Recent changes in health care delivery may reduce continuity with the patient’s primary care provider (PCP). Little is known about the association between continuity and quality of communication during ongoing efforts to redesign primary care in the Veterans Administration (VA).
OBJECTIVE
To evaluate the association between longitudinal continuity of care (COC) with the same PCP and ratings of patient–provider communication during the Patient Aligned Care Team (PACT) initiative.
DESIGN
Cross-sectional survey.
PARTICIPANTS
Four thousand three hundred ninety-three VA outpatients who were assigned to a PCP, had at least three primary care visits to physicians or physician extenders during Fiscal Years 2009 and 2010 (combined), and who completed the Survey of Healthcare Experiences of Patients (SHEP) following a primary care visit in Fiscal Year (FY)2011.
MAIN MEASURES
Usual Provider of Continuity (UPC), Modified Modified Continuity Index (MMCI), and duration of PCP care were calculated for each primary care patient. UPC and MMCI values were categorized as follows: 1.0 (perfect), 0.75–0.99 (high), 0.50–0.74 (intermediate), and < 0.50 (low). Quality of communication was measured using the four-item Consumer Assessment of Healthcare Providers and Systems-Health Plan program (CAHPS-HP) communication subscale and a two-item measure of shared decision-making (SDM). Excellent care was defined using an “all-or-none” scoring strategy (i.e., when all items within a scale were rated “always”).
KEY RESULTS
UPC and MMCI continuity remained high (0.81) during the early phase of PACT implementation. In multivariable models, low MMCI continuity was associated with decreased odds of excellent communication (OR = 0.74, 95 % CI = 0.58–0.95) and SDM (OR = 0.70, 95 % CI = 0.49, 0.99). Abbreviated duration of PCP care (< 1 year) was also associated with decreased odds of excellent communication (OR = 0.35, 95 % CI = 0.18, 0.71).
CONCLUSIONS
Reduced PCP continuity may significantly decrease the quality of patient–provider communication in VA primary care. By improving longitudinal continuity with the assigned PCP, while redesigning team-based roles, the PACT initiative has the potential to improve patient–provider communication.
BACKGROUND
Continuity is a core attribute of the patient-centered medical home and of high quality primary care.1,2 The essence of continuity is that one provider (and his/her team of associated individuals) serves as the patient’s regular source of care over a defined period of time. Continuity of primary care is associated with decreased emergency deparntment (ED) use and hospitalization3‐5 and improved patient satisfaction,6,7 medication adherence,8 and delivery of preventive care.9,10 Duration of primary care provider (PCP) care is also associated with lower costs of inpatient and outpatient care and with a lower risk of hospitalizations.11
One mechanism by which continuity may improve quality and reduce unplanned acute care visits is by improving communication. Good communication is a prerequisite for maintaining a long-term, collaborative relationship with patients, and is a key determinant of patient satisfaction.12 Patients enjoy being able to communicate their concerns and having a PCP who is willing to talk and to listen.13 Patients also value having a PCP who “knows” and respects them,14,15 which is facilitated by having repeated visits with the same provider. Through a process of shared decision-making, the provider frames and tailors information based on an understanding of the patient’s concerns, beliefs, and expectations.16 Patients who feel rushed or ignored, who receive inadequate advice or explanation, and who spend less time with their physicians during routine visits are generally less satisfied and more likely to pursue malpractice litigation.17 Yet, there has been relatively little research on the relationship between primary care continuity and the quality of communication.
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Within the Veterans Health Administration (VHA), a 3-year plan to transform primary care began in April 2010 with implementation of the patient-centered medical home model, now known as PACT (Patient Aligned Care Team).18 Although PCP continuity is a key attribute of the PACT model, implementation of this model requires the transition from traditional primary care (which emphasizes the individual clinician–patient relationship) to multidisciplinary team-delivered care, which may potentially worsen the quality of clinician–patient interactions.19 Indeed, recent studies suggest that loss of “patient-connectedness” to the PCP may worsen the quality of care rendered.10 The aim of this study is to evaluate the association between longitudinal continuity of primary care and ratings of physician–patient communication within the context of the PACT initiative. In a secondary analysis, we also assess whether low continuity of care is associated with lower ratings of shared decision making.
METHODS
Study Patients
We conducted a retrospective cohort study of VA outpatients in a Veterans Integrated Service Network (VISN 23) that serves more than 400,000 enrolled veterans residing in the states of Iowa, Minnesota, Nebraska, North Dakota, and South Dakota. We included patients who satisfied the following criteria: 1) were assigned to a PCP and had at least three primary care visits to physicians or physician extenders during a 2-year follow-back period; and 2) completed the Survey of Healthcare Experiences of Patients (SHEP) following a primary care visit in Fiscal Year (FY) 2011. We excluded patients who had made fewer than three primary care visits to the VA during the 2-year window for two reasons: 1) it is difficult to obtain a meaningful estimate of continuity with such a small number of visits; and 2) we wanted the analysis sample to include regular users of VA primary care. Patients with dementia (based on ICD-9-CM codes 290 and 331 over the prior 24 months, using inpatient and outpatient files) were also excluded.
Sampling Strategy and Data Collection
We randomly sampled patients from all primary care clinics in VISN 23 (including four hospital-based clinics that train residents) within two strata: those whose provider participated in a PACT Learning Collaborative and those whose provider did not participate. Based on the Institute for Healthcare Improvement Collaborative model, the VISN 23 Learning Collaborative was intended to equip representatives from PACT teams with the knowledge, skills, and experience to implement medical home principles at their sites and to establish a framework for system-wide learning.20 In collaboration with the VA Office of Quality and Performance, a total of 10,680 primary care patients were invited to complete the SHEP survey within a 3-week time period (8/15/11–9/6/11), during the early phase of PACT implementation. Those selected for the survey were sent a presurvey notification letter explaining the goals of the upcoming survey and encouraging the veteran to participate. One week later, the questionnaire was mailed to everyone in the sample; reminder postcards were sent 1 week later.21 Sixty-two percent of those invited completed the survey, and 4,393 patients were determined to be eligible for this analysis (Fig. 1).
Figure 1
Derivation of analysis sample.
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Outcome Measures
The SHEP is a 70-item survey that is designed to evaluate veterans’ satisfaction with VHA ambulatory care and services. The survey includes a four-item communication subscale from the Consumer Assessment of Healthcare Providers and Systems-Health Plan program (CAHPS-HP) and two items that assess shared decision making; the SHEP survey items were not modified or adapted for this study. The communication subscale asks the patient to rate (on a four-point Likert type scale) how often over the prior 12 months his personal VA doctor or nurse: 1) explained things in a way that was easy to understand, 2) listened carefully, 3) showed respect for what he or she had to say, and 4) spent enough time with him or her. The same items have been used to assess interpersonal communication in the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (MEPS).22 Cronbach’s alpha for the CAHPS-HP communication subscale is 0.86.23 To assess shared decision making (SDM), respondents who faced a treatment choice were also asked to rate (on a four-point Likert type scale) whether or not a VA doctor or other provider: 1) asked about his or her preferences for treatment (when more than one treatment choice was available), and 2) talked to him or her about the pros and cons of each treatment choice.
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Independent Variables
In this analysis, we focus on the effects of longitudinal continuity with the patient’s assigned PCP, which was calculated by linking data from the 2009 Patient Care Management Module with VA outpatient data sets. Clinic stop codes were used to identify primary care visits during FY 2009 and 2010. Longitudinal continuity was determined using three measures: 1) Usual Provider of Continuity (UPC), which was calculated based on the proportion of primary care visits with the patient’s assigned PCP (visit concentration); 2) Modified Modified Continuity Index (MMCI), which accounts for the number of different primary care providers consulted (visit dispersion); and 3) duration of care with the assigned PCP (longitudinality).24 MMCI was calculated using the following formula:
The MMCI score ranges from 0 (if there is maximum dispersion, and if each visit is to a different provider) to 1 (if every visit is to the same provider). UPC and MMCI were selected because these measures are commonly used by the VHA to monitor continuity nationally. Duration of care relates to the length of the patient–provider relationship and complements visit-based measures of continuity.
We calculated UPC and MMCI values for each eligible VISN 23 primary care patient (on a scale of 0–1, where 1 is perfect continuity), and grouped these values into four categories (similar to the categories used by Rodriguez et al.)19: 1.0 (perfect), 0.75–0.99 (high), 0.50–0.74 (medium), and < 0.50 (poor). Duration of care was grouped into the following groups: less than 1 year, 1 year to less than 3 years, 3 years to less than 5 years, 5 years to less than 10 years, and 10 years or more.11,25 Telephone contacts, home-based contacts, or contacts with a non-PCP were excluded in calculating continuity.
Statistical Analysis
We compared patient characteristics across all categories of longitudinal continuity using the chi-squared and analysis of variance tests for dichotomous and continuous variables (Kruskal-Wallis test if not normally distributed).
To identify excellent care based on the interpersonal communication and shared decision making subscales, we used an “all-or-none” scoring strategy: when all items within a subscale were rated “always,” the subscale score was assigned a value of 1 (otherwise 0). We dichotomized both outcomes because we were primarily interested in modeling superior care and because both measures of communication showed large ceiling effects (with distributions that were skewed to the right); a similar approach has been used to model patient satisfaction data.26 Multivariable random effects logistic regression models were used to predict excellent care during FY 2011, after controlling for sociodemographics (age, gender, race, marital status, VA income category), disability status, chronic medical and psychiatric comorbidities, number of primary care clinic visits during FY 2009 and 2010, PCP participation in a PACT Learning Collaborative (yes or no), and usual site of care (modeled as a random effect).
To adjust for comorbidity, we used ICD-9-CM codes in outpatient and inpatient administrative data (during FY 2009 and 2010) to capture 17 medical comorbidities27 and five psychiatric comorbidities (depressive disorders, anxiety disorders, post-traumatic stress disorder, bipolar disorders, and psychotic disorders);28 each comorbidity was dichotomized as present or absent. We used both outpatient and inpatient VA data for comorbidity adjustment, based on empiric data that show improved prediction of 1-year mortality when both data sources are included.29,30 Comorbid conditions that affected less that 1 % of the analysis sample were excluded from multivariable models.
All analyses were performed using SAS for Windows, version 9.3 (SAS Institute, Cary, NC). All tests were two-sided and a p value of ≤ 0.05 was defined as statistically significant. We did not impute missing values.
RESULTS
Of the 6,647 patients in VISN 23 who completed the SHEP survey (62 % response rate), 4,393 were eligible for this analysis (Fig. 1). Of these patients, 3,717 had completed all of the CAHPS-HP items (85 % of those eligible) and 1,948 patients completed the SDM survey items (96 % of these patients reported having been faced with a treatment choice over the prior 12 months). The mean UPC and MMCI scores for patients in the analysis sample were nearly identical: 0.81 (sd = 0.25) and 0.81, sd = 0.24), respectively; thus, we focus on UPC results below. The median duration of care with the assigned PCP was 3.1 years (IQR = 2.1, 5.0). Patients in the four UPC categories had similar demographic and clinical characteristics, except for the following: 1) only 39 % of patients with perfect UPC had any service connected disability, compared with 49 % with low UPC (defined as < 0.50), and 2) those with perfect UPC were also less likely to have been diagnosed with depression (12 vs. 17 %, respectively) (Table 1).
Table 1
Patient Characteristics Across Categories of Usual Provider Continuity
Perfect (N = 1900)
High (N = 718)
Intermediate (N = 678)
Low (N = 421)
Age, mean (sd)
71 (10)
69 (10)
68 (10)
67 (11)
Gender, % male
98
97
96
98
Married, %
71
69
70
68
Indigent (low income status), %
22
20
20
22
Disability status, 50 % or greater
14
26
25
25
Comorbid medical conditions, %*
Myocardial infarction
4
5
5
4
Congestive heart failure
9
12
11
13
Peripheral vascular disease
10
11
13
13
Cerebrovascular disease
8
11
9
8
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
23
28
25
29
Liver disease (any severity level)
1
1
1
< 1
Diabetes mellitus
39
46
38
40
Moderate or severe renal disease
8
11
10
14
Diabetes with end organ damage
12
18
13
17
Any tumor (including leukemia/lymphoma)
14
15
18
15
Rheumatologic disease
2
2
2
1
Peptic ulcer
1
3
2
1
Comorbid psychiatric conditions, %
Depressive disorders
12
21
17
17
Anxiety disorders
5
11
10
9
Post-traumatic stress disorder
3
10
10
9
Bipolar disorders
1
2
3
2
*The following comorbid conditions were present in less than 1 % in the analysis sample and are not shown: hemiplegia, metastatic solid tumor, and psychotic disorders
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The majority of survey respondents (58 %) rated the communication with their PCP as excellent (i.e., all items received a top score). For example, 72 and 74 % of patients indicated that their PCP explained things clearly and “listened carefully” to them, respectively. Internal consistency reliability for the CAHPS-HP communication subscale was high (Cronbach’s alpha = 0.89). Validity is supported by the finding that communication scores were strongly associated with overall PCP ratings (Fig. 2). In addition, we found that only 33 of 157 (21 %) patients who had a complaint about their visit reported excellent interpersonal communication with their PCP.
Figure 2
Relationship between CAHPS-HP communication scores and PCP ratings.
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Fifty-one percent of respondents rated SDM as excellent; 57 % of patients reported that their VA provider had asked about their treatment preferences (when more than one treatment choice was available), and 68 % reported that their VA provider talked with them about the pros and cons of each treatment choice. Cronbach’s alpha of the two-item SDM subscale was 0.74; convergent validity is supported by the finding that the SDM subscale values are significantly correlated with those of the communication subscale (Spearman correlation = 0.47, p = 0.01).
In bivariate analysis, there was a positive association between UPC and quality of patient–provider communication: 61 % of patients with perfect continuity of care had excellent ratings of communication (i.e., “always” on all four items), compared to 53 % of those with low continuity (CMH test for trend, p = 0.0001); similar results were observed for MMCI continuity (p = 0.003) (Table 2). In multivariable random effects models, patients with low UPC continuity were less likely to give excellent ratings of interpersonal communication (OR = 0.80, 95 % CI = 0.64, 1.0). Patients with low MMCI scores were also significantly less lively to give excellent ratings of interpersonal communication (OR = 0.74, 95 % CI = 0.58–0.95) and SDM (OR = 0.70, 95 % CI = 0.49, 0.99). Compared to patients with 10+ years of PCP care, those with PCP relationships less than 1 year were significantly less likely to report superior interpersonal communication (OR = 0.35, 95 % CI = 0.18–0.71); however, there was no significant association between duration of care and SDM (Table 3). Provider participation in a PACT Learning Collaborative was not significantly associated with excellent ratings of interpersonal communication (OR = 1.07, 95 % CI = 0.93, 1.22) or SDM (OR = 0.88, 95 % CI = 0.73–1.06) in models of UPC continuity.
Table 2
Quality of Communication as a Function of Longitudinal Continuity (Bivariate Analysis)*
A) UPC and MMCI continuity
UPC Continuity
Percentage (N)
Communication (% excellent)
SDM (% excellent)
Perfect (1.0)
51 (1,900)
61
51
High (0.75–0.99)
19 (718)
59
53
Intermediate (0.50–0.74)
18 (678)
55
50
Low (< 0.50)
11 (421)
53
50
Test for trend (p value)†
0.0002
0.72
MMCI Continuity
Percentage (N)
Communication (% excellent)
SDM (% excellent)
Perfect (1.0)
51 (1898)
61
51
High (0.75–0.99)
17 (642)
56
54
Intermediate (0.50–0.74)
23 (873)
58
51
Low (< 0.50)
8 (304)
52
44
Test for trend (p value)†
0.003
0.42
B) Duration of care with the assigned PCP
Quartile (years)
Percentage (N)
Communication (% excellent)
SDM (% excellent)
10 or more years
4 (151)
80
60
5–9.9 years
19 (725)
63
54
3–4.9 years
35 (1299)
63
50
1–2.9 years
40 (1497)
57
51
Less than 1 year
1 (45)
43
46
Test for trend (p value)†
0.20
0.35
*Based on the number of patients with complete data: 3,717 for communication, 1,948 for shared decision making (SDM)
†Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel test for trend
Table 3
The Association Between PCP Continuity and Quality of Communication (Multivariable Analysis)
Continuity measure
Adjusted OR (95 % CI)
Interpersonal Communication
Shared decision making
UPC
Perfect (1.0, reference)
1.00
1.00
High (0.75–0.99)
1.02 (0.85, 1.23)
1.08 (0.84, 1.39)
Medium (0.50–0.74)
0.86 (0.71, 1.03)
0.86 (0.67, 1.12)
Low (< 0.50)
0.80 (0.64, 1.00)*
0.86 (0.64, 1.18)
MMCI
Perfect (1.0, reference)
1.00
1.00
High (0.75–0.99)
0.94 (0.76, 1.16)
1.06 (0.79, 1.40)
Medium (0.50–0.74)
0.96 (0.81, 1.13)
0.96 (0.76, 1.21)
Low (< 0.50)
0.74 (0.58, 0.95)*
0.70 (0.49, 0.99)*
Duration of PCP care
10 or more years (reference)
1.00
1.00
5.0–9.9 years
0.82 (0.56, 1.19)
0.78 (0.45, 1.34)
3.0–4.9 years
0.79 (0.55, 1.14)
0.67 (0.39, 1.14)
1.0–2.9 years
0.72 (0.50, 1.03)
0.68 (0.40, 1.14)
Less than 1 year
0.35 (0.18, 0.71)*
0.57 (0.23, 1.43)
*Statistically significant at p < 0.05. All models were adjusted for age, gender, race, marital status, VA disability status, disability status, chronic medical comorbidities (Romano), psychiatric comorbidities, number of primary care clinic visits, PCP participation in a PACT Learning Collaborative, and usual site of care (random effect)
DISCUSSION
Continuity of care is a core metric used by the Veterans Health Administration to monitor the progress of primary care sites as they migrate to the PACT model.18 Good patient–provider communication is the cornerstone of relational continuity,31 and serves at least six fundamental functions: fostering healing relationships, exchanging information, responding to patients’ emotions, managing uncertainty, making informed decisions, and enabling patient self-management.32 Having a provider who is understanding and easy to talk with is highly valued by primary care patients.33 In this prospective analysis, we found a dose–response relationship between longitudinal PCP continuity and patient ratings of interpersonal communication. This association was consistent across both measures of visit concentration and dispersion. In addition, we found that patients with increased dispersion of PCP care were less likely to give excellent ratings of shared decision making and that patients with shorter duration of PCP care (less than 1 year) were less likely to report superior interpersonal communication.
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This suggests that longitudinal continuity functions as a critical gateway for the delivery of superior interpersonal care.34 Indeed, the protective effects of longitudinal continuity on unplanned ED visits and hospitalizations may be mediated in part by improved PCP communication (and its downstream positive effects on adherence to treatment and patient satisfaction). Decreased continuity of care may impact quality of communication through several potential mechanisms: 1) less provider knowledge of the patient’s medical history, 2) less familiarity with the patient’s psychosocial factors, and 3) less trust in the provider. We note, however, that the relationship between continuity of care and quality of communication is likely bidirectional. Specifically, patients who give suboptimal ratings to their PCP on measures of communication may be more likely to switch providers35 and have short patient–provider relationships and reduced continuity.36
In multivariable analysis, we did not find any association between PCP participation in a PACT Learning Collaborative and quality of communication. One possible explanation of this finding is that the learning sessions focused on team development, care management strategies, and other “back office” functions that may not necessarily lead to perceptible improvements in patients’ ratings of quality. Greater attention to “high touch” dimensions of PACT during training (in contrast to the emphasis placed on “high tech” dimensions)37 may have led to a stronger association between PCP participation in the Learning Collaborative and quality of communication.
This study builds on the results of prior studies in primary care practice, most of which used a cross-sectional study design. In one survey of Medicaid patients, increased self-reported continuity of care improved ratings of provider communication and patients’ perception of their ability to influence treatment.38 In a study of VA primary care patients, those with high continuity of care reported substantially higher satisfaction with their providers’ communication skills and humanistic qualities, compared to those with low continuity of care.7 In a study of patients in a large multi-specialty practice in Massachusetts, visit continuity (measured during the 6 months prior to administration of the Ambulatory Care Experiences Survey) was shown to be positively associated with the quality of clinician–patient communication, especially for those respondents who were in the early stages of the patient–provider relationship and those with worse self-rated health.19
Limitations of this analysis warrant further discussion. First, we did not collect SHEP survey data from a comparable sample of primary care patients prior to April, 2010 (before PACT implementation). Second, we lacked data on use of non-VA primary care at the time of this analysis. Of note, this analysis was restricted to regular users of VA primary care; dual users of VA and non-VA care who presented to the VA solely for annual medication refills were excluded. Third, continuity with the assigned PCP did not account for non-face-to-face encounters (e.g., telephone, email); these encounters are not consistently documented in VA records. Fourth, the SHEP survey included only two items on SDM and these items were not specific to the primary care provider. Fifth, global satisfaction with the PCP (used to validate the communication subscale) was based on a single item. Multi-item scales have better measurement characteristics (e.g., content validity, reliability) than single item measures.39 Sixth, we used VA administrative data to adjust for comorbid conditions; residual confounding on account of unmeasured comorbidities may still be present. Finally, patients were restricted to a single region of the Department of Veterans Affairs health care system in the upper Midwest. It is unknown whether our findings can be extrapolated to regions with a larger urban and racially diverse patient population.
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Several recent changes in health care delivery nationwide, such as the advent of open access scheduling, increased availability of urgent care clinics, growing panel sizes, more providers working part-time, and frequent changes in insurance coverage, have reduced continuity in primary care.40‐43 Efforts to implement medical home models of care may help reverse this trend by improving longitudinal continuity with primary care providers, leading to improved patient–provider communication. Indeed, between FY 2009 and 2012 (approximately 2 years after PACT implementation in VHA), UPC continuity in VISN 23 increased modestly from 0.73 to 0.75 (with a similar improvement in MMCI continuity). Further improvements in care can be realized by delivering instruction on communication skills, including peer evaluation and feedback of patient survey data, to practicing physicians and residents.44 Health care managers and clinical leaders who are charged with implementing medical homes must not lose sight of the central importance of longitudinal continuity in creating the conditions for excellent communication, upon which other key goals of the PACT model depend (i.e., promoting goal setting, self management, and respect for patient preferences). Similarly, efforts to improve access to first-contact care and to increase clinic throughput must be closely monitored for their effects on PCP continuity and patient–provider communication. As the medical home model is fully implemented in VA primary care, future research should determine the relationship between emerging measures of team continuity45 and the multiple facets of interpersonal care.
Acknowledgements
This work was made possible with the support of the VISN 23 Patient Aligned Care Team Demonstration Laboratory, supported by the VA Office of Patient Care Services. The authors thank James Schaefer, PhD, Director of Surveys for the Veterans Health Administration, for overseeing the collection of SHEP survey data, Michelle Lampman, MA and Nancy Sharp, PhD (PACT Demonstration Laboratory Coordinating Center) for administrative support and Megan Watson for assistance with manuscript preparation. The views expressed in this article are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the position or policy of the Department of Veterans Affairs or the United States government.
Conflict of Interest
The authors declare that they do not have a conflict of interest.
Funding/Support
This work could not have been done without the support of the VISN 23 Patient Aligned Care Team Demonstration Laboratory, which is funded by the VA Office of Patient Care Services.
Previous Presentation
Society of General Internal Medicine Annual Meeting 2012, Orlando, FL.
Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits any use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and the source are credited.
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