Background
Study aim
The benefits and challenges of migration
Research questions and hypotheses
Methods
Data
Operationalization and analytical strategy
Results
Migration patterns (RQ1)
Different language (%) | Same language (%) | Total (%) | |
---|---|---|---|
No colonizer—not-neighbouring country | 31 | 16 | 47 |
No colonizer—neighbouring country | 7 | 25 | 32 |
Colonizer—not-neighbouring country | 5 | 15 | 20 |
Colonizer—neighbouring country | 0 | 1 | 1 |
Total | 43 | 57 | 100 |
DV neighbour country | DV same language | DV former colonizer | |
---|---|---|---|
Exp(B) | Exp(B) | Exp(B) | |
Neighbour country | 6.16*** | 0.06*** | |
(0.1) | (0.18) | ||
Same language | 6.00*** | 8.36*** | |
(0.10) | (0.12) | ||
Former colonizer | 0.06*** | 9.36*** | |
(0.18) | (0.12) | ||
Female | 1.39*** | 1.06 | 1.18 |
(0.10) | (0.10) | (0.13) | |
Age | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.03*** |
(0.00) | (0.00) | (0.00) | |
High education | 0.92 | 1.59*** | 0.66*** |
(0.11) | (0.10) | (0.13) | |
Low education | 0.56*** | 1.14 | 1.07 |
(0.20) | (0.17) | (0.20) | |
Nurse | 1.24* | 0.89 | 1.36** |
(0.11) | (0.10) | (0.13) | |
Med. doctor | 1.03 | 1.52*** | 1.30 |
(0.14) | (0.14) | (0.17) | |
Constant | 0.11*** | 0.14*** | 0.11*** |
(0.29) | (0.26) | (0.31) | |
Year controlled 2006–2014 | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Chi square | 863.52, df(16) *** | 793.93, df(16) *** | 806.80, df(16) *** |
−2 Log likelihood | 2831.96 | 3183.04 | 2162.71 |
Drivers of migration
Which workers migrate? (RQ2)
4 African countries | 5 LATAM countries | |
---|---|---|
Exp(B) | Exp(B) | |
Female | 0.83 | 1.42** |
(0.21) | (0.24) | |
Age | 1.02 | 1.01 |
(0.01) | (0.00) | |
High education | 0.82 | 1.22 |
(0.23) | (0.25) | |
Low education | 1.00 | 5.94*** |
(0.72) | (2.34) | |
Nurse | 1.71* | 1.00 |
(0.46) | (0.23) | |
Med. doctor | 1.52 | 2.02*** |
(0.68) | (0.43) | |
Constant | 9.63*** | 0.01*** |
(7.09) | (0.005) | |
Year controlled 2006–2014 | Yes | Yes |
Wald Chi square | 88.72, df(13)*** | 77.44, df(13)*** |
−2 Log likelihood | −280.17 | −796.22 |
Number | 890 | 6356 |
Does migration ‘pay off’ in wages?
4 African countries | 5 Latin American countries | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
M1 | M2 | M3 | M1 | M2 | M3 | |
(Constant) | 2.80*** | 0.56 | 0.55 | 2.06*** | 0.05 | 0.07 |
(0.19) | (0.44) | (0.44) | (0.38) | (0.37) | (0.38) | |
Migrated out of country | 0.51*** | 0.48*** | 0.46*** | 0.65*** | 0.55*** | 0.75*** |
(0.11) | (0.10) | (0.11) | (0.09) | (0.08) | (0.10) | |
Female | −0.11* | −0.11* | −0.16*** | −0.16*** | ||
(0.06) | (0.06) | (0.03) | (0.03) | |||
Age | 0.06*** | 0.06*** | 0.08*** | 0.07*** | ||
(0.02) | (0.02) | (0.01) | (0.01) | |||
Age_sq | 0.00* | 0.00* | 0.00*** | 0.00*** | ||
(0.00) | (0.00) | (0.00) | (0.00) | |||
High education | 0.56*** | 0.56*** | 0.49*** | 0.49*** | ||
(0.07) | (0.07) | (0.03) | (0.03) | |||
Low education | −0.01 | −0.10 | 0.09 | 0.07 | ||
(0.21) | (0.21) | (0.11) | (0.11) | |||
Log firm size | 0.20*** | 0.20*** | 0.09*** | 0.09*** | ||
(0.04) | (0.04) | (0.02) | (0.02) | |||
Nurse | −0.10 | −0.14 | 0.05 | 0.06 | ||
(0.09) | (0.10) | (0.04) | (0.04) | |||
Med. doctor | 0.27** | 0.30** | 0.54*** | 0.56*** | ||
(0.13) | (0.14) | (0.04) | (0.04) | |||
Nurse*outmigration | 0.15 | −0.44* | ||||
(0.20) | (0.23) | |||||
Med. doctor*outmigration | −0.08 | −0.68*** | ||||
(0.29) | (0.20) | |||||
Year controlled 2006–2014 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
R
| 0.295 | 0.554 | 0.545 | 0.146 | 0.472 | 0.474 |
Number | 736 | 736 | 736 | 5111 | 5111 | 5111 |
Shorter working hours for out-migrating workers?
4 African countries | 5 Latin American countries | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
M1 | M2 | M3 | M1 | M2 | M3 | |
(Constant) | 46.14*** | 38.51*** | 38.88*** | 27.90*** | 31.42*** | 31.23*** |
(2.28) | (5.51) | (5.50) | (4.30) | (4.73) | (4.75) | |
Migrated out of country | −7.02*** | −7.21*** | −6.19*** | −1.40** | −1.38 | −0.27 |
(1.24) | (1.23) | (1.37) | (0.93 | (0.93) | (1.14) | |
Female | −1.62** | −1.61** | −2.42*** | −2.42*** | ||
(0.81) | (0.81) | (0.31) | (0.31) | |||
Age | 0.46* | 0.48* | −0.01 | −0.01 | ||
(0.28) | (0.28) | (0.11) | (0.11) | |||
Age_sq | −0.01* | −0.01** | 0.00 | 0.00 | ||
(0.00) | (0.00) | (0.00) | (0.00) | |||
High education | −0.94 | −1.00 | −1.89*** | −1.91*** | ||
(0.90) | (0.90) | (0.35) | (0.35) | |||
Low education | −1.49 | −1.60 | 1.64 | 1.62 | ||
(2.69) | (2.68) | (1.37) | (1.37) | |||
Log firm size | 0.78* | 0.75 | 0.10 | 0.10 | ||
(0.47) | (0.47) | (0.20) | (0.20) | |||
Nurse | 0.64 | 2.24* | 1.44*** | 1.49*** | ||
(1.07) | (1.21) | (0.45) | (0.45) | |||
Med. doctor | 6.76*** | 5.72*** | 1.78*** | 1.94*** | ||
(1.53) | (1.72) | (0.46) | (0.47) | |||
Nurse*outmigration | −6.43*** | −1.83 | ||||
(2.45) | (2.69) | |||||
Med. doctor*outmigration | 3.73 | −3.98* | ||||
(3.65) | (2.25) | |||||
Year controlled 2006–2014 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
R
| 0.212 | 0.291 | 0.308 | 0.138 | 0.193 | 0.194 |
Number | 884 | 884 | 884 | 6276 | 6276 | 6276 |
Higher level of life satisfaction for out-migrating workers?
4 African countries | 5 Latin American countries | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
M1 | M2 | M3 | M1 | M2 | M3 | |
(Constant) | 5.19*** | 4.91*** | 4.78*** | 7.46*** | 7.98*** | 7.85*** |
(0.49) | (1.17) | (1.17) | (0.78) | (0.86) | (0.87) | |
Migrated out of country | 0.56** | 0.54** | 0.47 | 0.66*** | 0.64*** | 0.71*** |
(0.27) | (0.27) | (0.30) | (0.17) | (0.17) | (0.21) | |
Female | 0.07 | 0.08 | −0.26*** | −0.26*** | ||
(0.17) | (0.17) | (0.06) | (0.06) | |||
Age | −0.07 | −0.07 | −0.03 | −0.03 | ||
(0.06) | (0.06) | (0.02) | (0.02) | |||
Age_sq | 0.00* | 0.00* | 0.00* | 0.00 | ||
(0.00) | (0.00) | (0.00) | (0.00) | |||
High education | 0.72*** | 0.71*** | 0.23*** | 0.23*** | ||
(0.19) | (0.19) | (0.07) | (0.07) | |||
Low education | 0.08 | 0.07 | −0.31 | −0.30 | ||
(0.61) | (0.61) | (0.25) | (0.25) | |||
Log firm size | 0.32*** | 0.32*** | −0.01 | −0.01 | ||
(0.10) | (0.10) | (0.04) | (0.04) | |||
Nurse | −0.27 | −0.18 | 0.07 | 0.06 | ||
(0.22) | (0.25) | (0.08) | (0.08) | |||
Med. doctor | −0.05 | −0.41 | 0.25*** | 0.28*** | ||
(0.32) | (0.36) | (0.09) | (0.09) | |||
Nurse*outmigration | −0.31 | 0.39 | ||||
(0.53) | (0.51) | |||||
Med. doctor*outmigration | 1.71** | −0.54 | ||||
(0.78) | (0.41) | |||||
Year controlled 2006–2014 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
R
| 0.198 | 0.305 | 0.316 | 0.176 | 0.205 | 0.206 |
Number | 841 | 841 | 841 | 6095 | 6095 | 6095 |
Working life outcomes of migrants in destination countries
Socio-economic status of occupation | Log hourly wage in PPP | Satisfaction with life | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
M1 | M2 | M3 | M1 | M2 | M3 | M1 | M2 | M3 | |
(Constant) | 59.02*** | 52.97*** | 52.97*** | 2.14*** | 0.70*** | 0.70*** | 6.44*** | 7.34*** | 7.34*** |
(1.00) | (0.91) | (0.91) | (0.11) | (0.13) | (0.13) | (0.17) | (0.23) | (0.23) | |
Migrant | 1.60*** | 0.16 | 0.24 | 0.06*** | 0.03* | 0.05** | −0.09* | −0.08* | −0.15*** |
(0.34) | (0.23) | (0.28) | (0.02) | (0.01) | (0.02) | (0.04) | (0.04) | (0.05) | |
Female | −2.66*** | −2.66*** | −0.13*** | −0.13*** | −0.05 | −0.05 | |||
(0.13) | (0.13) | (0.008) | (0.008) | (0.02) | (0.02) | ||||
Age | −0.04 | −0.04 | 0.05*** | 0.05*** | −0.06*** | −0.06*** | |||
(0.04) | (0.04) | (0.003) | (0.003) | (0.008) | (0.008) | ||||
Age_sq | 0.0003 | 0.0003 | −0.0005*** | −0.0005*** | 0.0007*** | 0.0007*** | |||
(0.0005) | (0.0005) | (0.00) | (0.00) | (0.00) | (0.00) | ||||
High education | 8.22*** | 8.22*** | 0.27*** | 0.27*** | 0.21*** | 0.21*** | |||
(0.14) | (0.14) | (0.009) | (0.009) | (0.03) | (0.03) | ||||
Low education | −3.27*** | −3.27*** | −0.13*** | −0.13*** | −0.10*** | −0.10** | |||
(0.19) | (0.19) | (0.01) | (0.01) | (0.04) | (0.04) | ||||
Log firm size | −0.39*** | −0.38*** | 0.07*** | 0.07*** | 0.05*** | 0.05*** | |||
(0.08) | (0.08) | (0.005) | (0.005) | (0.02) | (0.02) | ||||
Nurse | −7.96*** | −7.95*** | −0.01 | −0.006 | −0.05** | −0.06** | |||
(0.14) | (0.15) | (0.009) | (0.009) | (0.03) | (0.03) | ||||
Med. doctor | 32.45*** | 32.49*** | 0.32*** | 0.32*** | 0.12*** | 0.10** | |||
(0.22) | (0.23) | (0.01) | (0.01) | (0.04) | (0.04) | ||||
Migrant*Nurse | −0.14 | −0.07* | 0.12 | ||||||
(0.53) | (0.03) | (0.10) | |||||||
Migrant*Med. doctor | −0.41 | −0.03 | 0.26* | ||||||
(0.71) | (0.04) | (0.13) | |||||||
Survey year (2006–2014) | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Sigma_u | 4.97 (0.66) | 1.88 (0.26) | 1.88 (0.26) | 0.62 (0.08) | 0.65 (0.08) | 0.65 (0.08) | 0.91 (0.12) | 0.94 (0.12) | 0.94 (0.12) |
Sigma_e | 15.78 (0.06) | 10.50 (0.04) | 10.50 (0.04) | 0.69 (0.003) | 0.64 (0.002) | 0.64 (0.002) | 1.93 (0.007) | 1.92 (0.007) | 1.92 (0.007) |
Rho | 0.09 (0.02) | 0.03 (0.008) | 0.03 (0.008) | 0.45 (0.06) | 0.51 (0.06) | 0.51 (0.06) | 0.18 (0.04) | 0.19 (0.04) | 0.19 (0.04) |