29.9 | −6.083 | 2.806 | −0.125 | −2.168 | 0.031 | 0.925 | 1.081 | |
Gender | 4.115 | 1.636 | 0.145 | 2.516 | 0.012 | 0.926 | 1.080 | ||
Age | 0.984 | 0.223 | 0.245 | 4.413 | 0.000 | 0.997 | 1.003 | ||
Students’ major(medical) | 6.290 | 2.607 | 0.134 | 2.413 | 0.016 | 0.997 | 1.003 | ||
Social health | Level of Education (Senior students) | −10.95 | 2.291 | −0.262 | −4.778 | 0.000 | 0.992 | 1.008 | |
Smoking (smoker) | −7.494 | 2.441 | −0.168 | −3.070 | 0.002 | 0.991 | 1.010 | ||
Students’ Major (medical) | 9.827 | 3.409 | 0.158 | 2.883 | 0.004 | 0.999 | 1.001 |
Physiological health
Psychological health
Societal health
Relationship between health-promoting behaviors and SRH status among college students in Dalian City, China
Variables | Physical Health | Psychological Health | Social Health | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
r | P | r | P | r | P | |
Chinese group (N = 504) | ||||||
Health R | 0.193 | 0.000 | 0.222 | 0.000 | 0.246 | 0.000 |
Spiritual Growth | 0.328 | 0.000 | 0.434 | 0.000 | 0.453 | 0.000 |
Physical Activity | 0.246 | 0.000 | 0.296 | 0.000 | 0.274 | 0.000 |
Nutrition | 0.240 | 0.000 | 0.320 | 0.000 | 0.342 | 0.000 |
Interpersonal R | 0.307 | 0.000 | 0.433 | 0.000 | 0.537 | 0.000 |
Stress Management | 0.300 | 0.000 | 0.387 | 0.000 | 0.409 | 0.000 |
Total HPLP-II Score | 0.341 | 0.000 | 0.440 | 0.000 | 0.478 | 0.000 |
International group (N = 296) | ||||||
Health R | −0.161 | 0.006 | 0.063 | 0.000 | 0.067 | 0.253 |
Spiritual Growth | 0.272 | 0.000 | 0.406 | 0.000 | 0.397 | 0.000 |
Physical Activity | −0.038 | 0.519 | 0.111 | 0.056 | 0.052 | 0.371 |
Nutrition | −0.081 | 0.167 | 0.162 | 0.050 | 0.147 | 0.012 |
Interpersonal Relations | 0.198 | 0.010 | 0.339 | 0.000 | 0.440 | 0.000 |
Stress Management | 0.047 | 0.424 | 0.162 | 0.000 | 0.218 | 0.000 |
Total HPLP-II Score | 0.052 | 0.372 | 0.270 | 0.000 | 0.296 | 0.000 |
Health promoting life profile | Healthy | SHS | 95% Confidence Interval | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N | N | OR* | Lower Limit | Upper Limit | P | |
Overall Evaluation | ||||||
Poor (13) | 12 | 1 | 0.591 | 0.066 | 5.332 | 0.640 |
Moderate (296) | 176 | 120 | 4.508 | 2.034 | 9.990 | 0.000 |
Good (456) | 303 | 153 | 3.282 | 1.500 | 7.180 | 0.003 |
Excellent Refa (64) | 56 | 8 | 0.000 | |||
Health Responsibility | ||||||
Poor (72) | 38 | 34 | 6.55 | 0.683 | 62.884 | 0.100 |
Moderate (481) | 320 | 161 | 3.89 | 0.432 | 35.066 | 0.220 |
Good (253) | 167 | 86 | 5.29 | 0.597 | 46.866 | 0.130 |
Excellent Refa(23) | 22 | 1 | 0.080 | |||
Spiritual Growth | ||||||
Poor (14) | 13 | 1 | 0.33 | 0.035 | 3.214 | 0.340 |
Moderate (160) | 81 | 79 | 3.92 | 1.797 | 8.557 | 0.000 |
Good(531) | 352 | 179 | 1.61 | 0.845 | 3.079 | 0.150 |
Excellent Refa (124) | 101 | 23 | 0.000 | |||
Physical Activity | ||||||
Poor (46) | 29 | 17 | 2.09 | 0.402 | 10.821 | 0.380 |
Moderate (451) | 272 | 179 | 2.5 | 0.573 | 10.933 | 0.220 |
Good (302) | 219 | 83 | 1.36 | 0.321 | 5.794 | 0.670 |
Excellent refa (30) | 27 | 3 | 0.020 | |||
Nutrition | ||||||
Poor (16) | 15 | 1 | 0.03 | 0.003 | 0.391 | 0.010 |
Moderate (295) | 198 | 97 | 0.25 | 0.109 | 0.583 | 0.000 |
Good (445) | 283 | 162 | 0.41 | 0.192 | 0.882 | 0.020 |
Excellent refa (73) | 51 | 22 | 0.002 | |||
Interpersonal Relations | ||||||
Poor (8) | 7 | 1 | 9.47 | 0.374 | 23.798 | 0.170 |
Moderate(185) | 115 | 70 | 2.7 | 1.100 | 6.659 | 0.030 |
Good (543) | 342 | 201 | 3.01 | 1.389 | 6.515 | 0.010 |
Excellent Refa (93) | 82 | 11 | 0.040 | |||
Stress Management | ||||||
Poor (10) | 9 | 1 | 0.51 | 0.580 | 3.364 | 0.64 |
Moderate(260) | 162 | 98 | 1.4 | 0.623 | 2.988 | 0.46 |
Good (478) | 310 | 168 | 1.36 | 0.931 | 1.075 | 0.44 |
Excellent Ref a(81) | 66 | 15 | 0.764 |