Background
Methods
Data sources and searches
Database Date of search dd/mm/yy | Search period included dd/mm/yy | Search terms | Total number | Number from title and abstract | Duplicated | New studies |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Scopus 18/04/17 | 31/12/16 | ((TITLE-ABS-KEY(idiopathic AND scoliosis) OR (idiopathic AND scolioses) OR AIS OR scoliosis OR (spinal AND deformity) OR (spinal AND deformities) OR scoliotic OR scolioses OR (spinal AND curvature) OR (spinal AND curvatures))) AND (TITLE-ABS-KEY ((postural AND sway) OR (postural AND stability) OR (postural AND function) OR (postural AND control) OR (postural AND behaviour) OR (postural AND behavior) OR (postural AND performance) OR (postural AND regulation) OR (postural AND strategy) OR (postural AND strategies) OR (postural AND dysfunction) OR (postural AND dysfunctionality) OR (body AND balance) OR (body AND sway) OR (postural AND control AND system) OR (postural AND balance) OR (body AND equilibrium)))) AND (TITLE-ABS-KEY ((adolescen* OR youth* OR teenager*))) | 458 | 23 | – | 0 |
PubMed 06/04/17 | 23/09/16 | ((((((((Scoliosis OR spinal curvatures[MeSH Terms]))) OR ((Idiopathic Scoliosis OR AIS OR Scoliosis OR spinal deformity OR scoliotic OR scolioses OR spinal curvatures)))) AND ((((Adolescent OR Adolescence OR youth OR teenager[MeSH Terms]))) OR ((Adolescent OR Adolescence OR youth OR teenager))))) AND ((((Postural sway OR postural stability OR postural function OR postural control OR postural behaviour OR postural performance OR postural regulation OR postural strategy OR postural dysfunction OR body balance OR body sway OR postural control system OR postural balance OR body equilibrium))) OR postural balance[MeSH Terms])) | 396 | 16 | 300 249 Scopus, 56 CINAHL 1 PEDro | 0 |
CINAHL 18/05/17 | 23/09/16 | (Idiopathic Scoliosis OR AIS OR Scoliosis OR spinal deformity OR scoliotic OR scolioses OR spinal curvatures) AND (Postural sway OR postural stability OR postural function OR postural control OR postural behaviour OR postural performance OR postural regulation OR postural strategy OR postural dysfunction OR body balance OR body sway OR postural control system OR postural balance OR body equilibrium) AND (Adolescent OR Adolescence OR youth OR teenager) | 81 | 1 | 107 51 Scopus 56 PubMed 0 PEDro | 0 |
PEDro 18/05/17 | 31/12/16 | Scoliosis and Clinical trial | 36 | 0 | 1 PubMed | 0 |
All databases | 971 | 357 | ||||
After duplicates | 614 | |||||
Retrieved for full text | 23 | 0 |
Screening and selection
Critical appraisal
Item | Scoring |
---|---|
Selection: | |
1. Is the control group representative for normal adolescents? | 1 = Community control; 0 = Hospital controls; 0 = No description of source |
2. Was other pathology excluded that possibly influences the outcome? | 1 = Yes; 0 = No or no description |
Comparability: | |
3. Were the same in- and exclusion criteria (except for the spinal deformity) used for AIS and healthy adolescents? | 1 = Yes; 0 = No or no description |
Exposure/outcome: | |
4. Were the observers blinded to AIS/healthy adolescent status? | 1 = Yes; 0 = No or not documented |
5. Was the data collection performed in the same standardised way for AIS cases and healthy adolescents? | 1 = Yes; 0 = No or not documented |
6.a Was the primary outcome parameter for AIS cases and healthy adolescents available? | 1 = Available for > 90% of AIS and healthy adolescents; 0 = Available for < 90% of AIS or healthy adolescents |
Item | Description | Scoring |
---|---|---|
Internal validity | ||
1 | Indicates reliability of outcome measures | A positive point was assigned if a minimum sampling duration of 90 s and/or 3–5 reps was used |
2 | Clear presentation of balance assessment | A positive point was assigned if replication of the experiment is possible based on the information in the article |
3 | Correction for confounding effect on dependent variables | Positive points were assigned if confounders were taken into account, or appropriate matching on these variables was performed |
3a Study controls for age | ||
3b Study controls for gender | ||
3c Study controls for height | ||
3d Study controls for body mass | ||
Statistical validity | ||
4 | The use of appropriate statistical tests | A positive point was assigned if appropriate tests were used to assess differences in balance |
5 | Adequate sample size | A positive point was assigned if a minimum of 20 subjects per group were included |
External validity | ||
6 | Sufficient information about the subject’s characteristics | Positive if information was provided about |
6a Adequate information regarding age | ||
6b Adequate information regarding gender | ||
6c Adequate information regarding height | ||
6d Adequate information regarding body mass | ||
6e Adequate information regarding severity of curve (Cobb angle) |
Data extraction and synthesis
Results
Literature review
Critical appraisal of methodological quality
Author/year | Risk-of-bias selection | Risk-of-bias comparability | Risk-of-bias exposure/outcome | Total score 0–6 points | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Item 1 | Item 2 | Item 3 | Item 4 | Item 5 | Item 6 | ||
Sahli et al. 2013 [42] | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 5 |
Park et al. 2013 [43] | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 3 |
De Santiago et al. 2013 [44] | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 |
Stylianides et al. 2013 [45] | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 3 |
Gruber et al. 2011 [46] | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 3 |
Dalleau et al. 2011 [47] | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 4 |
Valles et al. 2009 [48] | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 2 |
Beaulieu et al. 2009 [49] | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 5 |
Zabjek et al. 2008 [50] | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 |
Dalleau et al. 2007 [51] | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 3 |
Simoneau, et al. 2006 [52] | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 3 |
Chow et al. 2006 [53] | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 4 |
Simoneau et al. 2006 [54] | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 |
Allard et al. 2004 [55] | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 4 |
Silferi et al. 2004 [56] | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 |
Nault et al. 2002 [57] | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 |
Chen et al. 1998 [58] | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 3 |
Sahlstrand et al. 1978 [59] | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 4 |
Author/year | Internal validity | Score | Statistical validity | Score | External validity | Score | Total score | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 2 | 3a | 3b | 3c | 3d | 4 | 5 | 6a | 6b | 6c | 6d | 6e | |||||
Sahli et al. 2013 [42] | + | + | + | – | + | + | 83 | + | – | 50 | + | – | + | + | + | 80 | 71 |
Park et al. 2013 [43] | – | – | + | – | + | – | 33 | + | – | 50 | + | – | + | + | + | 80 | 54 |
de Santiago et al. 2013 [44] | + | + | + | + | – | – | 67 | + | – | 50 | + | + | + | + | + | 100 | 66 |
Stylianides et al. 2013 [45] | + | + | + | + | + | + | 100 | + | + | 100 | + | + | + | + | + | 100 | 100 |
Gruber et al. 2011 [46] | + | – | + | + | – | + | 66 | + | – | 50 | + | + | + | + | + | 100 | 72 |
Dalleau et al. 2011 [47] | + | + | + | + | + | + | 100 | + | + | 100 | + | + | + | + | + | 100 | 100 |
Valles et al. 2009 [48] | + | + | – | – | – | – | 33 | + | – | 50 | – | – | – | – | – | 0 | 28 |
Beaulieu et al. 2009 [49] | + | + | + | + | + | + | 100 | + | + | 100 | + | + | + | + | + | 100 | 100 |
Zabjek et al. 2008 [50] | + | – | + | + | + | + | 83 | + | – | 50 | + | + | + | + | + | 100 | 78 |
Dalleau et al. 2007 [51] | + | + | + | + | + | + | 100 | + | + | 100 | + | + | + | + | + | 100 | 100 |
Simoneau et al. 2006 [52] | + | + | – | – | – | – | 33 | + | – | 50 | + | + | – | – | + | 60 | 48 |
Chow et al. 2006 [53] | + | + | + | + | + | + | 100 | + | + | 100 | + | + | + | + | + | 100 | 100 |
Simoneau et al. 2006 [54] | + | + | + | – | – | – | 50 | + | – | 50 | + | + | – | – | + | 60 | 53 |
Allard et al. 2004 [55] | + | + | + | + | + | + | 100 | + | + | 100 | + | + | + | + | + | 100 | 100 |
Silferi et al. 2004 [56] | + | + | – | – | – | – | 33 | + | – | 50 | + | + | – | – | – | 40 | 41 |
Nault et al. 2002 [57] | + | + | + | + | + | + | 100 | + | + | 100 | + | + | + | + | + | 100 | 100 |
Chen et al. 1998 [58] | – | + | – | – | – | – | 17 | – | – | 50 | + | + | – | – | + | 60 | 42 |
Sahlstrand et al. 1978 [59] | + | + | – | + | – | – | 50 | + | + | 100 | + | + | – | – | – | 40 | 63 |
Participants
Author Year | Country and setting of participant recruitment | CON | AIS | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N = Sample size, gender = ♀:♂ | Age ± SD (years) | Height ± SD (cm), weight ± SD (kg) | N = Sample size, gender = ♀:♂ | Cobb (°): range and/or mean ± SD, primary curve type | Age ± SD (years) | Height ± SD (cm), weight ± SD (kg) | ||
Sahli et al. 2013 [42] | CON: Community, Tunisia AIS: Hospital, Tunisia | N = 12, gender = NR | 13.2 ± 1.6 | 159.0 ± 8.0, 45.3 ± 6.6 | N = 14, gender = 13:1 | Range 10°–28°, N = 10 Right thoracic, N = 4 left lumbar | 14.2 ± 1.6 | 160 ± 9.0, 51.8 ± 8.8 |
Park et al. 2013 [43] | CON: NR AIS: Hospital, South Korea | N = 15, gender = NR | 14.7 ± 1.7 | 160 ± 6.0, 65.2 ± 10.4 | N = 128, gender = NR | G1: N = 57, range 10°–20°, 13.7° ± 2.6 G2: N = 34, range 20°–30°, 23.9° ± 3.2 G3: N = 37, range > 40°, 36.4° ± 5.8 | G1:15.5 ± 1.8 G2:15.1 ± 1.6 G3:15.5 ± 1.9 | G1: 160 ± 6, 51.2 ± 9.1 G2: 160 ± 6, 47.3 ± 8.1 G3: 160 ± 7, 50.0 ± 8.5 |
de Santiago et al. 2013 [44] | CON: NR AIS: Hospital, Brazil | N = 15, gender = 15:0 | 15.1 ± 1.5 | 159.7 ± 0.0, 51.2 ± 2.0 | N = 15, gender = 15:0 | 69.5° ± 8.78, right thoracic | 15.0 ± 1.6 | 156.8 ± 0.03, 46.1 ± 3.3 |
Stylianides et al. 2013 [45] | CON: NR AIS: Hospital, Canada | N = 25, gender = 25:0 | 13.1 ± 1.4 | 156.9 ± 6.9, 46.0 ± 7.4 | N = 28, Gender = 28:0 | 35.0° ± 7.6, right thoracic | 12.9 ± 1.6 | 155.1 ± 9.9, 44.7 ± 9.5 |
Gruber et al. 2011 [46] | CON: NR AIS: Hospital, Mexico | N = 10, gender = 10:0 | 11.9 ± 2.8 | 149.0 ± 14.0, 44.5 ± 7.7 | N = 36, gender = 36:0 | G1: N = 18 pre-brace 27° ± 6, G2: N = 18 pre-op 52° ± 13, Right thoracic predominantly | 12.5 ± 2.0 | 154 ± 11.0, 48.6 ± 12.5 |
Dalleau et al. 2011 [47] | CON: NR AIS: NR | N = 20, gender = 20:0 | 12.5 ± 1.3 | 156.3 ± 7.7, 43.7 ± 6.9 | N = 21, gender = 21:0 | range 5°–28°, 13.5° ± 5.5, Right thoracic | 11.7 ± 3.1 | 148.4 ± 17.0, 40.0 ± 13.3 |
Valles et al. 2009 [48] | CON: NR AIS: NR | N = 20, gender = NR | NR | NR, NR | N = 16, gender = 13:3 | NR | 14.8 ± 2.1 | 151.9 ± 30.7, 59.8 ± 14.4 |
Beaulieu et al. 2009 [49] | CON: Community, Canada AIS: Hospital, Canada | N = 53, gender = 53:0 | 13.8 ± 1.0 | 159.2 ± 9.3, 49.9 ± 9.8 | N = 49, gender = NR | G1: N = 23 OB, 18.9° ± 7.1, N = 20 Right thoracic, N = 3 Right lumbar G2: N = 26 PB, 27.2° ± 12.4, N = 25 Right thoracic, N = 1 Right lumbar | G1: 12.5 ± 2.4 G2: 12.2 ± 1.4 | G1: 151.5 ± 10.7, 43.5 ± 10.9, G2: 152.3 ± 10.3, 42.1 ± 8.3 |
Zabjek et al. 2008 [50] | Canada, CON: NR, AIS: NR | N = 18, gender = 18:0 | 11.0 ± 2.0 | 144.0 ± 13.0, 39.0 ± 11.0 | N = 22, gender = 22:0 | 21.0° ± 14.0, N = 8 Double, N = 7 Thoracolumbar, N = 7 Thoracic | 12.2 ± 2.0 | 148.0 ± 11.0, 42.0 ± 12.0 |
Dalleau et al. 2007 [51] | CON: NR AIS: NR | N = 23, gender = 23:0 | 13.4 ± 1.0 | 161.5 ± 5.9, 50.0 ± 11.1 | N = 23, gender = 23:0 | 29.4° ± 9.4, right thoracic | 12.2 ± 1.5 | 154.0 ± 10.5, 44.4 ± 9.8 |
Simoneau et al. 2006 [52] | Canada, CON: NR, AIS: NR | N = 9, gender = 9:0 | 16.5 ± 1.7 | NR, NR | N = 8, gender = 7:1 | 45.6° ± 7.5, right thoracic | 16.3 ± 2.1 | NR, NR |
Chow et al. 2006 [53] | Canada, CON: NR, AIS: NR | N = 20, gender = 20:0 | 13.5 ± 1.1 | 155 ± 6, 44.8 ± 5.1 | N = 26, gender = 26:0 | 21.0° ± 3.0, N = 10 right primary, N = 16 left primary | 13.0 ± 0.9 | 156.0 ± 5.0, 43.9 ± 5.8 |
Simoneau et al. 2006 [54] | Canada, CON: NR, AIS: NR | N = 10, gender = 10:0 | 16.5 | NR, NR | N = 8, gender = 7:1 | 45.6° ±7.5 | 16.4 | NR |
Allard et al. 2004 [55] | CON: Community AIS: NR | N = 36, gender = 36:0 | 13.5 ± 1.7 | 159.2 ± 8.4, 49.1 ± 10.3 | N = 38, gender = 38:0 | 26.2° ± 11.5, right thoracic | 12.4 ± 1.8 | 151.4 ± 11.2, 42.2 ± 9.3 |
Silferi et al. 2004 [56] | CON: NR AIS:NR | N = 15, gender = 15:0 | range 11–16 | NR, NR | N = 15, gender = 15:0 | NR | range 11–16 | NR, NR |
Nault et al. 2002 [57] | Canada, CON: NR, AIS: NR | N = 38, gender = 38:0 | 12.9 ± 2.0 | 156.7 ± 10.8, 45.3 ± 8.5 | N = 43, gender = 43:0 | 29° ± 12, range 7°–52°, N = 39 right thoracic, N = 2 thoracolumbar, N = 2 lumbar | 12.5 ± 1.7 | 153.1 ± 9.7, 43.2 ± 9.1 |
Chen et al. 1998 [58] | CON: NR AIS: Hospital, Taiwan | N = 15, gender = 13:2 | 16.8 ± 3.1 | NR, NR | N = 30, gender = 28:2 | range 22°–67° | 16.6 ± 3.8 | NR, NR |
Sahlstrand et al. 1978 [59] | CON: NR AIS: Hospital, Sweden | N = 48, gender = 40:8 | 13.4 ± 1.7 | NR, NR | N = 32, gender = 27:5 | NR | 13.4 ± 2.1 | NR |
Posturography method used to measure postural stability
Author Year | Force platform | Study protocol | COP parameters and direction of displacement | Values for AIS, CON, p value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Sahli et al. 2013 [42] | Static Stabilometric platform (SATEL, Blagnac, France), 40 Hz | Heels 5 cm apart, 30° angle between long axes of the feet. Eye focused at eye level, white cross on wall 2 m away, 3 trials of 51.2 s, 30-s rest interval | Mean ± SD Position of ML | #AIS = 22 ± 13.1 mm, #CON = 17 ± 26 mm, p < 0001* |
Mean ± SD Positon of AP | #AIS = 25 ± 37.4 mm, #CON = 22 ± 22.5 mm, p < 0.001* | |||
Mean ± SD Sway Area | #AIS = 490 ± 318 mm2, #CON = 310 ± 364 mm2, p < 0.001* | |||
Park et al. 2013 [43] | MFT balance tester (MFT balance test- basic, Multifunktionale trainsgerate, Germany) | Barefoot, subjects were to locate their centre of gravity into 5 different sections from the centre of a circle, 2 trials of 30 s | ×Mean left and right balance in kg/m2 derived from the absolute values by subtracting the rate of the opposite direction from the rate of the selected direction | AIS G1 = 12.57 ± 9.55 kg/m2, G2 = 13.47 ± 11.54 kg/m2 G3 = 12.33 ± 10.68 kg/m2, CON = 2.38 ± 1.96 kg/m2, p < 0.01 between all groups* |
×Mean forward and backward balance in kg/m2 derived from the absolute values by subtracting the rate of the opposite direction from the rate of the selected direction | AIS G1 = 20.44 ± 12.91 kg/m2, G2 = 22.14 ± 18.03 kg/m2, G3 = 16.28 ± 11.43 kg/m2, CON = 10.37 ± 8.51 kg/m2, p < 0.01 between all groups* | |||
de Santiago et al. 2013 [44] | EMG system force platform (Sao Jose dos Campos, Brazil), 100 Hz | Feet shoulder width apart, arms along body, eyes focused at eye level at 5 cm diameter black circle 1.5 m away, 3 trials of 60 s, self-chosen rest | xMean ± SD Sway Area | #AIS = 60 ± 1.4 mm2, #CON = 40 ± 2.8 mm2, p < 0.0001* |
Stylianides et al. 2013 [45] | AMTI force platform model OR6–5 (Newton, MA), 64 Hz | Barefoot, heels 23 cm apart, feet external rotated 15°, eyes focused at eye level target 1.2 m away, 3 trials of 64 s | Mean ± SD Range of ML | #AIS = 19.8 ± 9 mm, #CON = 14.5 ± 6.3 mm, p < 0.05* |
Mean ± SD Range of AP, posterior displacement | #AIS = 32 ± 13.3 mm, #CON = 25.8 ± 7.8 mm, p < 0.05* | |||
Gruber et al. 2011 [46] | AMTI force platform (AMTI, Newton, MA), 1080 Hz | Feet shoulder width apart, hands by the side, looking straight ahead, 3 trials of 10 s | Mean ± SD Range of ML | AIS = 28.99 ± 25.55 mm, CON = 17.25 ± 7.09 mm, p = 0.025* |
Mean ± SD Range of AP | AIS = 28.39 ± 11.44 mm, CON = 25.00 ± 11.72 mm, p = NS | |||
Mean ± SD Sway Area | AIS = 3.73 ± 0.40 mm2, CON = 3.48 ± 0.38 mm2, p < 0.005* | |||
Dalleau et al. 2011 [47] | AMTI force platform model OR-5 (Newton, MA, USA), 64 Hz | Barefoot, heels 23 cm apart, feet pointing externally 15°, eyes focused on target 1.2 m ahead, 3 trials of 30 s | ×Median (IQR) Range of ML | #AIS = 15.0 mm (6.5 mm), #CON = 12.0 mm (7.0 mm), p = 0.02* |
×Median (IQR) Range of AP, posterior displacement | #AIS = 25.5 mm (8.2 mm), #CON = 16.5 mm (7.2 mm), p < 0.01* | |||
Valles et al. 2009 [48] | 2xAMTI force plates under each foot model 0TS6–500, 100 Hz | 3 trials of 30 s | ×Mean ± SD Sway Area | AIS = 2728 ± 4177 mm2, CON = 2152 ± 2767 mm2, p = NS |
Beaulieu et al. 2009 [49] | AMTI force platform (Newton, MA, USA), 64 Hz | Heels spaced 20 cm apart, feet pointing externally 15°, eyes focused on target 1.2 m away, 3 trials of 64 s, 2-min rest intervals | Mean ± SD Position of ML, right displacement Mean ± SD Range of ML | #AIS = 4.58 ± 11.5 mm (OB & PB), #CON = 4.0 ± 9.0 mm, p = NS between OB, PB and CON groups. #AIS = 541.3 ± 244.9 mm, #CON = 184.6 ± 153.8 mm, p < 0.001* OB vs CON, p < 0.001* PB vs CON |
Mean ± SD Position of AP, posterior displacement Mean ± SD Range of AP | #AIS = 73.8 ± 13.0 mm (OB & PB), #CON = 64.0 ± 13.0 mm, p = 0.04* OB vs CON, p = 0.001* PB vs CON #AIS = 629.0 ± 156.7 mm, #CON = 233.3 ± 186.2 mm, p < 0.001* OB vs CON, p < 0.001* PB vs CON | |||
Mean ± SD Sway Area | #AIS = 245.0 ± 172.5 mm2 (OB & PB), #CON = 180 ± 115 mm2, p = NS OB vs CON, p = 0.008* PB vs CON | |||
Zabjek et al. 2008 [50] | 2× AMTI force platforms under each foot, 20 Hz | Quiet standing position, 4 trials of 2 min, adequate rest between each trial | ×Mean ± SD Position estimate gravity line of COM ML, right displacement | AIS = 3.7 ± 11,08 mm, CON = 4.6 ± 9,69 mm, p = NR |
×Mean ± SD Position estimate gravity line of COM in AP, anterior displacement | AIS = 30.2 ± 16,06 mm, CON = 28.3 ± 16,16 mm, p = NR | |||
Dalleau et al. 2007 [51] | AMTI force platform (Newton, MA, USA), 64 Hz | Barefoot, heels spaced 23 cm apart, feet pointing externally 15°, arms along body, eyes focused at eye level target 1.2 m away, 3 trials of 64 s, 60-s rest intervals | Mean ± SD Position of ML, right displacement Mean ± SD Range of ML | AIS = 3.3 ± 12.0 mm, CON = 3.4 ± 6.8 mm, p = NS #AIS = 18 ± 3.5 mm, #CON = 13 ± 2.5 mm, p = 0.001* |
Mean ± SD Position of AP, posterior displacement Mean ± SD Range of AP | AIS = 62.3 ± 10.7 mm, CON = 71.3 ± 14.3 mm, p = 0.043* #AIS = 29.5 ± 8 mm, #CON = 24 ± 7 mm, p = 0.016* | |||
Simoneau et al. 2006a [52] | AMTI force platform model OR6–6 (Watertown, USA), 200 Hz | Barefoot with feet 10 cm apart, arms along body, eyes focused at eye level target 2 m away, 6 trials of 30 s divided into two 15-s intervals | ×Mean distance between consecutive zones of 3 mm radius, sway density curve | #AIS = 3.8 mm ± 2,3, #CON = 1.69 mm ± 2,14, p < 0.01* |
Chow et al. 2006 [53] | AMTI force platform (Newton, MA, USA), 64 Hz | Barefoot, heels 10 cm apart, feet pointing externally 30°, arms along body Eyes focused at eye level 10 cm × 15 cm reference square 2 m away, 3 trials of 60 s, 3-min rest intervals | ×Mean Range of AP | AIS & CON = 31.9 mm averaged p = NR |
Simoneau et al. 2006b [54] | AMTI force platform, 200 Hz | Barefoot with feet 10 cm apart, arms along body, eyes focused at eye level target 2 m away, 6 trials of 15 s | Mean ± SD Range of ML | #AIS = 13 ± 6.26 mm, #CON = 5.8 ± 6.39 mm, p = NR |
Mean ± SD Range of AP | #AIS = 19.5 ± 5.89 mm, #CON = 10.9 ± 6.1 mm, p = NR | |||
Allard et al. 2004 [55] | AMTI force platform (Newton, MA, USA), 64 Hz | Heels spaced 23 cm apart, feet pointing externally 15°, eyes focused on target 1.2 m away, 3 trials of 64 s | Mean ± SD Position of ML, right displacement | AIS = 5.3 ± 14.2 mm, CON = 3.2 ± 9.3 mm, p = NS |
Mean ± SD Position of AP, posterior displacement | AIS = 26.1 ± 13.3 mm, CON = 36.6 ± 12.4 mm, p = 0.002* | |||
Mean ± SD Sway Area | #AIS = 275 ± 175 mm2, CON = 183 ± 111 mm2, p = 0.010* | |||
Silferi et al. 2004 [56] | AMTI force platform (Newton, MA), 64 Hz | Heels spaced 20 cm apart, feet external rotation 15°. Focused ahead at a target 1.2 m away, 3 trials of 64 s, 30-s rests | ×RMS Amplitude, horizontal motion of ML | #AIS = 0.5 ± 0.5 mm, #CON = 0.2 ± 01 mm, p < 0.05* |
×RMS Amplitude, horizontal motion of AP | #AIS = 0.5 ± .2 mm, #CON = 0.7 ± 0.4 mm, p = NS | |||
Nault et al. 2002 [57] | AMTI force platform (Newton, MA) at 64 Hz | Heels spaced 20 cm apart, feet external rotation 15°, arms along body, eyes focused at eye level target 1.2 m away, 3 trials of 60 s | Mean ± SD Position of ML, right displacement | AIS = 6.5 ± 10.1 mm, CON = 4.4 ± 9.1 mm, p = NS |
Mean ± SD Position of AP, posterior displacement | AIS = 72.7 ± 12.4 mm, CON = 85.0 ± 12.0 mm, p = 0.043* | |||
Mean ± SD Sway Area | AIS = 274.0 ± 154.0 mm2, CON = 190.3 ± 123.5 mm2, p = 0.009* | |||
Chen et al. 1998 [58] | Kistler Instrument Corp at 50 Hz | Barefoot, feet parallel 8 cm apart 1 trial of 30 s | Mean ± SD Range ML | AIS = 17.0 ± 6.8 mm, CON = 13.4 ± 5.1 mm, p = 0.05* |
Mean ± SD Range AP | AIS = 25.9 ± 13.2 mm, CON = 20.4 ± 4.2 mm, p = NS | |||
Mean ± SD Sway Area | AIS = 765 ± 419 mm2, CON = 447 ± 98 mm2, p = 0.004* | |||
Sahlstrand et al. 1978 [59] | Force platform L’Electronique Appliquee (Montrouge, France) | Heels together, feet external rotation 30°, eyes focused at eye level on a 10 × 10 cm reference square 5 m away, 1 trial of 2 min with 2-min rest intervals | ×RMS ± SD Range of ML ×Mean ± SD Position of ML, right displacement | #AIS = 4.8 ± 1.38 mm, #CON = 4.4 ± 1.13 mm, p < 0.05* Data NR, p < 0.05* |
×RMS ± SD Range of AP ×Mean ± SD Position of AP | #AIS = 6.2 ± 1.9 mm, #CON = 5.6 ± 2.0 mm, p < 0.05* Data NR, p = NR | |||
×Mean ± SD Sway Area | #AIS = 107.1 ± 4.9 mm2, #CON = 78.5 ± 4.9 mm2, p < 0.05* |
Qualitative analysis of centre of pressure parameters
Sway area
Mediolateral
Anteroposterior
Meta-analysis of COP parameters
COP parameters | Cohen’s d pooled effect size (95% CI) | Cochran’s Q | Higgin’s I2% | Studies (n = 9) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Sway area | 0.65 (0.49–0.63) Medium | 5.93 | 15.71 | 6 |
MLP1 | 0.15 (0.08–0.22) No difference | 1.00 | 6.66 | 2 |
MLP2 | 0.14 (0.08–0.19) No difference | 1.48 | 0.00 | 3 |
MLR | 0.94 (0.83–1.04) Large | 4.84 | 0.00 | 6 |
APP1 | 0.43 (0.31–0.54) Small | 1.00 | 4.42 | 2 |
APP2 | 0.85 (0.72–0.97) Large | 2.04 | 1.74 | 3 |
APR | 0.98 (0.87–1.09) Large | 6.35 | 21.30 | 6 |