Background
Turnover among managers
Work-personal life interference and managerial turnover
The mediating role of depressive symptoms
Gender differences
Reverse associations
Aim of the present study
Methods
Study sample
Study variables
Outcome variable
Predictor variable
Men | Women | Gender diff | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
n/means
|
%/std dev
|
n/means
|
%/std dev
|
level of sign
| |
Turnover | n.s. | ||||
no | 685 | 97.0 | 713 | 98.1 | |
yes | 21 | 3.0 | 14 | 1.9 | |
Work-personal life interference (index mean/std. dev, range 1–5) | 2.67 | 0.91 | 2.87 | 0.94 | <.001 |
Depressive symptoms (index mean/std. dev, range 1–5) | 1.74 | 0.80 | 1.92 | 0.86 | <.001 |
Age | <.05 | ||||
1 < 34 years | 54 | 7.5 | 46 | 6.2 | |
2 35–44 years | 198 | 27.6 | 231 | 31.2 | |
3 45–54 years | 290 | 40.4 | 293 | 39.5 | |
4 55–64 years | 160 | 22.3 | 168 | 22.7 | |
5 > 64 years | 15 | 2.1 | 3 | 0.4 | |
Education | <.001 | ||||
1 ≤ 9 years | 38 | 5.3 | 21 | 2.8 | |
2 ≤ 12 years | 297 | 41.4 | 201 | 27.1 | |
3 University < 3 years | 97 | 13.5 | 38 | 5.1 | |
4 University ≥3 years | 262 | 37.1 | 461 | 62.2 | |
5 Research education | 23 | 2.6 | 20 | 2.7 | |
Labour market sector | <.001 | ||||
0 Private | 416 | 68.1 | 230 | 34.9 | |
1 Public | 195 | 31.9 | 429 | 65.1 | |
Marital status | <.01 | ||||
0 Married/co-habiting | 603 | 85.5 | 593 | 80.7 | |
1 Not married/co-habiting | 102 | 14.5 | 142 | 19.3 | |
Children living at home | n.s. | ||||
0 No | 258 | 36.5 | 298 | 40.5 | |
1 Yes | 448 | 63.5 | 437 | 59.5 |
Mediating variable
Covariates
Analytic strategy
Descriptive statistics
Autoregressive cross-lagged mediation models within a multilevel structural equation modelling (MSEM) framework
Results
Descriptive statistics
Bivariate multilevel cross-lagged structural equation models between work-personal life interference and turnover for men and women
Multilevel mediation models for men and women
Men | Women | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
B(SE) | 95% CI |
p
| B(SE) | 95% CI |
p
| |
Regression weights – WPI
| ||||||
WPI t | ||||||
WPI t-1 | .654 (.030) | .595; .713 | .000 | .644 (.025) | .594; .694 | .000 |
Depression t-1 | .110 (.032) | .047; .173 | .001 | .027 (.030) | −.032; .085 | .374 |
Higher age | −.066 (.016) | −.119; −.012 | .001 | .062 (.025) | −.110; −.013 | .013 |
Not married | .022 (.022) | −.021; .064 | .320 | −.008 (.021) | −.049; .032 | .687 |
Children living at home | −.001 (.026) | −.053; .051 | .971 | −.048 (.024) | −.096; .000 | .050 |
Public sector | .011 (.021) | −.030; .052 | .601 | −.037 (.021) | −.078; .004 | .077 |
Higher education | −.003 (.021) | −.045; .039 | .901 | .064 (.021) | .023; .104 | .002 |
WPI t-1 | ||||||
WPI t-2 | .638 (.031) | .577; .699 | .000 | .609 (.032) | .546; .671 | .000 |
Depression t-2 | .111 (.034) | .045; .178 | .001 | .070 (.032) | .007; .133 | .029 |
Higher age | −.043 (.029) | −.100; .014 | .136 | .003 (.026) | −.048; .055 | .902 |
Not married | .006 (.024) | −.040; .053 | .787 | −.053 (.024) | −.099; −.006 | .026 |
Children living at home | −.002 (.028) | −.057; .054 | .957 | −.031 (.027) | −.084; .022 | .254 |
Public sector | .018 (.023) | −.027; .062 | .431 | −.020 (.024) | −.067; .026 | .396 |
Higher education | .049 (.023) | .004; .095 | .034 | .057 (.023) | .012; .103 | .014 |
Regression weights – Depression
| ||||||
Depression t | ||||||
Depression t-1 | .594 (.034) | .527; .661 | .000 | .426 (.044) | .340; .512 | .000 |
WPI t-1 | .089 (.033) | .024; .153 | .007 | .199 (.035) | .130; .268 | .000 |
Turnover t-1 | .001 (.024) | −.045; .047 | .967 | .017 (.027) | −.035; .070 | .514 |
Higher age | −.082 (.027) | −.135; −.029 | .003 | −.070 (.026) | −.121; −.018 | .008 |
Not married | .015 (.025) | −.034; .064 | .543 | .027 (.023) | −.019; .073 | .248 |
Children living at home | −.048 (.026) | −.099; .003 | .067 | −.002 (.027) | −.055; .051 | .937 |
Public sector | .032 (.025) | −.017; .082 | .201 | .027 (.024) | −.020; .073 | .263 |
Higher education | −.053 (.023) | −.099; −.008 | .021 | −.058 (.024) | −.106; −.011 | .017 |
Depression t-1 | ||||||
Depression t-2 | .596 (.042) | .515; .678 | .000 | .506 (.041) | .425; .586 | .000 |
WPI t-2 | .105 (.035) | .036; .173 | .003 | .133 (.034) | .066; .200 | .000 |
Turnover t-2 | .004 (.031) | −.056; .064 | .899 | −.019 (.020) | −.057; .020 | .339 |
Higher age | −.070 (.027) | −.123; −.017 | .009 | −.051 (.024) | −.098; −.005 | .031 |
Not married | .013 (.027) | −.040; .065 | .639 | −.008 (.024) | −.056; .040 | .734 |
Children living at home | −.035 (.024) | −.082; .012 | .142 | −.022 (.026) | −.073; .030 | .416 |
Public sector | −.011 (.008) | −.028; .005 | .182 | −.005 (.009) | −.021; .012 | .588 |
Higher education | −.025 (.019) | −.063; .012 | .182 | −.009 (.017) | −.044; .025 | .588 |
Regression weights – Turnover
| ||||||
Turnover t | ||||||
Turnover t-1 | .092 (.068) | −.041; .226 | .175 | .001 (.030) | −.059; .060 | .974 |
Depression t-1 | −.034 (.031) | −.094; .027 | .275 | .065 (.038) | −.010; .141 | .087 |
WPI t-2 | . 135 (.038) | .060; .210 | .000 | .060 (.028) | .004; .116 | .035 |
Higher age | .079 (.028) | .025; .133 | .004 | .097 (.029) | .040; .154 | .001 |
Not married | −.007 (.027) | −.060; .046 | .793 | .000 (.027) | −.053; .052 | .986 |
Children living at home | .002 (.028) | −.053; .056 | .952 | .041 (.029) | −.017; .098 | .165 |
Public sector | −.006 (.010) | −.026; . 015 | .587 | −.013 (.012) | −.035; .010 | .271 |
Higher education | −.013 (.024) | −.059; .033 | .587 | −.026 (.024) | −.072; .020 | .271 |
Turnover t-1 | ||||||
Turnover t-2 | .094 (.051) | −.005; .194 | .063 | .066 (.044) | −.020; .153 | .134 |
Depression t-2 | .058 (.033) | −.007; .123 | .080 | .109 (.036) | .038; .180 | .003 |
Higher age | .010 (.031) | −.050; .070 | .742 | .051 (.024) | .005; .098 | .030 |
Not married | −.020 (.027) | −.073; .034 | .474 | .012 (.031) | −.049; .073 | .693 |
Children living at home | −.017 (.044) | −.103; .069 | .695 | .016 (.034) | −.050; .082 | .632 |
Public sector | −.037 (.028) | −.092; .017 | .180 | −.006 (.032) | −.067; .056 | .861 |
Higher education | .002 (.033) | −.063; .067 | .947 | −.010 (.032) | −.073; .053 | .754 |
Indirect effect | .000 (.000) | .000; .000 | .617 | .000 (.000) | .000; .000 | .612 |