Background
Methods
Study area
Research variables
Study population
Questionnaires
Statistical analyses
Results
Malaria prevalence
The existence of livestock
Univariate and bivariate analysis
Variable research with n = 259,885 | Proportion (%) | 95% CI | |
---|---|---|---|
Lower | Upper | ||
The dependent variable | |||
Malaria prevalence | |||
0. No | 96.53 | 0.963 | 0.967 |
1. Yes | 3.47 | 0.033 | 0.037 |
The independent variables | |||
Sex | |||
0. Male | 49.29 | 0.491 | 0.495 |
1. Female | 50.71 | 0.505 | 0.509 |
Age (years) | |||
0. Productive age (15–64 years) | 60.09 | 0.598 | 0.604 |
1. Not productive age (< 15 and > 64 years) | 39.91 | 0.396 | 0.402 |
Education | |||
0. Completed high school | 12.42 | 0.12 | 0.128 |
1. High school not completed | 63.98 | 0.636 | 0.644 |
2. < 10 years of age | 23.60 | 0.234 | 0.238 |
Main occupation | |||
0. Other occupation | 45.43 | 0.449 | 0.46 |
1. Farmer/fisherman/labourer | 30.97 | 0.304 | 0.315 |
2. < 10 years of age | 23.60 | 0.234 | 0.238 |
The time to reach the nearest hospital | |||
0. < 60 min | 93.18 | 0.925 | 0.938 |
1. > 60 min | 6.82 | 0.062 | 0.075 |
The time to reach the nearest community health facilities | |||
0. < 60 min | 95.24 | 0.947 | 0.957 |
1. > 60 min | 4.76 | 0.043 | 0.053 |
The type of container/media used | |||
0. Closed container | 62.57 | 0.614 | 0.637 |
1. Others | 37.43 | 0.363 | 0.386 |
The sewage canal | |||
0. Closed container in the yard | 5.52 | 0.051 | 0.06 |
1. Others | 94.48 | 0.94 | 0.949 |
The condition of sewage canal | |||
0. Closed canal | 9.92 | 0.094 | 0.105 |
1. Others | 90.08 | 0.895 | 0.906 |
Mosquito nets | |||
0. Yes | 43.99 | 0.428 | 0.452 |
1. No | 55.22 | 0.54 | 0.564 |
2. No answer | 0.79 | 0.007 | 0.009 |
Insecticide-treated bed net | |||
0. Yes | 11.43 | 0.107 | 0.122 |
1. No | 29.01 | 0.279 | 0.301 |
2. No answer | 59.56 | 0.584 | 0.607 |
The habit of defecate | |||
0. Yes | 44.29 | 0.433 | 0.453 |
1. No | 32.11 | 0.312 | 0.33 |
2. < 10 years of age | 23.60 | 0.234 | 0.238 |
Raising large-sized breeding animals (cows, buffaloes, horses) | |||
0. No have | 89.84 | 0.892 | 0.904 |
1. Cage inside the house | 0.52 | 0.004 | 0.007 |
2. Cage outside the house | 9.64 | 0.091 | 0.102 |
Raising medium-sized breeding animals (goats, sheep, pigs) | |||
0. No have | 77.78 | 0.768 | 0.788 |
1. Cage inside the house | 1.63 | 0.014 | 0.019 |
2. Cage outside the house | 20.59 | 0.197 | 0.215 |
Risk factor | P-value | Unadjusted | P-value | Adjusted |
---|---|---|---|---|
OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | |||
Sex | ||||
Male versus female | 0.000 | 0.849 (0.811–0.888) | 0.000 | 0.842 (0.804–0.882) |
Age (years) | ||||
Productive age (15–64 years) versus not productive age (< 15 and > 64 years) | 0.000 | 0.861 (0.812–0.912) | 0.000 | 0.837 (0.790–0.887) |
Community health facility | ||||
< 60 min versus > 60 min |
0.000
| 1.633 (1.251–2.131) |
0.005
| 1.446 (1.120–1.866) |
The condition of sewage canal | ||||
Close canal versus others |
0.001
| 1.250 (1.095–1.427) |
0.015
| 1.177 (1.033–1.343) |
Mosquito nets | ||||
Yes versus not | 0.000 | 0.805 (0.727–0.890) | 0.157* | 0.879 (0.736–1.051) |
Yes versus others |
0.002
| 1.911 (1.273–2.868) |
0.005
| 1.838 (1.208–2.797) |
Insecticide-treated bed net | ||||
Yes versus not | 0.000 | 0.508 (0.439–0.588) | 0.000 | 0.509 (0.440–0.589) |
Yes versus others | 0.000 | 0.527 (0.457–0.608) | 0.000 | 0.590 (0.481–0.725) |
Raising medium-sized breeding animals | ||||
Not have versus inside |
0.000
| 2.980 (2.348–3.782) |
0.000
| 2.809 (2.207–3.575) |
Not have versus outside |
0.000
| 1.713 (1.515–1.937) |
0.000
| 1.643 (1.460–1.849) |