Background
The Philippines
Methods
Women’s status and empowerment measures
Covariates
Analyses
Results
Characteristics | Total | Daughter did not have sex by 2009 | Daughter had sex but has not ever used contraception | Daughter had sex and has used contraception |
F test/chi-squared test |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Daughter’s sex and contraceptive experience, 2009 | 136 | 113 | 399 | ||
Percent of full sample | 21% | 17% | 62% | ||
Percent of sexually active sample (n = 512) | – | 22% | 78% | ||
Mother’s status and empowerment | |||||
Mother’s age, mean years (SD, range) | 38.10 (5.91, 26–57) | 38.95 | 37.82 | 37.88 | 0.17 |
Mother’s education, mean years completed (SD, range) | 7.19 (3.70, 0–17) | 8.11 | 6.73** | 7.01** | 0.004 |
Number of living children (1994), mean (SD, range) | 5.01 (2.20, 1–13) | 4.63 | 5.13 | 5.11† | 0.08 |
Number of joint household decisions (SD, range) | 4.63 (2.48, 0–10) | 4.72 | 4.66 | 4.59 | 0.87 |
Mother, child, and household are well-kept: at least one reported | 41% | 53% | 34%** | 39%* | 0.003 |
Father gives all earnings to mother | 74% | 76% | 76% | 73% | 0.67 |
Age difference (mother-father) | –2.37 (4.28, –31 to 12) | –2.04 | –2.64 | –2.4 | 0.54 |
Educational difference (mother-father) | –0.36 (3.30, –11 to 11) | -0.04 | –0.44 | –0.45 | 0.45 |
Household and father characteristics | |||||
Father’s age, mean years (SD, range) | 40.46 (6.71, 25–67) | 40.99 | 40.46 | 40.29 | 0.57 |
Father’s education, mean years completed (SD, range) | 7.55 (3.85, 0–19) | 8.15 | 7.17 | 7.46 | 0.10 |
Urban residence | 70% | 68% | 65% | 73% | 0.19 |
Household wealth, mean items (SD, range) | 3.98 (2.89, 0–11) | 4.47 | 3.54* | 3.94 | 0.04 |
Index child (1998 and 2009) | |||||
Reported not being close to mother (1998) | 83% | 86% | 85% | 81% | 0.39 |
Reported discussing 3+ topics with mother (1998) | 24% | 21% | 28% | 24% | 0.44 |
Completed education (2009) | 11.49 (2.87, 2–17) | 12.59 | 10.79*** | 11.32*** | <0.0001 |
Characteristics | Total |
---|---|
Mean number of pregnancies | 2.07 |
Mean number of live births | 1.72 |
Percent reporting at least one unintended pregnancy | 54% |
Percent reporting a mistimed pregnancy only (n = 161) | 40% |
Percent reporting an unwanted pregnancy only (n = 33) | 8.2% |
Percent reporting both a mistimed and an unwanted pregnancy | 5.5% |
Daughter had sex and has not used contraception | Daughter had sex and has used contraception | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Unadjusted relative risk | Adjusted relative risk | Unadjusted relative risk | Adjusted relative risk | |||||
Unadjusted | 95% CI | Adjusted | 95% CI | Unadjusted | 95% CI | Adjusted | 95% CI | |
Mother’s status and empowerment | ||||||||
Mother’s age: < 35 years (ref) | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – |
35–44 years | 0.61† | (0.34–1.08) | 0.63 | 0.34–1.18 | 0.69 | (0.43–1.10) | 0.63† | 0.34–1.18 |
45+ years | 0.52† | (0.24–1.11) | 0.49 | 0.21–1.18 | 0.53* | (0.29–0.96) | 0.41** | 0.21–0.81 |
Mother’s education: ≤ eElementary (ref) | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – |
> eElementary | 0.58* | (0.35–0.97) | 1.04 | 0.55–1.98 | 0.70† | (0.48–1.04) | 0.97 | 0.59–1.60 |
Number of living children (1994) | 1.11† | (0.99–1.26) | 1.05 | 0.91–1.21 | 1.11* | (1.01–1.22) | 1.11† | 0.99–1.24 |
Number of joint household decisions | 0.99 | (0.90–1.10) | 0.98 | 0.88–1.09 | 0.98 | (0.91–1.06) | 0.98 | 0.90–1.07 |
Mother, child, and household are well-kept | 0.45** | (0.27–0.75) | 0.55* | 0.31–1.00 | 0.56** | (0.38–0.84) | 0.72 | 0.46–1.13 |
Father gives all earnings to mother | 0.98 | (0.55–1.76) | 0.92 | 0.49–1.71 | 0.84 | (0.53–1.32) | 0.83 | 0.51–1.34 |
Age difference: Father ≤ 5 years older (ref) | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – |
Father > 5 years older | 1.09 | (0.53–2.22) | 1.05 | 0.50–2.21 | 1.36 | (0.78–2.40) | 1.30 | 0.72–2.34 |
Mother is same age or older | 0.81 | (0.46–1.42) | 0.95 | 0.51–1.78 | 1.18 | (0.76–1.82) | 1.49 | 0.92–2.40 |
Educational difference: Mother/father have equal education (+/– 1 year; ref) | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – |
Father has ≥ 2 years | 1.05 | (0.58–1.90) | 1.16 | 0.62–2.16 | 0.99 | (0.62–1.60) | 1.05 | 0.64–1.74 |
Mother has ≥ 2 years | 0.59† | (0.31–1.11) | 0.62 | 0.31–1.22 | 0.65† | (0.40–1.05) | 0.72 | 0.43–1.20 |
Household characteristicsa
| ||||||||
Residence: Rural (ref) | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – |
Urban | 0.87 | (0.52–1.48) | 1.04 | 0.57–1.89 | 1.27 | (0.83–1.94) | 1.47 | 0.91–2.38 |
Household wealth: Low (0–2 items) (ref) | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – |
Medium 3–5 items | 0.71 | (0.38–1.31) | 0.97 | 0.49–1.90 | 0.91 | (0.56–1.48) | 1.04 | 0.61–1.78 |
High 6–12 items | 0.52* | (0.28–0.95) | 1.25 | 0.57–2.73 | 0.64† | (0.40–1.02) | 1.02 | 0.55–1.86 |
Index child (1998 and 2009) | ||||||||
Reported not being close to mother (1998) | 1.09 | (0.54–2.21) | 1.06 | 0.50-2.24 | 1.40 | (0.81–2.42) | 1.25 | 0.77–2.10 |
Reported discussing 3+ topics with mother (1998) | 1.46 | (0.82–2.60) | 1.62 | 0.87-3.02 | 1.19 | (0.74–1.90) | 1.27 | 0.77–2.10 |
Completed education (2009): Elementary (ref) | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – |
Secondary | 0.20* | (0.06–0.73) | 0.24* | 0.06–0.90 | 0.31† | (0.09–1.04) | 0.35 | 0.10–1.23 |
Post-secondary | 0.08*** | (0.02–0.29) | 0.09*** | 0.02–0.39 | 0.17** | (0.05–0.56) | 0.20* | 0.06–0.74 |
Bivariate ORs | 95% confidence interval (CI) | |
---|---|---|
Mother’s status and empowerment | ||
Mother’s age: < 35 years (ref) | 1.00 | – |
35–44 years | 0.84 | 0.54-1.30 |
45+ years | 0.72 | 0.39–1.35 |
Number of joint household decisions | 0.93 | (0.86–1.01) |
Mother, child, and household are well-kept | 0.91 | 0.60–1.38 |
Father gives all earnings to mother | 1.01 | 0.65–1.59 |
Age difference: Father ≤ 5 years older (ref) | 1.00 | – |
Father > 5 years older | 0.68 | (0.39–1.17) |
Mother is same age or older | 0.79 | (0.51–1.22) |
Educational difference: Mother/father have equal education (+/– 1 year; ref) | 1.00 | – |
Father has ≥ 2 years | 1.02 | (0.65–1.62) |
Mother has ≥ 2 years | 0.97 | (0.59–1.58) |
Household characteristics | ||
Residence: Rural (ref) | 1.00 | – |
Urban | 0.95 | 0.63-1.45 |
Household wealth: Low (0–2 items) (ref) | 1.00 | – |
Medium 3–5 items | 0.85 | 0.54–1.33 |
High 6–12 items | 0.75 | 0.45–1.25 |
Index child (1998 and 2009) | ||
Reported not being close to mother (1998) | 1.53 | 0.90–2.60 |
Reported discussing 3+ topics with mother (1998) | 1.23 | 0.77–1.96 |
Completed education (2009): Elementary (ref) | 1.00 | – |
Secondary | 0.92 | 0.49–1.74 |
Post-secondary | 0.78 | 0.39–1.58 |
Number of live births | 1.66*** | 1.35–2.03 |
Ever used family planning | 0.93 | 0.55–1.58 |
Mistimed | 95% CI | Unwanted | 95% CI | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Mother’s number of living children (1994) | 1.01 | (0.91–1.13) | 0.83* | (0.70–0.99) |
Daughter’s number of live births | 1.55*** | (1.26–1.90) | 1.82***
| (1.40–2.37) |
Daughter ever used family planning | 0.93 | (0.18–0.93) | 0.41* | (0.53–1.64) |