Skip to main content
Erschienen in: Pediatric Radiology 1/2021

28.08.2020 | Review

Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry bone densitometry in pediatrics: a practical review and update

verfasst von: Hedieh Khalatbari, Larry A. Binkovitz, Marguerite T. Parisi

Erschienen in: Pediatric Radiology | Ausgabe 1/2021

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Abstract

The assessment of pediatric bone mineral content and density is an evolving field. In this manuscript we provide a practical review and update on the interpretation of dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) in pediatrics including historical perspectives as well as a discussion of the recently published 2019 Official Position Statements of the International Society of Clinical Densitometry (ISCD) that apply to children.
Anhänge
Nur mit Berechtigung zugänglich
Literatur
1.
2.
Zurück zum Zitat Siris ES, Adler R, Bilezikian J et al (2014) The clinical diagnosis of osteoporosis: a position statement from the National Bone Health Alliance Working Group. Osteoporos Int 25:1439–1443PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Siris ES, Adler R, Bilezikian J et al (2014) The clinical diagnosis of osteoporosis: a position statement from the National Bone Health Alliance Working Group. Osteoporos Int 25:1439–1443PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
3.
Zurück zum Zitat Harrington J, Sochett E (2015) The child with multiple fractures, what next? Pediatr Clin N Am 62:841–855CrossRef Harrington J, Sochett E (2015) The child with multiple fractures, what next? Pediatr Clin N Am 62:841–855CrossRef
4.
Zurück zum Zitat Henderson RC, Berglund LM, May R et al (2010) The relationship between fractures and DXA measures of BMD in the distal femur of children and adolescents with cerebral palsy or muscular dystrophy. J Bone Miner Res 25:520–526PubMedCrossRef Henderson RC, Berglund LM, May R et al (2010) The relationship between fractures and DXA measures of BMD in the distal femur of children and adolescents with cerebral palsy or muscular dystrophy. J Bone Miner Res 25:520–526PubMedCrossRef
5.
Zurück zum Zitat Weaver CM, Gordon CM, Janz KF et al (2016) The National Osteoporosis Foundation's position statement on peak bone mass development and lifestyle factors: a systematic review and implementation recommendations. Osteoporos Int 27:1281–1386PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Weaver CM, Gordon CM, Janz KF et al (2016) The National Osteoporosis Foundation's position statement on peak bone mass development and lifestyle factors: a systematic review and implementation recommendations. Osteoporos Int 27:1281–1386PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
6.
Zurück zum Zitat Gordon CM, Zemel BS, Wren TAL et al (2017) The determinants of peak bone mass. J Pediatr 180:261–269PubMedCrossRef Gordon CM, Zemel BS, Wren TAL et al (2017) The determinants of peak bone mass. J Pediatr 180:261–269PubMedCrossRef
7.
Zurück zum Zitat Bouxsein ML, Zysset P, Gluer CC et al (2020) Perspectives on the non-invasive evaluation of femoral strength in the assessment of hip fracture risk. Osteoporos Int 31:393–408PubMedCrossRef Bouxsein ML, Zysset P, Gluer CC et al (2020) Perspectives on the non-invasive evaluation of femoral strength in the assessment of hip fracture risk. Osteoporos Int 31:393–408PubMedCrossRef
8.
Zurück zum Zitat Wasserman H, Gordon CM (2017) Bone mineralization and fracture risk assessment in the pediatric population. J Clin Densitom 20:389–396PubMedCrossRef Wasserman H, Gordon CM (2017) Bone mineralization and fracture risk assessment in the pediatric population. J Clin Densitom 20:389–396PubMedCrossRef
10.
11.
Zurück zum Zitat Morin SN, Lix LM, Leslie WD (2014) The importance of previous fracture site on osteoporosis diagnosis and incident fractures in women. J Bone Miner Res 29:1675–1680PubMedCrossRef Morin SN, Lix LM, Leslie WD (2014) The importance of previous fracture site on osteoporosis diagnosis and incident fractures in women. J Bone Miner Res 29:1675–1680PubMedCrossRef
12.
Zurück zum Zitat Bianchi ML, Leonard MB, Bechtold S et al (2014) Bone health in children and adolescents with chronic diseases that may affect the skeleton: the 2013 ISCD pediatric official positions. J Clin Densitom 17:281–294PubMedCrossRef Bianchi ML, Leonard MB, Bechtold S et al (2014) Bone health in children and adolescents with chronic diseases that may affect the skeleton: the 2013 ISCD pediatric official positions. J Clin Densitom 17:281–294PubMedCrossRef
13.
Zurück zum Zitat Williams KM (2016) Update on bone health in pediatric chronic disease. Endocrinol Metab Clin N Am 45:433–441CrossRef Williams KM (2016) Update on bone health in pediatric chronic disease. Endocrinol Metab Clin N Am 45:433–441CrossRef
14.
Zurück zum Zitat Vierucci F, Saggese G, Cimaz R (2017) Osteoporosis in childhood. Curr Opin Rheumatol 29:535–546PubMedCrossRef Vierucci F, Saggese G, Cimaz R (2017) Osteoporosis in childhood. Curr Opin Rheumatol 29:535–546PubMedCrossRef
15.
Zurück zum Zitat Kraus E, Bachrach LK, Grover M (2018) Team approach: bone health in children and adolescents. JBJS Rev 6:e6PubMedCrossRef Kraus E, Bachrach LK, Grover M (2018) Team approach: bone health in children and adolescents. JBJS Rev 6:e6PubMedCrossRef
16.
Zurück zum Zitat Crabtree NJ, Arabi A, Bachrach LK et al (2014) Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry interpretation and reporting in children and adolescents: the revised 2013 ISCD pediatric official positions. J Clin Densitom 17:225–242PubMedCrossRef Crabtree NJ, Arabi A, Bachrach LK et al (2014) Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry interpretation and reporting in children and adolescents: the revised 2013 ISCD pediatric official positions. J Clin Densitom 17:225–242PubMedCrossRef
17.
Zurück zum Zitat Bishop N, Arundel P, Clark E et al (2014) Fracture prediction and the definition of osteoporosis in children and adolescents: the ISCD 2013 pediatric official positions. J Clin Densitom 17:275–280PubMedCrossRef Bishop N, Arundel P, Clark E et al (2014) Fracture prediction and the definition of osteoporosis in children and adolescents: the ISCD 2013 pediatric official positions. J Clin Densitom 17:275–280PubMedCrossRef
18.
Zurück zum Zitat Kalkwarf HJ, Abrams SA, DiMeglio LA et al (2014) Bone densitometry in infants and young children: the 2013 ISCD pediatric official positions. J Clin Densitom 17:243–257PubMedCrossRef Kalkwarf HJ, Abrams SA, DiMeglio LA et al (2014) Bone densitometry in infants and young children: the 2013 ISCD pediatric official positions. J Clin Densitom 17:243–257PubMedCrossRef
19.
Zurück zum Zitat Bachrach LK, Gordon CM (2016) Bone densitometry in children and adolescents. Pediatrics 138:e20162398PubMedCrossRef Bachrach LK, Gordon CM (2016) Bone densitometry in children and adolescents. Pediatrics 138:e20162398PubMedCrossRef
20.
21.
Zurück zum Zitat Shuhart CR, Yeap SS, Anderson PA et al (2019) Executive summary of the 2019 ISCD position development conference on monitoring treatment, DXA cross-calibration and least significant change, spinal cord injury, periprosthetic and orthopedic bone health, transgender medicine, and pediatrics. J Clin Densitom 22:453–471PubMedCrossRef Shuhart CR, Yeap SS, Anderson PA et al (2019) Executive summary of the 2019 ISCD position development conference on monitoring treatment, DXA cross-calibration and least significant change, spinal cord injury, periprosthetic and orthopedic bone health, transgender medicine, and pediatrics. J Clin Densitom 22:453–471PubMedCrossRef
22.
Zurück zum Zitat Rosen HN, Hamnvik O-PR, Jaisamrarn U et al (2019) Bone densitometry in transgender and gender nonconforming (TGNC) individuals: the 2019 ISCD official positions. J Clin Densitom 22:544–553PubMedCrossRef Rosen HN, Hamnvik O-PR, Jaisamrarn U et al (2019) Bone densitometry in transgender and gender nonconforming (TGNC) individuals: the 2019 ISCD official positions. J Clin Densitom 22:544–553PubMedCrossRef
23.
Zurück zum Zitat Messina C, Lastella G, Sorce S et al (2018) Pediatric dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry in clinical practice: what the clinicians need to know. Eur J Radiol 105:153–161PubMedCrossRef Messina C, Lastella G, Sorce S et al (2018) Pediatric dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry in clinical practice: what the clinicians need to know. Eur J Radiol 105:153–161PubMedCrossRef
24.
Zurück zum Zitat Weber DR, Boyce A, Gordon C et al (2019) The utility of DXA assessment at the forearm, proximal femur, and lateral distal femur, and vertebral fracture assessment in the pediatric population: the 2019 official pediatric positions of the ISCD. J Clin Densitom 22:567–589PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Weber DR, Boyce A, Gordon C et al (2019) The utility of DXA assessment at the forearm, proximal femur, and lateral distal femur, and vertebral fracture assessment in the pediatric population: the 2019 official pediatric positions of the ISCD. J Clin Densitom 22:567–589PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
25.
Zurück zum Zitat Kendler DL, Compston J, Carey JJ et al (2019) Repeating measurement of bone mineral density when monitoring with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry: the 2019 ISCD official positions. J Clin Densitom 22:489–500PubMedCrossRef Kendler DL, Compston J, Carey JJ et al (2019) Repeating measurement of bone mineral density when monitoring with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry: the 2019 ISCD official positions. J Clin Densitom 22:489–500PubMedCrossRef
26.
Zurück zum Zitat [No author listed] (1993) Consensus development conference: diagnosis, prophylaxis, and treatment of osteoporosis. Am J Med 94:646–650 [No author listed] (1993) Consensus development conference: diagnosis, prophylaxis, and treatment of osteoporosis. Am J Med 94:646–650
28.
Zurück zum Zitat [No author listed] (2004) Diagnosis of osteoporosis in men, premenopausal women, and children. J Clin Densitom 7:17–26 [No author listed] (2004) Diagnosis of osteoporosis in men, premenopausal women, and children. J Clin Densitom 7:17–26
29.
Zurück zum Zitat Leslie WD, Adler RA, El-Hajj Fuleihan G et al (2006) Application of the 1994 WHO classification to populations other than postmenopausal Caucasian women: the 2005 ISCD official positions. J Clin Densitom 9:22–30PubMedCrossRef Leslie WD, Adler RA, El-Hajj Fuleihan G et al (2006) Application of the 1994 WHO classification to populations other than postmenopausal Caucasian women: the 2005 ISCD official positions. J Clin Densitom 9:22–30PubMedCrossRef
30.
Zurück zum Zitat Gordon CM, Leonard MB, Zemel BS (2014) 2013 pediatric position development conference: executive summary and reflections. J Clin Densitom 17:219–224PubMedCrossRef Gordon CM, Leonard MB, Zemel BS (2014) 2013 pediatric position development conference: executive summary and reflections. J Clin Densitom 17:219–224PubMedCrossRef
31.
Zurück zum Zitat Baim S, Leonard MB, Bianchi M-L et al (2008) Official positions of the International Society for Clinical Densitometry and executive summary of the 2007 ISCD pediatric position development conference. J Clin Densitom 11:6–21CrossRefPubMed Baim S, Leonard MB, Bianchi M-L et al (2008) Official positions of the International Society for Clinical Densitometry and executive summary of the 2007 ISCD pediatric position development conference. J Clin Densitom 11:6–21CrossRefPubMed
32.
Zurück zum Zitat Gordon CM, Bachrach LK, Carpenter TO et al (2008) Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry interpretation and reporting in children and adolescents: the 2007 ISCD pediatric official positions. J Clin Densitom 11:43–58PubMedCrossRef Gordon CM, Bachrach LK, Carpenter TO et al (2008) Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry interpretation and reporting in children and adolescents: the 2007 ISCD pediatric official positions. J Clin Densitom 11:43–58PubMedCrossRef
33.
Zurück zum Zitat Cummings SR, Eastell R (2020) Stop (mis)classifying fractures as high- or low-trauma or as fragility fractures. Osteoporos Int 31:1023–1024PubMedCrossRef Cummings SR, Eastell R (2020) Stop (mis)classifying fractures as high- or low-trauma or as fragility fractures. Osteoporos Int 31:1023–1024PubMedCrossRef
34.
35.
Zurück zum Zitat Stalman SE, Hellinga I, Wit JM et al (2016) Growth failure in adolescents: etiology, the role of pubertal timing and most useful criteria for diagnostic workup. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 29:465–473PubMedCrossRef Stalman SE, Hellinga I, Wit JM et al (2016) Growth failure in adolescents: etiology, the role of pubertal timing and most useful criteria for diagnostic workup. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 29:465–473PubMedCrossRef
36.
Zurück zum Zitat Lazar L, Phillip M (2012) Pubertal disorders and bone maturation. Endocrinol Metab Clin N Am 41:805–825CrossRef Lazar L, Phillip M (2012) Pubertal disorders and bone maturation. Endocrinol Metab Clin N Am 41:805–825CrossRef
37.
Zurück zum Zitat Butenandt O (2017) For debate: constitutional and non-constitutional delay of growth and puberty. Pediatr Endocrinol Rev 15:132–135PubMed Butenandt O (2017) For debate: constitutional and non-constitutional delay of growth and puberty. Pediatr Endocrinol Rev 15:132–135PubMed
38.
Zurück zum Zitat Harcke HT, Taylor A, Bachrach S et al (1998) Lateral femoral scan: an alternative method for assessing bone mineral density in children with cerebral palsy. Pediatr Radiol 28:241–246PubMedCrossRef Harcke HT, Taylor A, Bachrach S et al (1998) Lateral femoral scan: an alternative method for assessing bone mineral density in children with cerebral palsy. Pediatr Radiol 28:241–246PubMedCrossRef
39.
Zurück zum Zitat Zemel BS, Stallings VA, Leonard MB et al (2009) Revised pediatric reference data for the lateral distal femur measured by Hologic discovery/Delphi dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. J Clin Densitom 12:207–218PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Zemel BS, Stallings VA, Leonard MB et al (2009) Revised pediatric reference data for the lateral distal femur measured by Hologic discovery/Delphi dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. J Clin Densitom 12:207–218PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
40.
41.
Zurück zum Zitat Borges JLC, Sousa da Silva M, Ward RJ et al (2019) Repeating vertebral fracture assessment: the 2019 ISCD official position. J Clin Densitom 22:484–488PubMedCrossRef Borges JLC, Sousa da Silva M, Ward RJ et al (2019) Repeating vertebral fracture assessment: the 2019 ISCD official position. J Clin Densitom 22:484–488PubMedCrossRef
42.
Zurück zum Zitat Genant HK, Wu CY, van Kuijk C, Nevitt MC (1993) Vertebral fracture assessment using a semiquantitative technique. J Bone Miner Res 8:1137–1148PubMedCrossRef Genant HK, Wu CY, van Kuijk C, Nevitt MC (1993) Vertebral fracture assessment using a semiquantitative technique. J Bone Miner Res 8:1137–1148PubMedCrossRef
43.
Zurück zum Zitat Alqahtani FF, Messina F, Offiah AC (2019) Are semi-automated software program designed for adults accurate for the identification of vertebral fractures in children? Eur Radiol 29:6780–6789PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Alqahtani FF, Messina F, Offiah AC (2019) Are semi-automated software program designed for adults accurate for the identification of vertebral fractures in children? Eur Radiol 29:6780–6789PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
44.
Zurück zum Zitat Specker BL, Schoenau E (2005) Quantitative bone analysis in children: current methods and recommendations. J Pediatr 146:726–731PubMedCrossRef Specker BL, Schoenau E (2005) Quantitative bone analysis in children: current methods and recommendations. J Pediatr 146:726–731PubMedCrossRef
45.
Zurück zum Zitat Ahlborg HG, Johnell O, Turner CH et al (2003) Bone loss and bone size after menopause. N Engl J Med 349:327–334PubMedCrossRef Ahlborg HG, Johnell O, Turner CH et al (2003) Bone loss and bone size after menopause. N Engl J Med 349:327–334PubMedCrossRef
46.
Zurück zum Zitat Chong KH, Poh BK, Jamil NA et al (2015) Radial quantitative ultrasound and dual energy X-ray absorptiometry: intermethod agreement for bone status assessment in children. Biomed Res Int 2015:232876PubMedPubMedCentral Chong KH, Poh BK, Jamil NA et al (2015) Radial quantitative ultrasound and dual energy X-ray absorptiometry: intermethod agreement for bone status assessment in children. Biomed Res Int 2015:232876PubMedPubMedCentral
47.
Zurück zum Zitat Marshall D, Johnell O, Wedel H (1996) Meta-analysis of how well measures of bone mineral density predict occurrence of osteoporotic fractures. BMJ 312:1254–1259PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Marshall D, Johnell O, Wedel H (1996) Meta-analysis of how well measures of bone mineral density predict occurrence of osteoporotic fractures. BMJ 312:1254–1259PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
48.
Zurück zum Zitat Clark EM, Ness AR, Tobias JH (2008) Bone fragility contributes to the risk of fracture in children, even after moderate and severe trauma. J Bone Miner Res 23:173–179PubMedCrossRef Clark EM, Ness AR, Tobias JH (2008) Bone fragility contributes to the risk of fracture in children, even after moderate and severe trauma. J Bone Miner Res 23:173–179PubMedCrossRef
49.
Zurück zum Zitat Clark EM, Ness AR, Bishop NJ, Tobias JH (2006) Association between bone mass and fractures in children: a prospective cohort study. J Bone Miner Res 21:1489–1495PubMedCrossRef Clark EM, Ness AR, Bishop NJ, Tobias JH (2006) Association between bone mass and fractures in children: a prospective cohort study. J Bone Miner Res 21:1489–1495PubMedCrossRef
50.
Zurück zum Zitat Prentice A, Parsons TJ, Cole TJ (1994) Uncritical use of bone mineral density in absorptiometry may lead to size-related artifacts in the identification of bone mineral determinants. Am J Clin Nutr 60:837–842PubMedCrossRef Prentice A, Parsons TJ, Cole TJ (1994) Uncritical use of bone mineral density in absorptiometry may lead to size-related artifacts in the identification of bone mineral determinants. Am J Clin Nutr 60:837–842PubMedCrossRef
51.
52.
Zurück zum Zitat Kalkwarf HJ, Zemel BS, Gilsanz V et al (2007) The Bone Mineral Density in Childhood Study: bone mineral content and density according to age, sex, and race. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 92:2087–2099PubMedCrossRef Kalkwarf HJ, Zemel BS, Gilsanz V et al (2007) The Bone Mineral Density in Childhood Study: bone mineral content and density according to age, sex, and race. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 92:2087–2099PubMedCrossRef
53.
Zurück zum Zitat Zemel BS, Leonard MB, Kelly A et al (2010) Height adjustment in assessing dual energy X-ray absorptiometry measurements of bone mass and density in children. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 95:1265–1273PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Zemel BS, Leonard MB, Kelly A et al (2010) Height adjustment in assessing dual energy X-ray absorptiometry measurements of bone mass and density in children. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 95:1265–1273PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
54.
Zurück zum Zitat Kalkwarf HJ, Gilsanz V, Lappe JM et al (2010) Tracking of bone mass and density during childhood and adolescence. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 95:1690–1698PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Kalkwarf HJ, Gilsanz V, Lappe JM et al (2010) Tracking of bone mass and density during childhood and adolescence. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 95:1690–1698PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
55.
Zurück zum Zitat Short DF, Zemel BS, Gilsanz V et al (2011) Fitting of bone mineral density with consideration of anthropometric parameters. Osteoporos Int 22:1047–1057PubMedCrossRef Short DF, Zemel BS, Gilsanz V et al (2011) Fitting of bone mineral density with consideration of anthropometric parameters. Osteoporos Int 22:1047–1057PubMedCrossRef
56.
Zurück zum Zitat Gilsanz V, Chalfant J, Kalkwarf H et al (2011) Age at onset of puberty predicts bone mass in young adulthood. J Pediatr 158:100–105PubMedCrossRef Gilsanz V, Chalfant J, Kalkwarf H et al (2011) Age at onset of puberty predicts bone mass in young adulthood. J Pediatr 158:100–105PubMedCrossRef
57.
Zurück zum Zitat Zemel BS, Kalkwarf HJ, Gilsanz V et al (2011) Revised reference curves for bone mineral content and areal bone mineral density according to age and sex for black and non-black children: results of the Bone Mineral Density in Childhood Study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 96:3160–3169PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Zemel BS, Kalkwarf HJ, Gilsanz V et al (2011) Revised reference curves for bone mineral content and areal bone mineral density according to age and sex for black and non-black children: results of the Bone Mineral Density in Childhood Study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 96:3160–3169PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
58.
Zurück zum Zitat Shepherd JA, Wang L, Fan B et al (2011) Optimal monitoring time interval between DXA measures in children. J Bone Miner Res 26:2745–2752PubMedCrossRef Shepherd JA, Wang L, Fan B et al (2011) Optimal monitoring time interval between DXA measures in children. J Bone Miner Res 26:2745–2752PubMedCrossRef
59.
Zurück zum Zitat Wren TAL, Shepherd JA, Kalkwarf HJ et al (2012) Racial disparity in fracture risk between white and nonwhite children in the United States. J Pediatr 161:1035–1040PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Wren TAL, Shepherd JA, Kalkwarf HJ et al (2012) Racial disparity in fracture risk between white and nonwhite children in the United States. J Pediatr 161:1035–1040PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
60.
Zurück zum Zitat Kelly A, Winer KK, Kalkwarf H et al (2014) Age-based reference ranges for annual height velocity in US children. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 99:2104–2112PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Kelly A, Winer KK, Kalkwarf H et al (2014) Age-based reference ranges for annual height velocity in US children. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 99:2104–2112PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
61.
Zurück zum Zitat Wren TAL, Kalkwarf HJ, Zemel BS et al (2014) Longitudinal tracking of dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry bone measures over 6 years in children and adolescents: persistence of low bone mass to maturity. J Pediatr 164:1280–1285.e2PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Wren TAL, Kalkwarf HJ, Zemel BS et al (2014) Longitudinal tracking of dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry bone measures over 6 years in children and adolescents: persistence of low bone mass to maturity. J Pediatr 164:1280–1285.e2PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
62.
Zurück zum Zitat Lappe JM, Watson P, Gilsanz V et al (2015) The longitudinal effects of physical activity and dietary calcium on bone mass accrual across stages of pubertal development. J Bone Miner Res 30:156–164PubMedCrossRef Lappe JM, Watson P, Gilsanz V et al (2015) The longitudinal effects of physical activity and dietary calcium on bone mass accrual across stages of pubertal development. J Bone Miner Res 30:156–164PubMedCrossRef
63.
Zurück zum Zitat Ollberding NJ, Gilsanz V, Lappe JM et al (2015) Reproducibility and intermethod reliability of a calcium food frequency questionnaire for use in Hispanic, non-Hispanic black, and non-Hispanic white youth. J Acad Nutr Diet 115:519–527.e2PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Ollberding NJ, Gilsanz V, Lappe JM et al (2015) Reproducibility and intermethod reliability of a calcium food frequency questionnaire for use in Hispanic, non-Hispanic black, and non-Hispanic white youth. J Acad Nutr Diet 115:519–527.e2PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
64.
Zurück zum Zitat Mitchell JA, Chesi A, Elci O et al (2015) Genetics of bone mass in childhood and adolescence: effects of sex and maturation interactions. J Bone Miner Res 30:1676–1683PubMedCrossRef Mitchell JA, Chesi A, Elci O et al (2015) Genetics of bone mass in childhood and adolescence: effects of sex and maturation interactions. J Bone Miner Res 30:1676–1683PubMedCrossRef
66.
Zurück zum Zitat Chesi A, Mitchell JA, Kalkwarf HJ et al (2015) A trans-ethnic genome-wide association study identifies gender-specific loci influencing pediatric aBMD and BMC at the distal radius. Hum Mol Genet 24:5053–5059PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Chesi A, Mitchell JA, Kalkwarf HJ et al (2015) A trans-ethnic genome-wide association study identifies gender-specific loci influencing pediatric aBMD and BMC at the distal radius. Hum Mol Genet 24:5053–5059PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
67.
Zurück zum Zitat Medina-Gomez C, Chesi A, Heppe DHM et al (2015) BMD loci contribute to ethnic and developmental differences in skeletal fragility across populations: assessment of evolutionary selection pressures. Mol Biol Evol 32:2961–2972PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Medina-Gomez C, Chesi A, Heppe DHM et al (2015) BMD loci contribute to ethnic and developmental differences in skeletal fragility across populations: assessment of evolutionary selection pressures. Mol Biol Evol 32:2961–2972PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
68.
Zurück zum Zitat Mitchell JA, Chesi A, Elci O et al (2016) Genetic risk scores implicated in adult bone fragility associate with pediatric bone density. J Bone Miner Res 31:789–795PubMedCrossRef Mitchell JA, Chesi A, Elci O et al (2016) Genetic risk scores implicated in adult bone fragility associate with pediatric bone density. J Bone Miner Res 31:789–795PubMedCrossRef
69.
Zurück zum Zitat McCormack SE, Chesi A, Mitchell JA et al (2017) Relative skeletal maturation and population ancestry in nonobese children and adolescents. J Bone Miner Res 32:115–124PubMedCrossRef McCormack SE, Chesi A, Mitchell JA et al (2017) Relative skeletal maturation and population ancestry in nonobese children and adolescents. J Bone Miner Res 32:115–124PubMedCrossRef
70.
Zurück zum Zitat McCormack SE, Cousminer DL, Chesi A et al (2017) Association between linear growth and bone accrual in a diverse cohort of children and adolescents. JAMA Pediatr 171:e171769PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef McCormack SE, Cousminer DL, Chesi A et al (2017) Association between linear growth and bone accrual in a diverse cohort of children and adolescents. JAMA Pediatr 171:e171769PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
71.
Zurück zum Zitat Kelly A, Shults J, Mostoufi-Moab S et al (2019) Pediatric bone mineral accrual Z-score calculation equations and their application in childhood disease. J Bone Miner Res 34:195–203PubMedCrossRef Kelly A, Shults J, Mostoufi-Moab S et al (2019) Pediatric bone mineral accrual Z-score calculation equations and their application in childhood disease. J Bone Miner Res 34:195–203PubMedCrossRef
72.
Zurück zum Zitat Lorente Ramos RM, Azpeitia Arman J, Arevalo Galeano N et al (2012) Dual energy X-ray absorptimetry [sic]: fundamentals, methodology, and clinical applications. Radiologia 54:410–423PubMedCrossRef Lorente Ramos RM, Azpeitia Arman J, Arevalo Galeano N et al (2012) Dual energy X-ray absorptimetry [sic]: fundamentals, methodology, and clinical applications. Radiologia 54:410–423PubMedCrossRef
73.
Zurück zum Zitat Molgaard C, Thomsen BL, Michaelsen KF (1998) Influence of weight, age and puberty on bone size and bone mineral content in healthy children and adolescents. Acta Paediatr 87:494–499PubMedCrossRef Molgaard C, Thomsen BL, Michaelsen KF (1998) Influence of weight, age and puberty on bone size and bone mineral content in healthy children and adolescents. Acta Paediatr 87:494–499PubMedCrossRef
74.
Zurück zum Zitat Leonard MB, Zemel BS (2002) Current concepts in pediatric bone disease. Pediatr Clin N Am 49:143–173CrossRef Leonard MB, Zemel BS (2002) Current concepts in pediatric bone disease. Pediatr Clin N Am 49:143–173CrossRef
75.
Zurück zum Zitat Lewiecki EM, Gordon CM, Baim S et al (2008) Special report on the 2007 adult and pediatric position development conferences of the International Society for Clinical Densitometry. Osteoporos Int 19:1369–1378PubMedCrossRef Lewiecki EM, Gordon CM, Baim S et al (2008) Special report on the 2007 adult and pediatric position development conferences of the International Society for Clinical Densitometry. Osteoporos Int 19:1369–1378PubMedCrossRef
76.
Zurück zum Zitat Kuczmarski RJ, Ogden CL, Guo SS et al (2002) 2000 CDC growth charts for the United States: methods and development. Vital Health Stat 11:1–190 Kuczmarski RJ, Ogden CL, Guo SS et al (2002) 2000 CDC growth charts for the United States: methods and development. Vital Health Stat 11:1–190
77.
Zurück zum Zitat Carter DR, Bouxsein ML, Marcus R (1992) New approaches for interpreting projected bone densitometry data. J Bone Miner Res 7:137–145PubMedCrossRef Carter DR, Bouxsein ML, Marcus R (1992) New approaches for interpreting projected bone densitometry data. J Bone Miner Res 7:137–145PubMedCrossRef
78.
Zurück zum Zitat Katzman DK, Bachrach LK, Carter DR, Marcus R (1991) Clinical and anthropometric correlates of bone mineral acquisition in healthy adolescent girls. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 73:1332–1339PubMedCrossRef Katzman DK, Bachrach LK, Carter DR, Marcus R (1991) Clinical and anthropometric correlates of bone mineral acquisition in healthy adolescent girls. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 73:1332–1339PubMedCrossRef
79.
Zurück zum Zitat Kroger H, Kotaniemi A, Kroger L, Alhava E (1993) Development of bone mass and bone density of the spine and femoral neck — a prospective study of 65 children and adolescents. Bone Miner 23:171–182PubMedCrossRef Kroger H, Kotaniemi A, Kroger L, Alhava E (1993) Development of bone mass and bone density of the spine and femoral neck — a prospective study of 65 children and adolescents. Bone Miner 23:171–182PubMedCrossRef
80.
Zurück zum Zitat Bonjour JP, Theintz G, Buchs B et al (1991) Critical years and stages of puberty for spinal and femoral bone mass accumulation during adolescence. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 73:555–563PubMedCrossRef Bonjour JP, Theintz G, Buchs B et al (1991) Critical years and stages of puberty for spinal and femoral bone mass accumulation during adolescence. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 73:555–563PubMedCrossRef
81.
Zurück zum Zitat Sabatier JP, Guaydier-Souquieres G, Laroche D et al (1996) Bone mineral acquisition during adolescence and early adulthood: a study in 574 healthy females 10–24 years of age. Osteoporos Int 6:141–148PubMedCrossRef Sabatier JP, Guaydier-Souquieres G, Laroche D et al (1996) Bone mineral acquisition during adolescence and early adulthood: a study in 574 healthy females 10–24 years of age. Osteoporos Int 6:141–148PubMedCrossRef
82.
Zurück zum Zitat Gilsanz V, Skaggs DL, Kovanlikaya A et al (1998) Differential effect of race on the axial and appendicular skeletons of children. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 83:1420–1427PubMed Gilsanz V, Skaggs DL, Kovanlikaya A et al (1998) Differential effect of race on the axial and appendicular skeletons of children. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 83:1420–1427PubMed
83.
Zurück zum Zitat Crabtree NJ, Kibirige MS, Fordham JN et al (2004) The relationship between lean body mass and bone mineral content in paediatric health and disease. Bone 35:965–972PubMedCrossRef Crabtree NJ, Kibirige MS, Fordham JN et al (2004) The relationship between lean body mass and bone mineral content in paediatric health and disease. Bone 35:965–972PubMedCrossRef
84.
Zurück zum Zitat Binkovitz LA, Henwood MJ, Sparke P (2008) Pediatric DXA: technique, interpretation and clinical applications. Pediatr Radiol 38(Suppl 2):S227–S239PubMedCrossRef Binkovitz LA, Henwood MJ, Sparke P (2008) Pediatric DXA: technique, interpretation and clinical applications. Pediatr Radiol 38(Suppl 2):S227–S239PubMedCrossRef
85.
Zurück zum Zitat Ho CP, Kim RW, Schaffler MB, Sartoris DJ (1990) Accuracy of dual-energy radiographic absorptiometry of the lumbar spine: cadaver study. Radiology 176:171–173PubMedCrossRef Ho CP, Kim RW, Schaffler MB, Sartoris DJ (1990) Accuracy of dual-energy radiographic absorptiometry of the lumbar spine: cadaver study. Radiology 176:171–173PubMedCrossRef
86.
Zurück zum Zitat Margulies L, Horlick M, Thornton JC et al (2005) Reproducibility of pediatric whole body bone and body composition measures by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry using the GE lunar prodigy. J Clin Densitom 8:298–304PubMedCrossRef Margulies L, Horlick M, Thornton JC et al (2005) Reproducibility of pediatric whole body bone and body composition measures by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry using the GE lunar prodigy. J Clin Densitom 8:298–304PubMedCrossRef
87.
Zurück zum Zitat Glastre C, Braillon P, David L et al (1990) Measurement of bone mineral content of the lumbar spine by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry in normal children: correlations with growth parameters. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 70:1330–1333PubMedCrossRef Glastre C, Braillon P, David L et al (1990) Measurement of bone mineral content of the lumbar spine by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry in normal children: correlations with growth parameters. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 70:1330–1333PubMedCrossRef
88.
Zurück zum Zitat Bonnick SL, Johnston CCJ, Kleerekoper M et al (2001) Importance of precision in bone density measurements. J Clin Densitom 4:105–110PubMedCrossRef Bonnick SL, Johnston CCJ, Kleerekoper M et al (2001) Importance of precision in bone density measurements. J Clin Densitom 4:105–110PubMedCrossRef
89.
Zurück zum Zitat Jankowski LG, Warner S, Gaither K et al (2019) The official positions of the International Society for Clinical Densitometry: cross calibration, least significant change, and quality assurance in multiple dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry scanner environments. J Clin Densitom 22:472–483PubMedCrossRef Jankowski LG, Warner S, Gaither K et al (2019) The official positions of the International Society for Clinical Densitometry: cross calibration, least significant change, and quality assurance in multiple dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry scanner environments. J Clin Densitom 22:472–483PubMedCrossRef
90.
Zurück zum Zitat Carey JJ, Delaney MF (2017) Utility of DXA for monitoring, technical aspects of DXA BMD measurement and precision testing. Bone 104:44–53PubMedCrossRef Carey JJ, Delaney MF (2017) Utility of DXA for monitoring, technical aspects of DXA BMD measurement and precision testing. Bone 104:44–53PubMedCrossRef
91.
Zurück zum Zitat Lewiecki EM, Gordon CM, Baim S et al (2008) International Society for Clinical Densitometry 2007 adult and pediatric official positions. Bone 43:1115–1121PubMedCrossRef Lewiecki EM, Gordon CM, Baim S et al (2008) International Society for Clinical Densitometry 2007 adult and pediatric official positions. Bone 43:1115–1121PubMedCrossRef
92.
Zurück zum Zitat Sadatsafavi M, Moayyeri A, Wang L, Leslie WD (2008) Optimal decision criterion for detecting change in bone mineral density during serial monitoring: a Bayesian approach. Osteoporos Int 19:1589–1596PubMedCrossRef Sadatsafavi M, Moayyeri A, Wang L, Leslie WD (2008) Optimal decision criterion for detecting change in bone mineral density during serial monitoring: a Bayesian approach. Osteoporos Int 19:1589–1596PubMedCrossRef
93.
Zurück zum Zitat Baim S, Wilson CR, Lewiecki EM et al (2005) Precision assessment and radiation safety for dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry: position paper of the International Society for Clinical Densitometry. J Clin Densitom 8:371–378PubMedCrossRef Baim S, Wilson CR, Lewiecki EM et al (2005) Precision assessment and radiation safety for dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry: position paper of the International Society for Clinical Densitometry. J Clin Densitom 8:371–378PubMedCrossRef
94.
Zurück zum Zitat Lenchik L, Kiebzak GM, Blunt BA (2002) What is the role of serial bone mineral density measurements in patient management? J Clin Densitom 5:S29–S38 Lenchik L, Kiebzak GM, Blunt BA (2002) What is the role of serial bone mineral density measurements in patient management? J Clin Densitom 5:S29–S38
95.
Zurück zum Zitat Sabatier JP, Guaydier-Souquieres G, Benmalek A, Marcelli C (1999) Evolution of lumbar bone mineral content during adolescence and adulthood: a longitudinal study in 395 healthy females 10-24 years of age and 206 premenopausal women. Osteoporos Int 9:476–482PubMedCrossRef Sabatier JP, Guaydier-Souquieres G, Benmalek A, Marcelli C (1999) Evolution of lumbar bone mineral content during adolescence and adulthood: a longitudinal study in 395 healthy females 10-24 years of age and 206 premenopausal women. Osteoporos Int 9:476–482PubMedCrossRef
96.
Zurück zum Zitat Ward LM, Konji VN, Ma J (2016) The management of osteoporosis in children. Osteoporos Int 27:2147–2179PubMedCrossRef Ward LM, Konji VN, Ma J (2016) The management of osteoporosis in children. Osteoporos Int 27:2147–2179PubMedCrossRef
Metadaten
Titel
Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry bone densitometry in pediatrics: a practical review and update
verfasst von
Hedieh Khalatbari
Larry A. Binkovitz
Marguerite T. Parisi
Publikationsdatum
28.08.2020
Verlag
Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Erschienen in
Pediatric Radiology / Ausgabe 1/2021
Print ISSN: 0301-0449
Elektronische ISSN: 1432-1998
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00247-020-04756-4

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 1/2021

Pediatric Radiology 1/2021 Zur Ausgabe

Update Radiologie

Bestellen Sie unseren Fach-Newsletter und bleiben Sie gut informiert.