Background
Methods
Subjects
Recruitment at follow-up
Laboratory measurements
LTL measurement
Statistical analysis
Results
Tertile 1 (n=294) | Tertile 2 (n=294) | Tertile 3 (n=294) | Total (n=882) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Children’s LTL | 0.97 ± 0.28 | 1.50 ± 0.11 | 2.00 ± 0.26 | 1.49 ± 0.48 | |
Cord blood LTL | 1.42 ± 0.52 | 1.65 ± 0.52 | 2.05 ± 0.61 | 1.74 ± 0.62 | <0.001 |
Maternal | T1 | T2 | T3 | Total | P |
Maternal age EDC (yr) | 30.7 ± 4.9 | 31.4 ± 4.4 | 31.8 ± 4.5 | 31.3 ± 4.6 | <0.001 |
Pre-preg BMI (kg/m2) | 20.9 ± 2.8 | 21.0 ± 3.0 | 20.8 ± 2.8 | 20.9 ± 2.9 | 0.569 |
Prenatal smoking # | 6 (2.0) | 5 (1.7) | 2 (0.7) | 13 (1.5) | 0.363 |
Parity, null vs ≥ 1, null# | 179 (60.9) | 178 (60.5) | 159 (54.1) | 516 (58.5) | 0.346 |
Maternal current DM# | 25 (8.5) | 36 (12.2) | 37 (12.6) | 98 (11.1) | 0.214 |
Paternal current DM# | 31 (10.5) | 32 (10.9) | 31 (10.5) | 94 (10.7) | 0.989 |
C-section# | 59 (20.1) | 79 (26.9) | 73 (24.8) | 211 (23.9) | 0.140 |
Breastfeeding# | 139 (47.3) | 157 (53.4) | 142 (48.3) | 438 (49.7) | 0.312 |
Birthweight (g) | 3227 ± 358 | 3238 ± 402 | 3202 ± 407 | 3220 ± 392 | 0.516 |
Maternal FBG (mmol/L) | 4.3 ± 0.3 | 4.4 ± 0.3 | 4.4 ± 0.3 | 4.4 ± 0.3 | 0.059 |
Maternal OGTT GAUC | 12.9 ± 1.9 | 13.3 ± 2.3 | 13.3 ± 2.1 | 13.2 ± 2.2 | 0.043 |
Children | T1 | T2 | T3 | Total | p |
Follow-up age (year) | 7.0 ± 0.4 | 7.0 ± 0.4 | 7.0 ± 0.5 | 7.0 ± 0.4 | 0.495 |
Sex (female %)# | 124 (42.2) | 134 (45.6) | 163 (55.4) | 421 (47.7) | 0.004 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 15.2 ± 2.5 | 15.2 ± 2.3 | 14.8 ± 2.0 | 15.1 ± 2.3 | 0.027 |
Children’s exercise levels (0, 1, 2) | 0.003 | ||||
0 | 20 (6.8) | 31 (10.5) | 38 (12.9) | 89 (10.1) | |
1 | 155 (52.7) | 150 (51.0) | 162 (55.1) | 467 (52.9) | |
2 | 119 (40.5) | 134 (45.6) | 94 (32.0) | 347 (39.3) |
Relationship between children’s LTL and maternal and offspring baseline factors
Relationship between children’s LTL and offspring glucose metabolic traits
Relationship between offspring LTL and maternal glucose traits during pregnancy
Model 0 | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Beta | SE | P | Beta | SE | P | Beta | SE | P | Beta | SE | P | |
Maternal HbA1c (%) | −0.061 | 0.047 | 0.191 | −0.018 | 0.017 | 0.272 | −0.017 | 0.017 | 0.307 | −0.03 | 0.017 | 0.08 |
Maternal FBG (mmol/L) | 0.121 | 0.048 | 0.012 | 0.046 | 0.016 | 0.004 | 0.042 | 0.016 | 0.009 | 0.034 | 0.016 | 0.035 |
Maternal glucose 60 (mmol/L) | 0.021 | 0.01 | 0.035 | 0.031 | 0.016 | 0.058 | 0.028 | 0.016 | 0.08 | 0.017 | 0.016 | 0.29 |
Maternal glucose 120 (mmol/L) | 0.032 | 0.012 | 0.008 | 0.038 | 0.016 | 0.018 | 0.036 | 0.016 | 0.025 | 0.026 | 0.016 | 0.106 |
Maternal OGTT GAUC | 0.019 | 0.007 | 0.01 | 0.035 | 0.016 | 0.028 | 0.034 | 0.016 | 0.037 | 0.023 | 0.016 | 0.151 |
Maternal GDM (IADPSG) (%) | 0.085 | 0.046 | 0.063 | −0.025 | 0.016 | 0.113 | −0.016 | 0.016 | 0.331 | −0.018 | 0.016 | 0.255 |
Relationship between children’s LTL and offspring pancreatic and maternal glycaemic traits stratified by sex
Model 0 | Model 1 | Model 2 | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Male | Female | Male | Female | Male | Female | |||||||||
Beta | SE | P | Beta | SE | P | Beta | P | Beta | P | Beta | P | Beta | P | |
Fasting glucose | −0.018 | 0.067 | 0.8 | −0.051 | 0.064 | 0.43 | −0.005 | 0.838 | −0.023 | 0.335 | 0.001 | 0.966 | −0.039 | 0.101 |
1-h glucose | 0.042 | 0.016 | 0.01 | 0.015 | 0.015 | 0.32 | 0.066 | 0.005 | 0.02 | 0.388 | 0.067 | 0.005 | 0.005 | 0.839 |
2-h glucose | 0.087 | 0.025 | 0.001 | 0.038 | 0.024 | 0.11 | 0.074 | 0.002 | 0.039 | 0.096 | 0.075 | 0.002 | 0.037 | 0.114 |
AUCglu at 0–120 min | 0.001 | 0.0002 | 0.002 | 0.000286 | 0.00019 | 0.14 | 0.073 | 0.002 | 0.033 | 0.162 | 0.072 | 0.002 | 0.023 | 0.331 |
Fasting Insulin | 0.003 | 0.004 | 0.42 | −0.014 | 0.006 | 0.03 | −0.012 | 0.612 | −0.047 | 0.044 | 0.007 | 0.769 | −0.051 | 0.032 |
1 h insulin | −0.0004 | 0.001 | 0.71 | −0.001 | 0.001 | 0.16 | −0.001 | 0.98 | −0.055 | 0.021 | 0.001 | 0.956 | −0.056 | 0.019 |
2 h insulin | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.45 | −0.002 | 0.001 | 0.04 | 0.046 | 0.051 | −0.07 | 0.003 | 0.054 | 0.023 | −0.048 | 0.043 |
AUCins at 0–120 min | −4E−06 | 0.00001 | 0.67 | −1.571E−05 | 9E−06 | 0.08 | 0.009 | 0.694 | −0.056 | 0.02 | 0.015 | 0.518 | −0.057 | 0.018 |
Fasting C-pep | −9.40E−02 | 5.40E−02 | 0.08 | −0.153 | 0.061 | 0.01 | −0.041 | 0.082 | −0.064 | 0.007 | −0.025 | 0.286 | −0.053 | 0.026 |
HOMA-BCF | −0.001 | 0.00036 | 0.14 | −0.001 | 0.0003 | 0.07 | −0.022 | 0.363 | −0.037 | 0.118 | −0.01 | 0.677 | −0.027 | 0.255 |
Insulinogenic index 30 | −0.00023 | 0.00024 | 0.34 | −0.001 | 0.0003 | 0.01 | −0.022 | 0.367 | −0.07 | 0.003 | −0.008 | 0.734 | −0.06 | 0.012 |
Disposition Index | 0.001 | 0.002 | 0.78 | −0.005 | 0.003 | 0.16 | −0.019 | 0.437 | −0.038 | 0.107 | −0.016 | 0.496 | −0.026 | 0.282 |
Beta-Cell function | −0.001 | 0.001 | 0.32 | −0.003 | 0.001 | 0.01 | −0.004 | 0.869 | −0.065 | 0.007 | 0.003 | 0.897 | −0.059 | 0.014 |
HOMA-IR | −0.059 | 0.031 | 0.06 | −0.062 | 0.03 | 0.04 | −0.033 | 0.159 | −0.051 | 0.029 | −0.017 | 0.469 | −0.052 | 0.027 |
Matsuda Index | 0.000272 | 0.003 | 0.92 | 0.005 | 0.003 | 0.04 | 0.004 | 0.877 | 0.063 | 0.008 | −0.032 | 0.184 | 0.073 | 0.002 |