Skip to main content
Erschienen in: Current Cardiovascular Imaging Reports 6/2012

01.12.2012 | Echocardiography (MH Picard, Section Editor)

Echocardiography and the Aging Heart

verfasst von: David Leibowitz, Dan Gilon

Erschienen in: Current Cardiovascular Imaging Reports | Ausgabe 6/2012

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Abstract

Improved understanding of changes in cardiac structure and function related to the aging process is critical to design strategies to reduce the high mortality and morbidity related to cardiovascular disease in the growing elderly population. Echocardiography, as a noninvasive, easily portable imaging technique not requiring radiation or contrast media is an ideal method of imaging the aging heart. Echocardiography has provided important insights into changes in cardiac structure and function occurring with aging. These changes include increased wall thickness and LV mass, increased myocardial fibrosis with resulting changes in diastolic and longitudinal systolic function and degenerative calcification of the left-sided valves. In addition, echocardiography has shown the prognostic importance of elevated LV mass, elevated LA volume and decreases in systolic function in the elderly as well as changes in cardiac structure associated with diseases in the elderly such as dementia and functional disability.
Literatur
1.
Zurück zum Zitat Braunwald's Heart Disease. Cardiovascular disease in the elderly. 9th Ed. 2012. p. 1727. Braunwald's Heart Disease. Cardiovascular disease in the elderly. 9th Ed. 2012. p. 1727.
2.
Zurück zum Zitat Bernhard D, Laufer G. The aging cardiomyocyte: a mini-review. Gerontology. 2008;51(1):24–31.CrossRef Bernhard D, Laufer G. The aging cardiomyocyte: a mini-review. Gerontology. 2008;51(1):24–31.CrossRef
3.
Zurück zum Zitat Scalia GM, Khoo SK, O’Neill S, LAW Study Group. Age-related changes in heart function by serial echocardiography in women aged 40-80 years. J Womens Health. 2010;19(9):1741–5. This study examined changes in cardiac structure with aging by echocardiography over 4 decades. CrossRef Scalia GM, Khoo SK, O’Neill S, LAW Study Group. Age-related changes in heart function by serial echocardiography in women aged 40-80 years. J Womens Health. 2010;19(9):1741–5. This study examined changes in cardiac structure with aging by echocardiography over 4 decades. CrossRef
4.
Zurück zum Zitat Cawley PJ, Otto CM. Valvular disease in the elderly. Current Cardiovascular Risk Reports. Cawley PJ, Otto CM. Valvular disease in the elderly. Current Cardiovascular Risk Reports.
5.
Zurück zum Zitat Valvular regurgitation: does cardiovascular magnetic resonance provide additional information compared to echocardiography? Minerva Cardiol. 2009; 57 4:521-35. Valvular regurgitation: does cardiovascular magnetic resonance provide additional information compared to echocardiography? Minerva Cardiol. 2009; 57 4:521-35.
6.
Zurück zum Zitat Iung B, Baron G, Butchard EG, et al. A prospective survey of patients with valvular disease in Europe: the Euro Heart Survey on Valvular Heart Disease. Eur Heart J. 2003;24:1244–53.PubMedCrossRef Iung B, Baron G, Butchard EG, et al. A prospective survey of patients with valvular disease in Europe: the Euro Heart Survey on Valvular Heart Disease. Eur Heart J. 2003;24:1244–53.PubMedCrossRef
7.
Zurück zum Zitat Lakatta E, Yin FCP. Myocardial aging: functional alterations and related cellular mechanisms. Am J Physiol. 1982;242:H927.PubMed Lakatta E, Yin FCP. Myocardial aging: functional alterations and related cellular mechanisms. Am J Physiol. 1982;242:H927.PubMed
8.
Zurück zum Zitat Rodeheffer RJ, Gerstenblith G, Becker LC, et al. Exercise cardiac output is maintained with advancing age in healthy human subjects: cardiac dilatation and increased stroke volume compensate for diminished heart rate. Circulation. 1984;69:203–13.PubMedCrossRef Rodeheffer RJ, Gerstenblith G, Becker LC, et al. Exercise cardiac output is maintained with advancing age in healthy human subjects: cardiac dilatation and increased stroke volume compensate for diminished heart rate. Circulation. 1984;69:203–13.PubMedCrossRef
9.
Zurück zum Zitat •• Leibowitz D, Stessman-Lande I, Jacobs J, et al. Cardiac structure and function in persons 85 years of age. Am J Cardiol. 2011;108(3):465–70. Description of cardiac findings in a community-dwelling cohort by home-based echocardiography.PubMedCrossRef •• Leibowitz D, Stessman-Lande I, Jacobs J, et al. Cardiac structure and function in persons 85 years of age. Am J Cardiol. 2011;108(3):465–70. Description of cardiac findings in a community-dwelling cohort by home-based echocardiography.PubMedCrossRef
10.
Zurück zum Zitat Saccheri MC, Cianciulli TF, Lax JA, Guerra JE, Redruello HJ, Weich Glogier FL, et al. Impaired myocardial function in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Echocardiography. 2009;26:657–64.PubMedCrossRef Saccheri MC, Cianciulli TF, Lax JA, Guerra JE, Redruello HJ, Weich Glogier FL, et al. Impaired myocardial function in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Echocardiography. 2009;26:657–64.PubMedCrossRef
11.
Zurück zum Zitat Innelli P, Sanchez R, Marra F, Esposito R, Galderisi M. The impact of aging on left ventricular longitudinal function in healthy subjects: a pulsed tissue Doppler study. Eur J Echocardiogr. 2008;9:241–9.PubMed Innelli P, Sanchez R, Marra F, Esposito R, Galderisi M. The impact of aging on left ventricular longitudinal function in healthy subjects: a pulsed tissue Doppler study. Eur J Echocardiogr. 2008;9:241–9.PubMed
12.
Zurück zum Zitat Yu CM, Sanderson JE, Marwick TH, Oh JK. Tissue Doppler imaging: a new prognosticator for cardiovascular diseases. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2007;49:1903–14.PubMedCrossRef Yu CM, Sanderson JE, Marwick TH, Oh JK. Tissue Doppler imaging: a new prognosticator for cardiovascular diseases. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2007;49:1903–14.PubMedCrossRef
13.
Zurück zum Zitat Shan K, Bick RJ, Poindexter BJ, Shimoni S, Letsou GV, Reardon MJ, et al. Relation of tissue Doppler derived myocardial velocities to myocardial structure and beta adrenergic receptor density in humans. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2000;36:891–6.PubMedCrossRef Shan K, Bick RJ, Poindexter BJ, Shimoni S, Letsou GV, Reardon MJ, et al. Relation of tissue Doppler derived myocardial velocities to myocardial structure and beta adrenergic receptor density in humans. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2000;36:891–6.PubMedCrossRef
14.
Zurück zum Zitat Kukulski T, Hubbert L, Arnold M, Wranne B, Hatle L, Sutherland GR. Nromal regional right ventricular function and its change with age: a Doppler myocardial imaging study. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2000;13:194–204.PubMed Kukulski T, Hubbert L, Arnold M, Wranne B, Hatle L, Sutherland GR. Nromal regional right ventricular function and its change with age: a Doppler myocardial imaging study. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2000;13:194–204.PubMed
15.
Zurück zum Zitat Kuznetsova T, Herbots L, Richart T, et al. Left ventricular strain and strain rate in a general population. Eur Heart J. 2008;29(16):2014–23.PubMedCrossRef Kuznetsova T, Herbots L, Richart T, et al. Left ventricular strain and strain rate in a general population. Eur Heart J. 2008;29(16):2014–23.PubMedCrossRef
16.
Zurück zum Zitat Dalen H, Thorstensen A, Aase SA, et al. Segmental and global longitudinal strain and strain rate based on echocardiography of 1266 healthy individuals: the HUNT study in Norway. Eur J Echocardiogr. 2010;11(2):176–83.PubMedCrossRef Dalen H, Thorstensen A, Aase SA, et al. Segmental and global longitudinal strain and strain rate based on echocardiography of 1266 healthy individuals: the HUNT study in Norway. Eur J Echocardiogr. 2010;11(2):176–83.PubMedCrossRef
17.
Zurück zum Zitat • Zghal Z, Bougteb H, Reant P, Lafitte S, Roudaut R. Assessing global and regional left ventricular myocardial function in elderly patients using the bidimensional strain method. Echocardiography. 2011;28:978–82. This study utilizes current echocardiographic techniques to examine systolic function in the elderly. PubMedCrossRef • Zghal Z, Bougteb H, Reant P, Lafitte S, Roudaut R. Assessing global and regional left ventricular myocardial function in elderly patients using the bidimensional strain method. Echocardiography. 2011;28:978–82. This study utilizes current echocardiographic techniques to examine systolic function in the elderly. PubMedCrossRef
18.
Zurück zum Zitat Cheng S, Fernandes V, Bluemke DA, McClelland RL, Kronmal RA, Lima JAC. Age-related left ventricular remodeling and associated risk for cardiovascular outcome: the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging. 2009;2:191–8.PubMedCrossRef Cheng S, Fernandes V, Bluemke DA, McClelland RL, Kronmal RA, Lima JAC. Age-related left ventricular remodeling and associated risk for cardiovascular outcome: the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging. 2009;2:191–8.PubMedCrossRef
19.
Zurück zum Zitat Benjamin EJ, Levy D, Anderson KM, et al. Determinants of Doppler indexes of left ventricular diastolic function in normal subjects (the Framingham Heart Study). Am J Cardiol. 1992;70:508–15.PubMedCrossRef Benjamin EJ, Levy D, Anderson KM, et al. Determinants of Doppler indexes of left ventricular diastolic function in normal subjects (the Framingham Heart Study). Am J Cardiol. 1992;70:508–15.PubMedCrossRef
20.
Zurück zum Zitat Schukman S, Lakatta EG, Fleg JL, et al. Age-related decline in left ventricular filling at rest and exercise. Am J Physiol. 1992;263:H1932–8. Schukman S, Lakatta EG, Fleg JL, et al. Age-related decline in left ventricular filling at rest and exercise. Am J Physiol. 1992;263:H1932–8.
21.
Zurück zum Zitat Gardin JM, Arnold AM, Bild DE, Smith VE, Lima JAC, Klopfenstein HS, et al. Left ventricular diastolic filling in the elderly: the Cardiovascular Health Study. Am J Cardiol. 1998;82:345–51.PubMedCrossRef Gardin JM, Arnold AM, Bild DE, Smith VE, Lima JAC, Klopfenstein HS, et al. Left ventricular diastolic filling in the elderly: the Cardiovascular Health Study. Am J Cardiol. 1998;82:345–51.PubMedCrossRef
22.
Zurück zum Zitat Okura H, Takada Y, Yamabe A, Kubo T, Asawa K, Ozaki T, et al. Age and gender-specific changes in the left ventricular relaxation. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging. 2009;2:41–6.PubMedCrossRef Okura H, Takada Y, Yamabe A, Kubo T, Asawa K, Ozaki T, et al. Age and gender-specific changes in the left ventricular relaxation. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging. 2009;2:41–6.PubMedCrossRef
23.
Zurück zum Zitat Munagala VK, Jacobsen SJ, Mahoney DW, Rodeheffer RJ, Bailey KR, Redfield MM. Association of newer diastolic function parameters with age in healthy subjects: a population-based study. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2003;16:1049–56.PubMedCrossRef Munagala VK, Jacobsen SJ, Mahoney DW, Rodeheffer RJ, Bailey KR, Redfield MM. Association of newer diastolic function parameters with age in healthy subjects: a population-based study. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2003;16:1049–56.PubMedCrossRef
24.
Zurück zum Zitat Chahal NS, Lim TK, Jain P, Chambers JC, Kooner JS, Senior R. Normative reference values for the tissue Doppler imaging parameters of left ventricular function: a population-based study. Eur J Echocard. 2010;11(1):51–6.CrossRef Chahal NS, Lim TK, Jain P, Chambers JC, Kooner JS, Senior R. Normative reference values for the tissue Doppler imaging parameters of left ventricular function: a population-based study. Eur J Echocard. 2010;11(1):51–6.CrossRef
25.
Zurück zum Zitat Nakai H, Takeuchi M, Nishikage T, Kokumai M, Otani S, Lang RM. Effect of aging on twist displacement loop by 2-dimensional speckle tracking. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2006;19:880–5.PubMedCrossRef Nakai H, Takeuchi M, Nishikage T, Kokumai M, Otani S, Lang RM. Effect of aging on twist displacement loop by 2-dimensional speckle tracking. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2006;19:880–5.PubMedCrossRef
26.
Zurück zum Zitat Phan TT, Shivu GN, Abozguia K, Gnanadevan M, Ahmed I, Frenneaux. Left ventricular tortion and strain patterns in heart failure with normal ejection fraction are similar to age-related changes. Eur J Echocard. 2009;10:793–800.CrossRef Phan TT, Shivu GN, Abozguia K, Gnanadevan M, Ahmed I, Frenneaux. Left ventricular tortion and strain patterns in heart failure with normal ejection fraction are similar to age-related changes. Eur J Echocard. 2009;10:793–800.CrossRef
27.
Zurück zum Zitat Aurigemma GP, Gottdiener JS, Arnold AM, Chinali M, Hill JC, Kitzman D. Left atrial volume and geometry in healthy aging: the Cardiovascular Health Study. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging. 2009;2:282–9.PubMedCrossRef Aurigemma GP, Gottdiener JS, Arnold AM, Chinali M, Hill JC, Kitzman D. Left atrial volume and geometry in healthy aging: the Cardiovascular Health Study. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging. 2009;2:282–9.PubMedCrossRef
28.
Zurück zum Zitat •• Boyd AC, Richards DAB, Marwick T, Thomas L. Atrial strain rate is a sensitive measure of alterations in atrial phasic function in healthy ageing. Heart. 2011;97:1513–9. Using strain technology the authors examine all phases of atrial function in the elderly. PubMedCrossRef •• Boyd AC, Richards DAB, Marwick T, Thomas L. Atrial strain rate is a sensitive measure of alterations in atrial phasic function in healthy ageing. Heart. 2011;97:1513–9. Using strain technology the authors examine all phases of atrial function in the elderly. PubMedCrossRef
29.
Zurück zum Zitat Levy D, Garrison RJ, Savage DD, Kannel WB, Castelli WP. Left ventricular mass and incidence of coronary heart disease in an elderly cohort: the Framingham Heart Study. Ann Intern Med. 1989;110:101–7.PubMed Levy D, Garrison RJ, Savage DD, Kannel WB, Castelli WP. Left ventricular mass and incidence of coronary heart disease in an elderly cohort: the Framingham Heart Study. Ann Intern Med. 1989;110:101–7.PubMed
30.
Zurück zum Zitat Lavie CJ, Milani RV, Ventura HO, Messerli FH. Left ventricular geometry and mortality in patients > 70 years of age with normal ejection fraction. Am J Cardiol. 2006;98:1396–9.PubMedCrossRef Lavie CJ, Milani RV, Ventura HO, Messerli FH. Left ventricular geometry and mortality in patients > 70 years of age with normal ejection fraction. Am J Cardiol. 2006;98:1396–9.PubMedCrossRef
31.
Zurück zum Zitat Fried LP, Kronmal RA, Newman AB, Bild DE, Mittelmark MB, Polak JF, et al. Risk factors for 5-year mortality in older adults: the Cardiovascular Health Study. J Am Med Assoc. 1998;279:585–92.CrossRef Fried LP, Kronmal RA, Newman AB, Bild DE, Mittelmark MB, Polak JF, et al. Risk factors for 5-year mortality in older adults: the Cardiovascular Health Study. J Am Med Assoc. 1998;279:585–92.CrossRef
32.
Zurück zum Zitat • Leibowitz D, Stessman-Lande I, Jacobs J, et al. Cardiac structure and function as predictors of mortality in persons 85 years of age. Am J Cardiol. 2012;109(6):901–5. Echocardiographic predictors of 5-year mortality in the very elderly. PubMedCrossRef • Leibowitz D, Stessman-Lande I, Jacobs J, et al. Cardiac structure and function as predictors of mortality in persons 85 years of age. Am J Cardiol. 2012;109(6):901–5. Echocardiographic predictors of 5-year mortality in the very elderly. PubMedCrossRef
33.
Zurück zum Zitat Zhang Y, Safar ME, Iaria P, Agnoletti D, Protogerou AD, Blacher J. Prevalence and prognosis of left ventricular diastolic dysfunction in the elderly: the Proteger Study. Am Heart J. 2010;160:471–8.PubMedCrossRef Zhang Y, Safar ME, Iaria P, Agnoletti D, Protogerou AD, Blacher J. Prevalence and prognosis of left ventricular diastolic dysfunction in the elderly: the Proteger Study. Am Heart J. 2010;160:471–8.PubMedCrossRef
34.
Zurück zum Zitat Bella JN, Palmieri V, Roman MJ, Liu JE, Welty TK, Lee ET, et al. Mitral ratio of peak early to late diastolic filling velocity as a predictor of mortality in middle-aged and elderly adults: the Strong Heart Study. Circulation. 2002;105:1928–33.PubMedCrossRef Bella JN, Palmieri V, Roman MJ, Liu JE, Welty TK, Lee ET, et al. Mitral ratio of peak early to late diastolic filling velocity as a predictor of mortality in middle-aged and elderly adults: the Strong Heart Study. Circulation. 2002;105:1928–33.PubMedCrossRef
35.
Zurück zum Zitat Tsang TS, Barnes ME, Gersh BJ, et al. Prediction of risk for first age-related cardiovascular events in an elderly population: the incremental value of echocardiography. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2003;42(7):1199–205.PubMedCrossRef Tsang TS, Barnes ME, Gersh BJ, et al. Prediction of risk for first age-related cardiovascular events in an elderly population: the incremental value of echocardiography. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2003;42(7):1199–205.PubMedCrossRef
36.
Zurück zum Zitat Kalogeropoulos AP, Georgiopoulou VV, DeFillipi CR, et al. Echocardiography, natriuretic peptides, and risk of incident heart failure in older adults. J Am Coll Cardiol Imaging. 2012;5:131–40. Kalogeropoulos AP, Georgiopoulou VV, DeFillipi CR, et al. Echocardiography, natriuretic peptides, and risk of incident heart failure in older adults. J Am Coll Cardiol Imaging. 2012;5:131–40.
37.
Zurück zum Zitat • DeFillipi CR, Christenson RH, Kop WJ, Gottdiener JS, Zhan M, Seliger SL. Left ventricular ejection fraction in older adults. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2011;58:1497–506.CrossRef • DeFillipi CR, Christenson RH, Kop WJ, Gottdiener JS, Zhan M, Seliger SL. Left ventricular ejection fraction in older adults. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2011;58:1497–506.CrossRef
38.
Zurück zum Zitat Reitze C, Brickman AM, Luchsinger JA, et al. Frequency of subclinical heart disease in elderly persons with dementia. Am J Geriatr Cardiol. 2007;16(3):183–8.CrossRef Reitze C, Brickman AM, Luchsinger JA, et al. Frequency of subclinical heart disease in elderly persons with dementia. Am J Geriatr Cardiol. 2007;16(3):183–8.CrossRef
39.
Zurück zum Zitat Jefferson AL, Himali JJ, Beiser AS, et al. Cardiac index is associated with brain aging: the Framingham Heart Study. Circulation. 2010;122:690–7.PubMedCrossRef Jefferson AL, Himali JJ, Beiser AS, et al. Cardiac index is associated with brain aging: the Framingham Heart Study. Circulation. 2010;122:690–7.PubMedCrossRef
40.
Zurück zum Zitat •• Scuteri A, Coluccia R, Castello L, Nevola E, Brancati AM, Volpe M. Left ventricular mass increase is associated with cognitive decline and dementia in the elderly independently of blood pressure. Eur Heart J. 2009;30:1525–9. Longitudinal study examining the association between LV mass as measured by echocardiography and dementia. PubMedCrossRef •• Scuteri A, Coluccia R, Castello L, Nevola E, Brancati AM, Volpe M. Left ventricular mass increase is associated with cognitive decline and dementia in the elderly independently of blood pressure. Eur Heart J. 2009;30:1525–9. Longitudinal study examining the association between LV mass as measured by echocardiography and dementia. PubMedCrossRef
41.
Zurück zum Zitat Maugeri D, Testai M, Santangelo A, et al. cardiovascular aging and psychometric performances: correlations in a group of ultraseptagenarian elderly. Arch Geront Geriatr. 2005;40:1–5.CrossRef Maugeri D, Testai M, Santangelo A, et al. cardiovascular aging and psychometric performances: correlations in a group of ultraseptagenarian elderly. Arch Geront Geriatr. 2005;40:1–5.CrossRef
42.
Zurück zum Zitat Leibowitz D, Jacobs JM, Stessman-Lande I, et al. Cardiac structure and function and dependence in the oldest old. J Am Soc Geriatr. 2011;59(8):1429–34.CrossRef Leibowitz D, Jacobs JM, Stessman-Lande I, et al. Cardiac structure and function and dependence in the oldest old. J Am Soc Geriatr. 2011;59(8):1429–34.CrossRef
43.
Zurück zum Zitat van Bemmel T, Delgado V, Bax JJ, et al. Impact of valvular heart disease on activities of daily living of nonagenarians: the Leiden 85-plus a population based study. BMC Geriatr. 2010;10:17.PubMedCrossRef van Bemmel T, Delgado V, Bax JJ, et al. Impact of valvular heart disease on activities of daily living of nonagenarians: the Leiden 85-plus a population based study. BMC Geriatr. 2010;10:17.PubMedCrossRef
44.
Zurück zum Zitat Vaes B, Rezzoug N, Pasquet A, et al. The prevalence of cardiac dysfunction and the correlation with poor functioning among the very elderly. Int J Cardiol. 2012;155:134–43.PubMedCrossRef Vaes B, Rezzoug N, Pasquet A, et al. The prevalence of cardiac dysfunction and the correlation with poor functioning among the very elderly. Int J Cardiol. 2012;155:134–43.PubMedCrossRef
Metadaten
Titel
Echocardiography and the Aging Heart
verfasst von
David Leibowitz
Dan Gilon
Publikationsdatum
01.12.2012
Verlag
Current Science Inc.
Erschienen in
Current Cardiovascular Imaging Reports / Ausgabe 6/2012
Print ISSN: 1941-9066
Elektronische ISSN: 1941-9074
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12410-012-9164-2

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 6/2012

Current Cardiovascular Imaging Reports 6/2012 Zur Ausgabe

Update Kardiologie

Bestellen Sie unseren Fach-Newsletter und bleiben Sie gut informiert.