Background
Malaria severity/trimesters | First-line treatment | Dosage/frequency | Alternative options/implementation strategy issues |
---|---|---|---|
Uncomplicated malaria in first trimester | Quinine (Q) + Clindamycin (C), oral | Q: 10 mg/kg twice a day for 7 days C: 10 mg/kg twice a day for 7 days | Q monotherapy if C is not available or ACT or oral artesunate + C is an alternative if Q + C if not available or fails |
Uncomplicated and complicated malaria in second and third trimesters | Single pill combination (SPC) of ACT | With respect to AL, it should be administered along with milk or fat-rich meal to enhance its oral bioavailability | |
Artemether + Lumefantrine (AL) | 4 tabs (20 mg + 120 mg) given at 0, 8, 24, 36, 48, and 60 h over 3 consecutive days | ||
Artesunate + Amodiaquine (AS–AQ) | 2 tabs (100 mg + 270 mg) given once daily for 3 consecutive days | ||
Dihydroartemisinin + Piperaquine (DHA–PPQ) | 4 tabs (40 mg + 320 mg) given once daily for 3 consecutive days | ||
Complicated malaria during all trimesters | Parenteral artesunate (AS) | 2.4 mg/kg at 0, 12, 24, and 48 h | If AS is unavailable, intramuscular artemether should be given, and if this is unavailable, then parenteral Q should be started immediately until AS is obtained. Following parenteral AS, treatment should be completed with a full treatment course of oral Q + C for complicated malaria in first trimester or oral ACT for uncomplicated and complicated malaria in 2nd and 3rd trimesters of pregnancy |
Intermittent preventive treatment in pregnancy (IPTp) in moderate-to-high malaria transmission areasa | SPC of sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (SP) | 3 tabs (500 mg + 25 mg) given at every scheduled antenatal visit from 2nd trimester at least 1 month apart up to delivery | Should be given as directly observed therapy (DOT) along with folic dose reduction (400 µg daily). IPTp is implemented in pregnant women starting as early as possible at beginning of 2nd trimester around 13th week of gestation with SP administered at monthly intervals up to the time of delivery and is contra-indicated in women co-infected with HIV on cotrimoxazole prophylaxis |
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uncomplicated malaria in the first trimester;
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uncomplicated and complicated malaria in the second and third trimesters;
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complicated malaria during all trimesters;
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chemoprophylaxis of malaria in pregnancy in moderate-to-high transmission areas.
Methods
Literature survey
Inclusion and exclusion criteria
Guidelines | Treatment of chloroquine-resistant P. falciparum in pregnancy | Malaria chemoprevention in pregnancy | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Uncomplicated | Complicated (severe) | IPTp-SP | Folic acid/day | Concurrent use of CTX + IPTp-SP | |||
1st trimester | 2nd and 3rd trimester | 1st trimester | 2nd and 3rd trimester | ||||
WHO 2010 [14] | Oral Q + C for 7 days | ACT (excluding DHA–PPQ) | Parenteral AS; a full course of oral Q + C as F-OT | Parenteral AS; a full course of oral ACT as F-OT | Not included | Not specified | Contra-indicated |
WHO 2015 [1] | Oral Q + C for 7 days | ACT (including DHA–PPQ) | Parenteral AS; a full course of oral Q + C as F-OT | Parenteral AS; a full course of oral ACT as F-OT | Recommended | 400 µg | Contra-indicated |
CDC 2019 [56] | Oral MQ/Q + C for 3 or 7 daysa | MQ/A-L/Q + C | Parenteral AS; a full course of MQ/Q + C as F-OT | Parenteral AS; a full course of oral A-L/Q + C as F-OT | Not included | Not specified | Not included |
Africa | |||||||
Angola§ [54] 2019 | Oral Q for 7 days | AL | Parenteral AS† | Parenteral AS‡ | Implemented** | 5000 µg | Not stated |
Benin§ [54] 2018 | Oral Q for 7 days | AL/AS–AQ | Parenteral Q† | Parenteral Q‡ | Implemented** | 400 µg | Not stated |
Burkina Faso§ [54] 2019 | Oral Q for 7 days | AL | Parenteral Q† | Parenteral AS‡ | Implemented* | 250 µg | Contra-indicated |
Cameroon§ [54] 2019 | Parenteral Q | Parenteral AS | Parenteral Q | Parenteral AS | Implemented* | Up to 5000 µg | Contra-indicated |
DRC (Congo)§ [54] 2018 | Oral Q + C for 7 days | AS–AQ/AL | Parenteral Q† | Parenteral AS‡ | Implemented * | 400 µg | Contra-indicated |
Côte d’Ivoire§ [54] 2019 | Oral Q for 7 days | AS–AQ/AL/DHA–PPQ | Parenteral Q† | Parenteral Q‡ | Implemented* | 400 µg | Contra-indicated |
Ethiopia§ [54] 2019 | Oral Q for 7 days | AL | Parenteral AS† | Parenteral AS‡ | Not implemented | – | – |
Ghana§ 2018 | Oral Q for 7 days | AS–AQ/AL | Parenteral Q† | Parenteral AS‡ | Implemented** | 400 µg | Not stated |
Guinea§ [54] 2018 | Oral Q for 7 days | AL/AS–AQ | Parenteral Q† | Parenteral AS‡ | Implemented* | 250 µg | Not stated |
Kenya§ [54] 2018 | Oral Q for 7 days | AL | Parenteral AS† | Parenteral AS‡ | Implemented* | 400 µg | Not stated |
Liberia§ [54] 2019 | Oral Q for 7 days | AS–AQ/AL | Parenteral AS† | Parenteral AS‡ | Implemented** | 250–400 µg | Not stated |
Madagascar§ [54] 2018 | Oral Q for 7 days | AS–AQ | Parenteral AS† | Parenteral AS‡ | Implemented** | 400 µg | Not stated |
Malawi§ [54] 2018 | Oral Q + C for 7 days | AL | Parenteral Q† | Parenteral AS‡ | Implemented* | 400 µg | Not stated |
Mali§ [54] 2018 | Oral Q for 7 days | AL | Parenteral AS† | Parenteral AS‡ | Implemented* | 400 µg | Not stated |
Mozambique§ [54] 2019 | Oral Q for 7 days | AL | Parenteral Q† | Parenteral AS‡ | Implemented* | 1000 µg | Not stated |
Niger§ [54] 2019 | Oral Q for 7 days | ACT | Parenteral Q† | Parenteral AS‡ | Implemented* | Not specified | Not stated |
Nigeria§ [54] 2019 | Oral Q + C for 7 days | AL/AS–AQ | Parenteral AS† | Parenteral AS‡ | Implemented* | Not specified | Not stated |
Rwanda§ [54] 2019 | Oral Q for 7 days | AL | Parenteral AS† | Parenteral AS‡ | Discontinued | – | Not stated |
Senegal§ [54] 2018 | Oral Q for 7 days | AL/AS–AQ/DHA–PPQ | Parenteral AS† | Parenteral AS‡ | Implemented* | 400 µg | Not stated |
Sierra Leone§ [54] 2019 | Oral Q + C for 7 days | AL | Parenteral AS† | Parenteral AS‡ | Implemented** | 400 µg | Not stated |
South Africa [46] 2019 | Oral Q + C for 7 days | AL | Parenteral AS† | Parenteral AS‡ | Not implemented | – | – |
Tanzania§ [54] 2019 | Oral Q for 7 days | AL | Parenteral Q† | Parenteral AS‡ | Implemented* | 250 µg | Not stated |
Uganda§ [54] 2019 | Oral Q for 7 days | AL | Parenteral Q† | Parenteral AS‡ | Implemented* | 400 µg | Contraindicated |
Zambia§ [54] 2019 | Oral Q for 7 days | AL | Parenteral Q† | Parenteral AS‡ | Implemented** | Low dose (not specified) | Not stated |
Zimbabwe§ [54] 2018 | Oral Q + C for 7 days | AL | Oral Q | Oral Q | Implemented* | 400 µg | Contraindicated |
Eastern Mediterranean | |||||||
Saudi Arabia [45] 2018 | Oral Q + C for 7 days | AL/AS–MQ | Parenteral AS† | Parenteral AS‡ | NA | – | Contraindicated*** |
Somalia§¶ [60] 2016 | Oral Q for 7 days/AL$ | AL | Parenteral AS† | Parenteral AS‡ | Implemented** | 250 µg | Not stated |
Sudan§¶ [59] 2017 | Oral Q for 7 days | AL/DHA–PPQ | Parenteral Q† | Parenteral Q/AS‡ | Not implemented | – | – |
South-East Asia | |||||||
Bangladesh [72] 2016 | AL/AS–AQ/oral Q + C | AL/AS–AQ | Parenteral AS/Q† | Parenteral AS‡ | NA | NA | – |
Burma# [54] 2018 | Oral Q + C for 7 days | AL | Parenteral AS† | Parenteral AS‡ | NA● | NA | – |
India[73] 2014 | Oral Q for 7 days | AL | Parenteral Q/AS† | Parenteral AS‡ | NA | NA | – |
Sri Lanka [55] 2014 | Oral Q + C for 7 days | AL | Parenteral Q† | Parenteral AS/Q‡ | NA | NA | – |
Thailand# [54] 2018 | Oral Q + C for 7 days | DHA–PPQ | Parenteral AS† | Parenteral AS‡ | NA● | NA | – |
Western Pacific | |||||||
Cambodia# [54] 2018 | Oral Q for 7 days | DHA–PPQ/AS–MQ | Parenteral AS† | Parenteral AS‡ | NA● | NA | – |
Malaysia [74] 2013 | Oral Q for 7 days | AL/AS–MQ | Parenteral AS† | Parenteral AS‡ | NA | NA | – |
Outcome measures
Validity assessment
PMI definition
Results
Uncomplicated falciparum malaria in first trimester
Uncomplicated and complicated falciparum malaria in second and third trimesters
Complicated falciparum malaria during all trimesters
Malaria chemoprophylaxis in pregnancy in moderate-to-severe areas
Discussion
Uncomplicated malaria in first trimester
Anti-malarial drugs | Strength/dosage form | Median unit price† (US $) | Dosage/frequency | Total number of tab/cap/vial/ampule | Total cost (US$) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Oral medications | |||||
Clindamycin | 150 mg tab/cap | 0.077 bmp | 4 tabs given twice daily for 7 consecutive days | 56 Tap-Cap | 4.3 |
Clindamycin | 300 mg tab/cap | 0.087 bmp | 2 tabs given twice daily for 7 consecutive days | 28 Tab-Cap | 2.4 |
Median clindamycin price | 3.4 | ||||
Quinine | 300 mg tab/cap | 0.059 smp | 2 tabs given twice daily for 7 consecutive days | 28 Tab-Cap | 1.65 |
Clindamycin + Quinine | 4.05*–5.95** | ||||
Parenteral medications | |||||
Artesunate (IV) | 60 mg/vial (3 vials for 51–75 kg individual) | 1.91 smp | 2.4 mg/kg at 0, 12, 24, and 48 h | 12 Vial | 22.92 |
Quinine (IV) | 250–300 mg/ml ampule | 0.42 bmp | 10 mg/kg at 0, 8, 16, and 24 h | 12 ampules (including loading dose) | 5.04 |
Artemisinin-based combinations | |||||
Artemether + Lumefantrine (AL) | 20 mg + 120 mg (SPC)‡ | 0.16 smp | 4 tabs given at 0, 8, 24, 36, 48, and 60 h over 3 consecutive days | 24 Tab-Cap | 3.84 |
Artesunate + Amodiaquine (AS–AQ) | 100 mg + 270 mg (SPC)‡ | 0.85 smp | 2 tabs given once daily for 3 consecutive days | 6 Tab | 5.1 |
Dihydroartemisinin + Piperaquine (DHA–PPQ) | 40 mg + 320 mg (SPC)‡ | 0.23 smp | 4 tabs given once daily for 3 consecutive days | 12 Tab-Cap | 2.8 |
Medication for chemoprophylaxis in pregnancy | |||||
Sulfadoxine + Pyrimethamine (SP) | 500 mg + 25 mg (SPC)‡ | 0.039 smp | 3 tabs given at every scheduled antenatal visit from 2nd trimester at least 1 month apart up to delivery | 12 Tab-Cap§ | 0.47 |