C:UP5690:10 | 3: No comment. | 2: Some entry radiating fractures. Exit wound bevelling, local comminution but insufficient fracture. | 2: Entry—some radiating fractures. Exit—fracture pattern does not look like expected exit wound, i.e. multiple fragments ‘blown out’ with radial fractures from main part of damage but has been affected by cut/moulding line. | 3: No comment | 2: Entry—Not as much vault or base comminution in relation to entrance as would expect to see; suspect has been affected by entrance being just below saw cut. Some extension inferiorly into right orbit. Exit—Fragmentation at exit area quite representative but would expect extension inferiorly into base. |
G:PU8098:10 | 3: No comment | 3: Entry wound—radiating fracture lines; fracture to maxilla and base of skull. Exit wound—good radiating fractures but less comminution. | 1: Entry—right frontal wound; skull seems to have fractured away through right orbit. Superior half of mould has cracked away. Exit—some fragment loss posteriorly. | 3: If it had not been weakened by the artificial join (cut line), the fracture pattern around the entry and exit holes would be correct. | 2: Entry—comminution of anterior fossa below entrance and extension into middle fossa with bone loss quite realistic but no extension across midline and no comminution of anterior vault (saw cut). Exit—vault comminution around exit but some of the fracture lines too regular. No extension into base posteriorly. |
1:MU51:10 | 3: Difficult to reconstruct—perhaps comminution a bit extreme for range | 3: Entrance—fracture lines with comminution. Exit—massive comminution, maybe too much. | 1: Over 20 fragments. Bottom half of skull unaffected. Entry—to the frontal area but then top half of model has cracked into multiple parts. Exit—unable to comment on loss of ‘bone’ posteriorly. | 1: does not feel right that the neurocranium fractured in isolation and so extensively | 3: Vault path. Entry—entrance partly preserved. Exit—point not precisely seen. Saw cut prevents extension to skull base but otherwise realistic. |
3:MU51:10 | 3: Good radiating lines around entrance; significant comminution of occiput. | 3: Entry—multiple radiating fracture lines. Exit—bullet wipe marks* with comminution | 2: Anterior entry with associated fracture in frontal bone. Exit—multiple fragments in occipital bone; would expect this to be held together by soft tissues which would clarify the exact fracture pattern. | 2: entry fracture looks correct other than the artificial cut line; exit fracture pattern too large. | 2: Entry—entrance incomplete superiorly and inferiorly with associated bone loss terminated inferiorly by saw cut. Some radiating fracture lines but pattern of bone loss unusual. Exit—exit much more realistic; multifragmentary but does not extend into skull vault due to saw cut. Would also expect some extension into middle fossa. |
8:MU51:3 | 3: Reconstruction could move this up to a 4 | 4: Entry—fracturing out into orbit Exit—extensive comminution and distant fracture lines. | 2: Left frontal entry wound. Fracture involves left orbit. Large fracture through left temporal bone—too many fragments. Exit—whole of posterior skull looks fragmented. | 2: too broken | 2: Entrance at 11:00—similar to others. No vault involvement and defect connected by fracture at posterior part ant fossa but no obvious radiating fractures. Exit—more realistic. Heavily fragmented; base and vault, precise point not identified. |
11:MU51:10 | 3: Would look more convincing following reconstruction | 4: Entry—eminating fracture lines; undisplaced frontal fractures. Exit—massive comminution with widespread fractures into base of skull/occiput. | 2: Right frontal entry just on cut/mould line. Superior half of model generally intact. Significant injury but too many fragments. Exit—significant disruption, over 20 fragments. Complete destruction of posterior fossa. | 2: too destroyed | 2: Entrance—bordering on cut line anteriorly. No extension into vault. Ipsilateral involvement anterior fossa but no extension across midline. Exit—multifragmentary exit more realistic. |
12:MU51:10 | 3: No comment | 1: Entry—not seen a single fracture line from entry wound. Exit—too well marginated and minimal fracturing. | 3: Right frontal entry—right orbital injury as expected producing orbital fracture. Exit—fragments blown out with associated fracture running parallel and then crossing sagittal suture. Fractures bounded by casting lines. | 4: fracture pattern correct; only the entry hole looks too well circumscribed. | 2: Entry—radiating fractures into base and vault, not quite as extensive Exit—radiating fractures into base and vault, not quite as extensive |
21:MU51:PG | 3: No comment | 3: Entry—minimal fracture. Exit—external bevelling. Radiating fracture to foramen magnum and calvarium comminution. | 3: PermaGel in place. Entry—small wound right frontal area. Exit—multiple fragments posteriorly equally above and below the casting/cut line. Fracture line on skull continuing from where fragments have fallen out. | 2: entry fracture pattern looks too small; rear exit fractures look right. | 2: Entry—external and Internal bevelling. Would expect more comminution Exit—extensive comminution and vault/base extensions more realistic but would expect more comminution and extension to foramen magnum: almost a ‘3’ for the exit. |
23:MU51:PG | 2: hovering between 1 and 2 | 1: Not the expected fracture pattern at entry or exit. | 3: Entry—small fragment. Exit—small fragments blown out posteriorly, bounded by casting line. | 3: size of entry point realistic but can see demarcation of cut line. Size of exit realistic. | 1: Entry—superior defect but no inferior radiation to base. No vault extension. Exit—pattern of fragmentation not realistic and limited by saw cut. No radiation into distant vault. |
25:MU51:PG | 2: lack of radiation from entrance | 3: Entry—internal bevelling, minimal fracture patterns. Exit—external bevelling; some radiating fractures and comminution. Needs more exit fractures! | 3: Fractures have been altered by moulding/cut line. Entry—right frontal. Exit—small fragments posteriorly from small exit wound with stellate fracturing surrounding. | 2: sizes look correct but there is no fracture propagation and false demarcation around cut line. | 1: Entry—defect at 11:00 but shows no other radiating fractures. Exit—near limb of lambdoid; fracture does extend towards sagittal suture-? minimal diastasis. Not as much fragmentation as would expect, limited by saw cut. |
26:MU51:7 | 3: radiation from entrance stopped by cut line | 3: Entry—some emanating fracture and distant (right orbit/maxilla) fracture but no comminution. Exit—comminution and obliquity of fracture margins in keeping. | 3: Some fracture lines across temporal bones. Entry—anterior entry point with associated radial fractures into frontal bone and orbit. Exit—widespread posterior injury with multiple fragments ‘blown out’ | 4: Commenting primarily on the entry point this is the closest I have seen in terms of entry hole size and fracture pattern. | 2: Entry—bevelling quite prominent. Cleaved obliquely but not crossing midline, stopped by saw cut so no vault involvement. Defect at post ant fossa away from entrance but comminuted by fracture. Similar in appearance to other cases seen here but not a typical appearance in real life. Exit—more realistic. Multifragmenting. |
27:MU51:7 | 2: perhaps with reconstruction closer to a 3 | 3: Entry—local comminution, reverse bevelling, some fractures into face. Exit—external bevelling with comminution. | 1: Appears to be too many fragments to be realistic—shattered appearance. Entry—small right frontal entry wound with loss of right frontal bone. Exit—multiple smaller fragments involving posterior fossa. | 3: No frontal sinus (in the model) so no fracture | 3: Entry—entrance at saw cut but does produce base and vault involvement. Similar post anterior fossa defect as with others. Exit—heavily fragmented exit with: vault and base. Precise point not seen. |
28:MU51:7 | 3: No comment | 3: Entry—some comminution, limited radial fractures. Exit—bevelling present, comminution with extending fracture lines. | 3: Entry—frontal wound in area of frontal air sinuses. Some bone fracturing. Exit—posteriorly widespread loss of bone. Possible stellate pattern of fracture. Fracture extends down to foramen magnum. | 2: Entry and exit points incorrect due to cut line | 2: Entry—some fragmentation superiorly but not passing through saw cut. No radiation into skull base. Exit—area more realistic. Multifragmenting. Base involvement including radiation to foramen magnum. Precise point not identified. |