Skip to main content
Hauptrubriken
CME Facharzt-Training Webinare Zeitschriften Bücher e.Medpedia Podcast
Service
Jobbörse Info & Hilfe
Fachgebiete
Anästhesiologie Allgemeinmedizin Arbeitsmedizin Augenheilkunde Chirurgie Dermatologie Gynäkologie und Geburtshilfe HNO Innere Medizin Kardiologie Neurologie Onkologie und Hämatologie Orthopädie und Unfallchirurgie Pädiatrie Pathologie Psychiatrie Radiologie Rechtsmedizin Urologie Zahnmedizin
Themen
Klimawandel und Gesundheit Neues aus dem Markt COVID-19 Praxis und Beruf Seltene Erkrankungen GOÄ & EBM Panorama
Sammlungen
Kasuistiken Algorithmen & Infografiken Blickdiagnosen Arthropedia FlapFinder (für Dermatochirurgen) Videos Kongressberichterstattung Medizin für Apothekerinnen und Apotheker Für Ärztinnen und Ärzte in Weiterbildung Für Medizinstudierende

Live-Webinar: Aktuelle Leitlinien bei Herz-Kreislauf-Erkrankungen

Konkret geht es um den Diabetes-Patienten mit kardiovaskulären Erkrankungen oder Risiken, die Herzinsuffizienz sowie die kardiovaskuläre Primär- und Sekundärprävention. Sind Sie hier schon auf dem neuesten Stand? Unsere Experten beleuchten, wo und warum das bisherige Procedere geändert werden soll und was in der Praxis sinnvoll ist. Holen Sie sich Ihr Update und 2 CME-Punkte beim MMW-Webinar am 24. April von 17.30 bis 19 Uhr. 
Erweiterte Suche
Anmelden
nach oben
Pediatric Nephrology
Erschienen in: Pediatric Nephrology 3/2020

04.01.2019 | Educational Review

Educational review: role of the pediatric nephrologists in the work-up and management of kidney stones

verfasst von: Carmen Inés Rodriguez Cuellar, Peter Zhan Tao Wang, Michael Freundlich, Guido Filler

Erschienen in: Pediatric Nephrology | Ausgabe 3/2020

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Abstract

Background

The incidence of nephrolithiasis in children and adolescents is increasing and appears to double every 10 years. The most important role of the pediatric nephrologist is to diagnose and modify various metabolic and non-metabolic risk factors, as well as prevent long-term complications especially in the case of recurrent nephrolithiasis.

Objective

The purpose of this review is to summarize the existing literature on the etiology and management of pediatric nephrolithiasis.

Results

The incidence of kidney stones is increasing; dietary and environmental factors are probably the main causes for this increased incidence. In most pediatric patients, the etiology for the kidney stones can be identified. Metabolic factors, such as hypercalciuria and hypocitraturia, urinary tract infection, and urinary stasis, constitute leading causes. Herein, we review the etiologies, diagnostic work-up, and treatment options for the most prevalent causes of kidney stones. The detrimental effects of excessive dietary sodium, reduced fluid intake, and the benefits of plant-based over animal-based protein consumption on urinary crystal formation are discussed. We also review the long-term complications.

Conclusions

Pediatric nephrologists have an important role in the diagnostic work-up and prevention of recurring nephrolithiasis.
Literatur
1.
Kit LC, Filler G, Pike J, Leonard MP (2008) Pediatric urolithiasis: experience at a tertiary care pediatric hospital. Can Urol Assoc J 2:381–386PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
2.
Scales CD Jr, Smith AC, Hanley JM, Saigal CS, Urologic Diseases in America P (2012) Prevalence of kidney stones in the United States. Eur Urol 62:160–165PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
3.
4.
Kusumi K, Becknell B, Schwaderer A (2015) Trends in pediatric urolithiasis: patient characteristics, associated diagnoses, and financial burden. Pediatr Nephrol 30:805–810PubMedCrossRef
5.
6.
Sas DJ, Hulsey TC, Shatat IF, Orak JK (2010) Increasing incidence of kidney stones in children evaluated in the emergency department. J Pediatr 157:132–137PubMedCrossRef
7.
Fakheri RJ, Goldfarb DS (2011) Ambient temperature as a contributor to kidney stone formation: implications of global warming. Kidney Int 79:1178–1185PubMedCrossRef
8.
Brikowski TH, Lotan Y, Pearle MS (2008) Climate-related increase in the prevalence of urolithiasis in the United States. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 105:9841–9846PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
9.
Safarinejad MR (2007) Adult urolithiasis in a population-based study in Iran: prevalence, incidence, and associated risk factors. Urol Res 35:73–82PubMedCrossRef
10.
Jazayeri SM, Mamaghani ME, Pourmoghaddam A, Azarfar A, Beni MH, Emam SJ (2011) Need for emergent studies on dietary factors among infancy nephrolithiasis. Arch Ital Urol Androl 83:133–135PubMed
11.
Issler N, Dufek S, Kleta R, Bockenhauer D, Smeulders N, Van’t Hoff W (2017) Epidemiology of paediatric renal stone disease: a 22-year single centre experience in the UK. BMC Nephrol 18:136PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
12.
Cochat P, Pichault V, Bacchetta J, Dubourg L, Sabot JF, Saban C, Daudon M, Liutkus A (2010) Nephrolithiasis related to inborn metabolic diseases. Pediatr Nephrol 25:415–424PubMedCrossRef
13.
Halbritter J, Baum M, Hynes AM, Rice SJ, Thwaites DT, Gucev ZS, Fisher B, Spaneas L, Porath JD, Braun DA, Wassner AJ, Nelson CP, Tasic V, Sayer JA, Hildebrandt F (2015) Fourteen monogenic genes account for 15% of nephrolithiasis/nephrocalcinosis. J Am Soc Nephrol 26:543–551PubMedCrossRef
14.
Halbritter J, Seidel A, Muller L, Schonauer R, Hoppe B (2018) Update on hereditary kidney stone disease and introduction of a new clinical patient registry in Germany. Front Pediatr 6:47PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
15.
Tasian GE, Ross ME, Song L, Sas DJ, Keren R, Denburg MR, Chu DI, Copelovitch L, Saigal CS, Furth SL (2016) Annual incidence of nephrolithiasis among children and adults in South Carolina from 1997 to 2012. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 11:488–496PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
16.
Edvardsson VO, Ingvarsdottir SE, Palsson R, Indridason OS (2018) Incidence of kidney stone disease in Icelandic children and adolescents from 1985 to 2013: results of a nationwide study. Pediatr Nephrol 33:1375–1384PubMedCrossRef
17.
James WP, Ralph A, Sanchez-Castillo CP (1987) The dominance of salt in manufactured food in the sodium intake of affluent societies. Lancet 1:426–429PubMedCrossRef
18.
(2010) In: Henney JE, Taylor CL, Boon CS (eds) Strategies to Reduce Sodium Intake in the United States, Washington (DC)
19.
Centers for Disease C, Prevention (2011) Usual sodium intakes compared with current dietary guidelines—United States, 2005–2008. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 60:1413–1417
20.
Centers for Disease C, Prevention (2012) Vital signs: food categories contributing the most to sodium consumption—United States, 2007–2008. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 61:92–98
21.
Picon RV, Fuchs FD, Moreira LB, Fuchs SC (2013) Prevalence of hypertension among elderly persons in urban Brazil: a systematic review with meta-analysis. Am J Hypertens 26:541–548PubMedCrossRef
22.
Nordin BE, Need AG, Morris HA, Horowitz M (1993) The nature and significance of the relationship between urinary sodium and urinary calcium in women. J Nutr 123:1615–1622PubMedCrossRef
23.
Matkovic V, Ilich JZ, Andon MB, Hsieh LC, Tzagournis MA, Lagger BJ, Goel PK (1995) Urinary calcium, sodium, and bone mass of young females. Am J Clin Nutr 62:417–425PubMedCrossRef
24.
Osorio AV, Alon US (1997) The relationship between urinary calcium, sodium, and potassium excretion and the role of potassium in treating idiopathic hypercalciuria. Pediatrics 100:675–681PubMedCrossRef
25.
Kovacevic L, Wolfe-Christensen C, Edwards L, Sadaps M, Lakshmanan Y (2012) From hypercalciuria to hypocitraturia—a shifting trend in pediatric urolithiasis? J Urol 188:1623–1627PubMedCrossRef
26.
Heilberg IP, Goldfarb DS (2013) Optimum nutrition for kidney stone disease. Adv Kidney Dis 20:165–174CrossRef
27.
Sellmeyer DE, Schloetter M, Sebastian A (2002) Potassium citrate prevents increased urine calcium excretion and bone resorption induced by a high sodium chloride diet. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 87:2008–2012PubMedCrossRef
28.
29.
Shavit L, Ferraro PM, Johri N, Robertson W, Walsh SB, Moochhala S, Unwin R (2015) Effect of being overweight on urinary metabolic risk factors for kidney stone formation. Nephrol Dial Transplant 30:607–613PubMedCrossRef
30.
Caltik Yilmaz A, Buyukkaragoz B, Oguz U, Celik B (2015) Influence of body mass index on pediatric urolithiasis. J Pediatr Urol 11(350):e351–e356
31.
Kuroczycka-Saniutycz E, Porowski T, Protas PT, Pszczolkowska M, Porowska H, Kirejczyk JK, Wasilewska A (2015) Does obesity or hyperuricemia influence lithogenic risk profile in children with urolithiasis? Pediatr Nephrol 30:797–803PubMedCrossRef
32.
33.
34.
Copelovitch L (2012) Urolithiasis in children: medical approach. Pediatr Clin N Am 59:881–896CrossRef
35.
36.
Srivastava T, Schwaderer A (2009) Diagnosis and management of hypercalciuria in children. Curr Opin Pediatr 21:214–219PubMedCrossRef
37.
Van Batavia JP, Tasian GE (2016) Clinical effectiveness in the diagnosis and acute management of pediatric nephrolithiasis. Int J Surg 36:698–704PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
38.
Passerotti C, Chow JS, Silva A, Schoettler CL, Rosoklija I, Perez-Rossello J, Cendron M, Cilento BG, Lee RS, Nelson CP, Estrada CR, Bauer SB, Borer JG, Diamond DA, Retik AB, Nguyen HT (2009) Ultrasound versus computerized tomography for evaluating urolithiasis. J Urol 182:1829–1834PubMedCrossRef
39.
Tasian GE, Copelovitch L (2014) Evaluation and medical management of kidney stones in children. J Urol 192:1329–1336PubMedCrossRef
40.
Tefekli A, Esen T, Ziylan O, Erol B, Armagan A, Ander H, Akinci M (2003) Metabolic risk factors in pediatric and adult calcium oxalate urinary stone formers: is there any difference? Urol Int 70:273–277PubMedCrossRef
41.
Edvardsson VO, Goldfarb DS, Lieske JC, Beara-Lasic L, Anglani F, Milliner DS, Palsson R (2013) Hereditary causes of kidney stones and chronic kidney disease. Pediatr Nephrol 28:1923–1942PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
42.
43.
Worcester EM, Coe FL, Evan AP, Bergsland KJ, Parks JH, Willis LR, Clark DL, Gillen DL (2008) Evidence for increased postprandial distal nephron calcium delivery in hypercalciuric stone-forming patients. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 295:F1286–F1294PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
44.
45.
Arrabal-Polo MA, Arias-Santiago S, Giron-Prieto MS, Abad-Menor F, Lopez-Carmona Pintado F, Zuluaga-Gomez A, Arrabal-Martin M (2012) Hypercalciuria, hyperoxaluria, and hypocitraturia screening from random urine samples in patients with calcium lithiasis. Urol Res 40:511–515PubMedCrossRef
46.
Butani L, Kalia A (2004) Idiopathic hypercalciuria in children—how valid are the existing diagnostic criteria? Pediatr Nephrol 19:577–582PubMedCrossRef
47.
Penniston KL, Nakada SY (2018) Updates in the metabolic management of calcium stones. Curr Urol Rep 19:41PubMedCrossRef
48.
Sakhaee K, Nicar M, Hill K, Pak CY (1983) Contrasting effects of potassium citrate and sodium citrate therapies on urinary chemistries and crystallization of stone-forming salts. Kidney Int 24:348–352PubMedCrossRef
49.
50.
51.
52.
Domrongkitchaiporn S, Stitchantrakul W, Kochakarn W (2006) Causes of hypocitraturia in recurrent calcium stone formers: focusing on urinary potassium excretion. Am J Kidney Dis 48:546–554PubMedCrossRef
53.
Nishijima S, Sugaya K, Naito A, Morozumi M, Hatano T, Ogawa Y (2002) Association of vitamin D receptor gene polymorphism with urolithiasis. J Urol 167:2188–2191PubMedCrossRef
54.
Mossetti G, Vuotto P, Rendina D, Numis FG, Viceconti R, Giordano F, Cioffi M, Scopacasa F, Nunziata V (2003) Association between vitamin D receptor gene polymorphisms and tubular citrate handling in calcium nephrolithiasis. J Intern Med 253:194–200PubMedCrossRef
55.
Corbin Bush N, Twombley K, Ahn J, Oliveira C, Arnold S, Maalouf NM, Sakhaee K (2013) Prevalence and spot urine risk factors for renal stones in children taking topiramate. J Pediatr Urol 9:884–889PubMedCrossRef
56.
Srivastava T, Winston MJ, Auron A, Alon US (2009) Urine calcium/citrate ratio in children with hypercalciuric stones. Pediatr Res 66:85–90PubMedCrossRef
57.
DeFoor W, Jackson E, Schulte M, Alam Z, Asplin J (2017) Calcium-to-citrate ratio distinguishes solitary and recurrent urinary stone forming children. J Urol 198:416–421PubMedCrossRef
58.
Bastug F, Dusunsel R (2012) Pediatric urolithiasis: causative factors, diagnosis and medical management. Nat Rev Urol 9:138–146PubMedCrossRef
59.
Kang DE, Sur RL, Haleblian GE, Fitzsimons NJ, Borawski KM, Preminger GM (2007) Long-term lemonade based dietary manipulation in patients with hypocitraturic nephrolithiasis. J Urol 177:1358–1362 discussion 1362; quiz 1591PubMedCrossRef
60.
Penniston KL, Nakada SY, Holmes RP, Assimos DG (2008) Quantitative assessment of citric acid in lemon juice, lime juice, and commercially-available fruit juice products. J Endourol 22:567–570PubMedCrossRef
61.
Rahman MM, Abdullah RB, Wan Khadijah WE (2013) A review of oxalate poisoning in domestic animals: tolerance and performance aspects. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 97:605–614CrossRef
62.
Caspary WF (1977) Enteric hyperoxaluria. N Engl J Med 296:1357PubMed
63.
64.
Danpure CJ, Rumsby G (2004) Molecular aetiology of primary hyperoxaluria and its implications for clinical management. Expert Rev Mol Med 6:1–16PubMedCrossRef
65.
Lorenzo V, Torres A, Salido E (2014) Primary hyperoxaluria. Nefrologia 34:398–412PubMed
66.
Monico CG, Rossetti S, Belostotsky R, Cogal AG, Herges RM, Seide BM, Olson JB, Bergstrahl EJ, Williams HJ, Haley WE, Frishberg Y, Milliner DS (2011) Primary hyperoxaluria type III gene HOGA1 (formerly DHDPSL) as a possible risk factor for idiopathic calcium oxalate urolithiasis. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 6:2289–2295PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
67.
68.
Milliner DS, Eickholt JT, Bergstralh EJ, Wilson DM, Smith LH (1994) Results of long-term treatment with orthophosphate and pyridoxine in patients with primary hyperoxaluria. N Engl J Med 331:1553–1558PubMedCrossRef
69.
Zimmermann DJ, Voss S, von Unruh GE, Hesse A (2005) Importance of magnesium in absorption and excretion of oxalate. Urol Int 74:262–267PubMedCrossRef
70.
Milliner D (2006) Treatment of the primary hyperoxalurias: a new chapter. Kidney Int 70:1198–1200PubMedCrossRef
71.
Hoppe B, Kemper MJ, Bokenkamp A, Portale AA, Cohn RA, Langman CB (1999) Plasma calcium oxalate supersaturation in children with primary hyperoxaluria and end-stage renal failure. Kidney Int 56:268–274PubMedCrossRef
72.
Compagnon P, Metzler P, Samuel D, Camus C, Niaudet P, Durrbach A, Lang P, Azoulay D, Duvoux C, Bayle F, Rivalan J, Merville P, Pascal G, Thervet E, Bensman A, Rostaing L, Deschenes G, Morcet J, Feray C, Boudjema K (2014) Long-term results of combined liver-kidney transplantation for primary hyperoxaluria type 1: the French experience. Liver Transpl 20:1475–1485PubMed
73.
Millan MT, Berquist WE, So SK, Sarwal MM, Wayman KI, Cox KL, Filler G, Salvatierra O Jr, Esquivel CO (2003) One hundred percent patient and kidney allograft survival with simultaneous liver and kidney transplantation in infants with primary hyperoxaluria: a single-center experience. Transplantation 76:1458–1463PubMedCrossRef
74.
Mehta TH, Goldfarb DS (2012) Uric acid stones and hyperuricosuria. Adv Chronic Kidney Dis 19:413–418PubMedCrossRef
75.
Vasudevan V, Samson P, Smith AD, Okeke Z (2017) The genetic framework for development of nephrolithiasis. Asian J Urol 4:18–26PubMedCrossRef
76.
77.
Chillaron J, Font-Llitjos M, Fort J, Zorzano A, Goldfarb DS, Nunes V, Palacin M (2010) Pathophysiology and treatment of cystinuria. Nat Rev Pediatr Nephrol 6:424–434CrossRef
78.
Wong KA, Mein R, Wass M, Flinter F, Pardy C, Bultitude M, Thomas K (2015) The genetic diversity of cystinuria in a UK population of patients. BJU Int 116:109–116PubMedCrossRef
79.
Afsar B, Kiremit MC, Sag AA, Tarim K, Acar O, Esen T, Solak Y, Covic A, Kanbay M (2016) The role of sodium intake in nephrolithiasis: epidemiology, pathogenesis, and future directions. Eur J Intern Med 35:16–19PubMedCrossRef
80.
Printza N, Koukourgianni F, Papathanasiou A, Augoustides-Savvopoulou P, Papachristou F (2007) Efficacy of captopril therapy in cystinuria lithiasis. A case report. Hippokratia 11:83–85PubMedPubMedCentral
81.
Alonso-Varela M, Gil-Pena H, Coto E, Gomez J, Rodriguez J, Rodriguez-Rubio E, Santos F, RenalTube G (2018) Distal renal tubular acidosis. Clinical manifestations in patients with different underlying gene mutations. Pediatr Nephrol 33:1523–1529PubMedCrossRef
82.
Grases F, Costa-Bauza A, Gomila I, Ramis M, Garcia-Raja A, Prieto RM (2012) Urinary pH and renal lithiasis. Urol Res 40:41–46PubMedCrossRef
83.
Lindberg J, Harvey J, Pak CY (1990) Effect of magnesium citrate and magnesium oxide on the crystallization of calcium salts in urine: changes produced by food-magnesium interaction. J Urol 143:248–251PubMedCrossRef
84.
Robertson WG (2017) Do “inhibitors of crystallisation” play any role in the prevention of kidney stones? A critique. Urolithiasis 45:43–56PubMedCrossRef
85.
Vaidyanathan S, von Unruh GE, Watson ID, Laube N, Willets S, Soni BL (2006) Hyperoxaluria, hypocitraturia, hypomagnesiuria, and lack of intestinal colonization by Oxalobacter formigenes in a cervical spinal cord injury patient with suprapubic cystostomy, short bowel, and nephrolithiasis. ScientificWorldJournal 6:2403–2410PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
86.
Hedelin H (2002) Uropathogens and urinary tract concretion formation and catheter encrustations. Int J Antimicrob Agents 19:484–487PubMedCrossRef
87.
Borghi L, Nouvenne A, Meschi T (2012) Nephrolithiasis and urinary tract infections: ‘the chicken or the egg’ dilemma? Nephrol Dial Transplant 27:3982–3984PubMedCrossRef
88.
89.
90.
Siener R, Ebert D, Hesse A (2001) Urinary oxalate excretion in female calcium oxalate stone formers with and without a history of recurrent urinary tract infections. Urol Res 29:245–248PubMedCrossRef
91.
Sas DJ (2011) An update on the changing epidemiology and metabolic risk factors in pediatric kidney stone disease. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 6:2062–2068PubMedCrossRef
92.
Siroky MB (2002) Pathogenesis of bacteriuria and infection in the spinal cord injured patient. Am J Med 113(Suppl 1A):67S–79SPubMedCrossRef
93.
Gambaro G, Fabris A, Puliatta D, Lupo A (2006) Lithiasis in cystic kidney disease and malformations of the urinary tract. Urol Res 34:102–107PubMedCrossRef
94.
Yang EM, Yoon BA, Kim SW, Kim CJ (2017) Clinical utility of spot urine protein-to-creatinine ratio modified by estimated daily creatinine excretion in children. Pediatr Nephrol 32:1045–1051PubMedCrossRef
95.
Goldfarb DS, Arowojolu O (2013) Metabolic evaluation of first-time and recurrent stone formers. Urol Clin North Am 40:13–20PubMedCrossRef
96.
Ben-Shalom E, Frishberg Y (2015) Primary hyperoxalurias: diagnosis and treatment. Pediatr Nephrol 30:1781–1791PubMedCrossRef
97.
Belostotsky R, Pitt JJ, Frishberg Y (2012) Primary hyperoxaluria type III—a model for studying perturbations in glyoxylate metabolism. J Mol Med (Berl) 90:1497–1504CrossRef
98.
Srivastava T, Alon US (2005) Urolithiasis in adolescent children. Adolesc Med Clin 16:87–109PubMedCrossRef
99.
Borghi L, Meschi T, Amato F, Briganti A, Novarini A, Giannini A (1996) Urinary volume, water and recurrences in idiopathic calcium nephrolithiasis: a 5-year randomized prospective study. J Urol 155:839–843PubMedCrossRef
100.
Miller LA, Stapleton FB (1989) Urinary volume in children with urolithiasis. J Urol 141:918–920PubMedCrossRef
101.
Lande MB, Varade W, Erkan E, Niederbracht Y, Schwartz GJ (2005) Role of urinary supersaturation in the evaluation of children with urolithiasis. Pediatr Nephrol 20:491–494PubMedCrossRef
102.
DeFoor W, Asplin J, Jackson E, Jackson C, Reddy P, Sheldon C, Erhard M, Minevich E (2006) Urinary metabolic evaluations in normal and stone forming children. J Urol 176:1793–1796PubMedCrossRef
103.
McGuire S (2011) US Department of Agriculture and US Department of Health and Human Services, Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 2010. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, January 2011. Oxford University Press
104.
Heilberg IP, Weisinger JR (2006) Bone disease in idiopathic hypercalciuria. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 15:394–402PubMedCrossRef
105.
Ross A, Taylor C, Yaktine A, Del Valle H (2011) Committee to review dietary reference intakes for vitamin D and calcium, food and nutrition board, Institute of Medicine. DRI dietary reference intakes for calcium and vitamin D. National Academies Press, Washington, DC http://​www.​nap.​edu/​catalog.​php. Accessed 15 Aug 2018
106.
Hesse A, Schneeberger W, Engfeld S, Von Unruh GE, Sauerbruch T (1999) Intestinal hyperabsorption of oxalate in calcium oxalate stone formers: application of a new test with [13C2]oxalate. J Am Soc Nephrol 10(Suppl 14):S329–S333PubMed
107.
108.
Freundlich M, Alonzo E, Bellorin-Font E, Weisinger JR (2002) Reduced bone mass in children with idiopathic hypercalciuria and in their asymptomatic mothers. Nephrol Dial Transplant 17:1396–1401PubMedCrossRef
109.
Sakhaee K, Maalouf NM, Kumar R, Pasch A, Moe OW (2011) Nephrolithiasis-associated bone disease: pathogenesis and treatment options. Kidney Int 79:393–403PubMedCrossRef
110.
Denburg MR, Leonard MB, Haynes K, Tuchman S, Tasian G, Shults J, Copelovitch L (2014) Risk of fracture in urolithiasis: a population-based cohort study using the health improvement network. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 9:2133–2140PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
111.
Ferraro PM, Taylor EN, Eisner BH, Gambaro G, Rimm EB, Mukamal KJ, Curhan GC (2013) History of kidney stones and the risk of coronary heart disease. JAMA 310:408–415PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
112.
Rule AD, Roger VL, Melton LJ 3rd, Bergstralh EJ, Li X, Peyser PA, Krambeck AE, Lieske JC (2010) Kidney stones associate with increased risk for myocardial infarction. J Am Soc Nephrol 21:1641–1644PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
113.
Alexander RT, Hemmelgarn BR, Wiebe N, Bello A, Samuel S, Klarenbach SW, Curhan GC, Tonelli M, Alberta Kidney Disease N (2014) Kidney stones and cardiovascular events: a cohort study. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 9:506–512PubMedCrossRef
114.
Liu Y, Li S, Zeng Z, Wang J, Xie L, Li T, He Y, Qin X, Zhao J (2014) Kidney stones and cardiovascular risk: a meta-analysis of cohort studies. Am J Kidney Dis 64:402–410PubMedCrossRef
115.
Peng JP, Zheng H (2017) Kidney stones may increase the risk of coronary heart disease and stroke: a PRISMA-compliant meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore) 96:e7898CrossRef
116.
Fabris A, Ferraro PM, Comellato G, Caletti C, Fantin F, Zaza G, Zamboni M, Lupo A, Gambaro G (2015) The relationship between calcium kidney stones, arterial stiffness and bone density: unraveling the stone-bone-vessel liaison. J Nephrol 28:549–555PubMedCrossRef
117.
Reiner AP, Kahn A, Eisner BH, Pletcher MJ, Sadetsky N, Williams OD, Polak JF, Jacobs DR Jr, Stoller ML (2011) Kidney stones and subclinical atherosclerosis in young adults: the CARDIA study. J Urol 185:920–925PubMedCrossRef
118.
Kusumi K, Smith S, Barr-Beare E, Saxena V, Schober MS, Moore-Clingenpeel M, Schwaderer AL (2015) Pediatric origins of nephrolithiasis-associated atherosclerosis. J Pediatr 167:1074–1080 e1072PubMedCrossRef
119.
Rule AD, Bergstralh EJ, Melton LJ 3rd, Li X, Weaver AL, Lieske JC (2009) Kidney stones and the risk for chronic kidney disease. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 4:804–811PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
120.
Pearce MS, Salotti JA, Little MP, McHugh K, Lee C, Kim KP, Howe NL, Ronckers CM, Rajaraman P, Sir Craft AW, Parker L, Berrington de Gonzalez A (2012) Radiation exposure from CT scans in childhood and subsequent risk of leukaemia and brain tumours: a retrospective cohort study. Lancet 380:499–505PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
Metadaten
Titel
Educational review: role of the pediatric nephrologists in the work-up and management of kidney stones
verfasst von
Carmen Inés Rodriguez Cuellar
Peter Zhan Tao Wang
Michael Freundlich
Guido Filler
Publikationsdatum
04.01.2019
Verlag
Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Erschienen in
Pediatric Nephrology / Ausgabe 3/2020
Print ISSN: 0931-041X
Elektronische ISSN: 1432-198X
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00467-018-4179-9

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 3/2020

Pediatric Nephrology 3/2020 Zur Ausgabe

Clinical Quiz

A boy with IgA vasculitis and anuria: Questions

Review

The pathogenesis and management of renal scarring in children with vesicoureteric reflux and pyelonephritis

Original Article

Sex and age as determinants for high blood pressure in pediatric renal transplant recipients: a longitudinal analysis of the CERTAIN Registry

Original Article

Long-lasting chronic high load carriage of Epstein-Barr virus is more common in young pediatric renal transplant recipients

Guidelines

The dietary management of calcium and phosphate in children with CKD stages 2-5 and on dialysis—clinical practice recommendation from the Pediatric Renal Nutrition Taskforce

Original Article

Immunoglobulin serum levels in rituximab-treated patients with steroid-dependent nephrotic syndrome

Neu im Fachgebiet Pädiatrie

23.04.2024 | Typ-1-Diabetes | Nachrichten

Neuer Typ-1-Diabetes bei Kindern am Wochenende eher übersehen

22.04.2024 | Fehlsichtigkeit | Nachrichten

Neue Studienergebnisse zur Myopiekontrolle mit Atropin

18.04.2024 | Spinale Muskelatrophien | Nachrichten

Spinale Muskelatrophie: Neugeborenen-Screening lohnt sich

18.04.2024 | Pädiatrische Notfallmedizin | Nachrichten

Fünf Dinge, die im Kindernotfall besser zu unterlassen sind
weitere anzeigen

Update Pädiatrie

Bestellen Sie unseren Fach-Newsletter und bleiben Sie gut informiert.

Newsletter bestellen