Background
Methods
Design
Setting and participants
Randomisation and blinding
Screening questionnaire
Outcomes
Interventions
Analysis
Results
SCT (n = 33) | CON (n = 32) | |
---|---|---|
MS type | ||
Benign | 3 | 1 |
Primary progressive | 1 | 0 |
Relapsing-remitting | 27 | 27 |
Secondary progressive | 0 | 1 |
Not reported | 2 | 3 |
EDSS (mean, SD) | 3.3 (0.7) | 3.3 (0.7) |
Years since diagnosis (mean, SD) | 6.7 (5.7) | 7.0 (6.1) |
Centre (n)s | ||
Cork | 10 | 9 |
Galway | 8 | 10 |
Limerick | 15 | 13 |
Age (years) | 43.3 (9.9) | 41.9 (9.3) |
Gender (n) | ||
Male | 4 | 6 |
Female | 29 | 26 |
Baseline mean (SD) | Post Intervention mean (SD) | Three month follow up mean (SD) | Six month follow up mean (SD) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variables | EXE + SCT | Control | EXE + SCT | Control | EXE + SCT | Control | EXE + SCT | Control |
Modified Fatigue Impact Scale | 43.6 (17.7) | 46.1 (14.3) | 37.2 (14.5) | 37.7 (12.9) | 35.7 (15.5) | 37.6 (13.4) | 37.9 (15.3) | 36.4 (14.3) |
Multiple Sclerosis Impact Scale29 - physical | 29.6 (21.8) | 30.0 (18.9) | 25.6 (17.6) | 27.2 (15.0) | 24.3 (18.5) | 24.4 (13.5) | 25.8 (18.7) | 25.8 (17.4) |
Multiple Sclerosis Impact Scale29 psychological | 39.8 (23.9) | 36.1 (17.8) | 29.4 (16.7) | 30.9 (20.2) | 29.7 (25.2) | 33.1 (22.3) | 35.3 (22.9) | 29.2 (18.9) |
Hospital Anxiety Depression Scale-Anxiety | 8.2 (4.4) | 7.3 (3.7) | 6.6 (4.4) | 7.1 (3.7) | 6.2 (4.3) | 6.8 (3.4) | 6.4 (3.7) | 6.2 (3.5) |
Hospital Anxiety Depression Scale-Depression | 5.9 (3.3) | 5.5 (3.6) | 4.9 (3.4) | 4.9 (4.1) | 4.1 (3.7) | 4.4 (4.5) | 4.8 (3.2) | 5.2 (3.6) |
Symbol Digit Modality Test | 46.0 (10.2) | 51.2 (14.2) | 49.8 (9.1) | 55.6 (12.6) | 52.4 (7.5) | 48.4 (14.1) | 49.2 (9.5) | 52.6 (15.8) |
5xSit To Stand | 11.5 (2.7) | 10.8 (2.6) | 9.8 (2.2) | 9.4 (1.9) | 9.9 (1.9) | 10.3 (2.3) | 9.3 (2.4) | 9.9 (2.4) |
Modified Canadian Aerobic Fitness Test | 295.7 (54.6) | 313.6 (59.0) | 309.1 (53.8) | 331.3 (51.6) | 301.6 (50.2) | 292.5 (53.5) | 308.0 (51.5) | 307.7 (51.9) |
Godin Leisure Time Exercise Questionnaire – Health Index | 3.0 (6.2) | 2.8 (9.1) | 13.8 (11.7) | 16.1 (21.1) | 15.2 13.9) | 16.0 (16.7) | 15.7 (14.8) | 15.0 20.9) |
Mean steps per day | 6098.4 (2362.7) | 7222.6 (2694.5) | 6107.7 (3304.9) | 7582.1 (2372.3) | 6429.0 (2447.6) | 7396.5 (2611.9) | 6558.3 (3059.4) | 7450.3 (3099.5) |
Mean Energy Expenditure per day | 1908.9 (299.8) | 2031.6 (382.5) | 1908.6 (372.4) | 1897.4 (426.5) | 1866.2 (407.7) | 1851.5 (368.4) | 1822.5 (348.16) | 1899.7 (355.4) |
Exercise Benefits Questionnaire | 88.9 (9.1) | 88.2 (8.4) | 90.4 (12.1) | 90.6 (11.2) | 89.8 (12.6) | 90.1 (11.7) | 90.6 (12.5) | 91.6 (11.8) |
Exercise Barriers Questionnaire | 29.8 (5.8) | 29.8 (4.0) | 28.1 (4.1) | 28.5 (4.1) | 28.7 (6.6) | 27.5 (4.2) | 28.7 (5.8) | 28.0 (4.7) |
Multidimensional Outcomes Expectations for Exercise Scale total | 60.9 (6.9) | 60.2 (5.9) | 60.5 (7.4) | 61.0 (7.3) | 61.3 (7.0) | 60.4 (6.0) | 61.2 (7.9) | 60.4 (6.9) |
Exercise Goal setting Questionnaire | 17.2 (7.9) | 13.8 (6.6) | 24.1 (10.2) | 20.2 (7.7) | 23.0 (10.5) | 21.1 (7.8) | 21.4 (10.1) | 20.0 (9.9) |
Exercise Planning Questionnaire | 19.6 (6.3) | 19.7 (5.3) | 25.6 (6.7) | 23.7 (7.4) | 26.7(8.1) | 25.0 (7.3) | 24.9 (8.2) | 24.0 (7.5) |
Exercise Self-efficacy | 66.3 (21.9) | 69.2 (25.9) | 66.0 (26.3) | 70.5 (27.5) | 69.0 (19.3) | 63.9 (27.2) | 68.7 (30.0) | 64.9 (23.7) |
Social Provisions Scale total | 74.9 (9.7) | 78.1 (9.1) | 77.9 (8.3) | 77.3 (9.0) | 77.9 (10.2) | 76.5 (10.6) | 78.7 (9.6) | 77.7 (10.1) |
Estimate of difference between SCT and Control | Standard error | 95% CI |
p-value | Hedges’ g (95% CI) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Modified Fatigue Impact Scale | Post Intervention Three month follow up Six month follow up | 1.05 −0.11 4.39 | 3.32 3.49 3.41 | (−5.56, 7.65) (−7.05, 6.82) (−2.38, 11.17) | 0.75 0.97 0.20 | −0.12 (−0.61, 0.36) −0.04 (−0.52, 0.45) −0.25 (−0.74, 0.24) |
Multiple Sclerosis Impact Scale29 - physical | Post Intervention Three month follow up Six month follow up | −2.58 −2.34 −0.54 | 3.26 3.45 3.35 | (−9.06, 3.89) (−9.19, 4.51) (−7.19, 6.10) | 0.43 0.50 0.87 | 0.06 (−0.43, 0.55) −0.01 (−0.50, 0.47) −0.02 (−0.51, 0.47) |
Multiple Sclerosis Impact Scale29 - psychological | Post Intervention Three month follow up Six month follow up | −3.01 −5.26 3.90 | 4.39 4.71 4.54 | (−11.71, 5.70) (−14.59, 4.06) (−5.09, 12.90) | 0.50 0.27 0.39 | 0.25 (−0.24, 0.73) 0.34 (−0.15, 0.83) −0.11 (−0.60, 0.37) |
Hospital Anxiety Depression Scale-Anxiety | Post Intervention Three month follow up Six month follow up | −0.92 −0.93 0.01 | 0.91 0.95 0.93 | (−2.72, 0.88) (−2.81, 0.92) (−1.83, 1.86) | 0.31 0.33 0.99 | 0.34 (−0.15, 0.83) 0.37 (−0.12, 0.86) 0.17 (−0.32, 0.66) |
Hospital Anxiety Depression Scale-Depression | Post Intervention Three month follow up Six month follow up | 0.45 0.43 0.10 | 0.77 0.81 0.79 | (−1.08, 1.97) (−1.18, 2.03) (−1.46, 1.66) | 0.56 0.60 0.90 | 0.12 (−0.37, 0.60) 0.20 (−0.28, 0.69) 0.23 (−0.26, 0.72) |
Symbol Digit Modality Test | Post Intervention Three month follow up Six month follow up | −3.03 4.93 −0.55 | 2.34 2.49 2.51 | (−7.70, 1.64) (−0.02, 9.87) (−5.54, 4.44) | 0.20 0.05 0.83 | 0.06 (−0.42, 0.55)
0.75 (0.24, 1.25)
0.15 (−0.34, 0.63) |
5xSit To Stand | Post Intervention Three month follow up Six month follow up | 0.06 −0.09 −0.62 | 0.45 0.48 0.48 | (−0.84, 0.97) (−1.10, 0.86) (−1.60, 0.33) | 0.89 0.85 0.20 | 0.11 (−0.37, 0.60) 0.41 (−0.08, 0.91) 0.49 (−0.003, 0.98) |
Modified Canadian Aerobic Fitness Test | Post Intervention Three month follow up Six month follow up | −7.02 16.12 10.53 | 9.75 10.63 10.90 | (−26.45, 12.41) (−5.03, 37.26) (−11.13, 32.19) | 0.47 0.13 0.34 | −0.08 (−0.57, 0.40)
0.51 (0.01, 1.00)
0.34 (−0.15, 0.83) |
Godin Leisure Time Exercise Questionnaire – Health Index | Post Intervention Three month follow up Six month follow up | −2.24 0.42 0.11 | 4.55 4.75 4.64 | (−11.30, 6.82) (−9.02, 9.87) (−9.12, 9.34) | 0.62 0.93 0.98 | −0.32 (−0.81, 0.17) −0.13 (−0.62, 0.36) 0.06 (−0.42, 0.55) |
Mean steps per day | Post Intervention Three month follow up Six month follow up | −163.35 −439.08 448.87 | 696.12 703.49 737.27 | (−1552.20, 1225.50) (−1842.34, 964.19) (−1020.74, 1918.48) | 0.81 0.53 0.54 | −0.14 (−0.63, 0.35) 0.06 (−0.42, 0.55) 0.08 (−0.57, 0.40) |
Mean Energy Expenditure per day | Post Intervention Three month follow up Six month follow up | 114.42 53.61 63.47 | 95.05 98.07 103.30 | (−74.65, 303.48) (−141.39, 248.61) (−141.84, 268.78) | 0.23 0.59 0.54 | 0.39 (−0.10, 0.88) 0.40 (−0.09, 0.89) 0.12 (−0.36, 0.61) |
Exercise Benefits Questionnaire | Post Intervention Three month follow up Six month follow up | 0.311 1.01 0.11 | 3.01 3.09 3.05 | (−5.34, 6.23) (−5.16, 7.19) (−5.98, 6.20) | 0.84 0.74 0.97 | −0.10 (−0.59, 0.38) −0.11 (−0.60, 0.37) −0.19 (−0.68, 0.29) |
Exercise Barriers Questionnaire | Post Intervention Three month follow up Six month follow up | −0.24 0.73 0.67 | 1.07 1.12 1.09 | (−2.37, 1.88) (−1.50, 2.96) (−1.50, 2.85) | 0.82 0.52 0.54 | 0.08 (−0.41, 0.57) −0.24 (−0.73, 0.25) −0.14 (−0.63, 0.35) |
Multidimensional Outcomes Expectations for Exercise Scale total | Post Intervention Three month follow up Six month follow up | −0.42 1.31 1.13 | 1.56 1.63 1.59 | (−3.52, 2.68) (−1.93, 4.55) (−2.03, 4.30) | 0.79 0.42 0.48 | −0.18 (−0.67, 0.30) 0.03 (−0.46, 0.52) 0.02 (−0.47, 0.50) |
Exercise Goal setting Questionnaire | Post Intervention Three month follow up Six month follow up | 2.03 −0.50 −0.26 | 2.15 2.30 2.21 | (−2.24, 6.30) (−5.05, 4.06) (−4.65, 4.13) | 0.35 0.83 0.91 | 0.07 (−0.42, 0.56) −0.21 (−0.69, 0.28) −0.27 (−0.76, 0.21) |
Exercise Planning Questionnaire | Post Intervention Three month follow up Six month follow up | 2.08 1.86 0.77 | 1.74 1.84 1.79 | (−1.38, 5.34) (−1.78, 5.51) (−2.77, 4.32) | 0.24 0.31 0.67 | 0.34 (−0.15, 0.83) 0.31 (−0.18, 0.80) 0.17 (−0.32, 0.66) |
Exercise Self-efficacy | Post Intervention Three month follow up Six month follow up | −3.89 3.01 1.66 | 7.17 7.48 7.31 | (−18.15, 10.38) (−11.86, 17.88) (−12.88, 16.20) | 0.59 0.69 0.82 | −0.07 (−0.55, 0.42) 0.33 (−0.16, 0.82) 0.28 (−0.21, 0.77) |
Social Provisions Scale total | Post Intervention Three month follow up Six month follow up | 1.69 2.79 1.15 | 1.82 1.91 1.86 | (−1.94, 5.32) (−0.10, 6.58) (−2.55, 4.85) | 0.36 0.15 0.54 | 0.40 (−0.09, 0.90) 0.49 (−0.005, 0.98) 0.45 (−0.05, 0.94) |
Mean change Baseline to Post Intervention (95% CI)
p-value | Mean change Baseline to three month follow up (95% CI)
p-value | Mean change baseline to six month follow up (95% CI)
p-value | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variables | Intervention | Control | Intervention | Control | Intervention | Control |
Modified Fatigue Impact Scale |
−4.99
(−9.78, −0.21)
p = 0.04
|
−7.68
(−12.13, −3.23)
p = 0.01
|
−8.09
(−13.97, −2.20)
p < 0.01
|
−7.41
(−12.77, −2.04)
p < 0.01
|
−5.22
(−10.99, 0.55)
p = 0.07
|
−10.35
(−16.43, −4.27)
p < 0.01
|
Multiple Sclerosis Impact Scale29 - physical | −2.06 (−6.36, 2.23)
p = 0.33 | −0.13 (−5.63, 5.37)
p = 0.96 |
−4.45
(−8.68, −0.22)
p = 0.04
| −1.42 (−7.69, 4.84)
p = 0.64 |
−4.12
(−8.25, 0.01)
p = 0.05
| −3.61 (−9.83, 2.62)
p = 0.24 |
Multiple Sclerosis Impact Scale29 psychological |
−7.54
(−13.28, −1.81)
p = 0.01
| −4.22 (−11.19, 2.76)
p = 0.22 |
−8.37
(−15.85, −0.89)
p = 0.03
| −2.02 (−8.11, 4.07)
p = 0.50 | −4.94 (−12.84, 2.98)
p = 0.21 |
−7.60
(−13.71, −1.49)
p = 0.02
|
Hospital Anxiety Depression Scale-Anxiety | −1.60 (−2.50, 0.30)
p = 0.12 | −0.35 (−1.61, 0.90)
p = 0.57 |
−1.76
(−3.20, −0.31)
p = 0.02
| −0.51 (−1.94, 0.92)
p = 0.47 |
−1.99
(−3.28, −0.71)
p < 0.01
| −1.26 (−2.67, 0.15)
p = 0.08 |
Hospital Anxiety Depression Scale-Depression | −0.76 (−1.54, 0.33)
p = 0.20 | −0.61 (−1.54, 0.33)
p = 0.19 |
−1.51
(−2.89, −0.13)
p = 0.03
| −1.02 (−2.50, 0.47)
p = 0.17 |
−1.02
(−2.05, 0.01)
p = 0.05
| −0.37 (−1.35, 0.61)
p = 0.44 |
Symbol Digit Modality Test | 1.65 (−1.68, 4.99)
p = 0.32 | 3.43 (−1.01, 7.87)
p = 0.12 |
5.04
(2.51, 7.57)
p < 0.01
| 0.24 (−3.71, 4.18)
p = 0.90 |
3.05
(0.81, 5.28)
p < 0.01
| 2.56 (0.07, 5.06)
p = 0.04 |
5xSit To Stand |
−1.51
(−2.41, −0.60)
p < 0.01
|
−1.55
(−2.30, −0.79)
p < 0.01
|
−2.13
(−3.00, −1.26)
p < 0.01
|
−1.49
(−2.32, −0.65)
p < 0.01
|
−2.29
(−3.20, −1.39)
p < 0.01
|
−1.19
(−1.97, −0.40)
p < 0.01
|
Modified Canadian Aerobic Fitness Test | 8.56 (−6.86, 23.98)
p = 0.26 | 10.54 (−6.29, 27.37)
p = 0.21 | 3.40 (−14.07, 20.87)
p = 0.69 | −11.97 (−33.02, 9.08)
p = 0.25 | 2.87 (−7.18, 13.54)
p = 0.58 | −11.54 (−27.67, 4.59)
p = 0.15 |
Godin Leisure Time Exercise Questionnaire – Health Index |
9.85
(5.46, 14.23)
p < 0.01
|
12.92
(4.69, 20.89)
p < 0.01
|
10.87
(4.20, 17.53)
p < 0.01
|
12.35
(5.63, 19.07)
p < 0.01
|
10.65
(4.18, 17.12)
p < 0.01
|
11.67
(5.67, 17.67)
p < 0.01
|
Mean steps per day | 118.67 (−1002.54, 1239.87)
p = 0.83 | 30.38 (−1116.58, 1177.34)
p = 0.96 | −5.88 (−940.73, 928.97)
p = 0.99 | 96.85 (−621.18, 814.88)
p = 0.78 | 756.92 (−440.88, 1954.73)
p = 0.19 | 86.28 (−849.85, 1022.42)
p = 0.85 |
Mean Energy Expenditure per day | 46.22 (−119.73, 212.17)
p = 0.56 | −72.90 (−224.14, 78.33)
p = 0.33 | −58.18 (−162.68, 46.33)
p = 0.25 |
−182.5
(−335.03, −29.97)
p = 0.02
| 6.61 (−140.78, 154.01)
p = 0.92 | −66.76 (−212.64, 79.12)
p = 0.35 |
Exercise Benefits Questionnaire | 2.64 (−0.53, 5.80)
p = 0.09 | 2.08 (−2.31, 6.48)
p = 0.34 | 2.18 (−2.41, 6.78)
p = 0.33 | 1.83 (−3.21, 6.87)
p = 0.46 | 3.38 (−0.59, 7.35)
p = 0.09 | 2.39 (−2.33, 7.12)
p = 0.31 |
Exercise Barriers Questionnaire |
−1.51
(−2.86, −0.17)
p = 0.03
| −1.09 (−2.41, 0.24)
p = 0.10 | −1.27 (−3.35, 0.82)
p = 0.22 | −1.51 (−3.40, 0.37)
p = 0.11 | −1.57 (−3.22, 0.07)
p = 0.06 | −2.11 (−4.24, 0.02)
p = 0.05 |
Multidimensional Outcomes Expectations for Exercise Scale total | 1.17 (−0.87, 3.21)
p = 0.25 | 0.86 (−1.46, 3.19)
p = 0.45 | 1.84 (−0.24, 3.93)
p = 0.08 | −0.21 (−2.87, 2.44)
p = 0.87 | 1.84 (−0.35, 4.04)
p = 0.10 | −0.70 (−3.09, 1.68)
p = 0.55 |
Exercise Goal setting Questionnaire |
7.30
(4.19, 10.4)
p < 0.01
|
5.96
(2.92, 9.01)
p < 0.01
|
5.44
(2.14, 8.74)
p < 0.01
|
6.38
(2.76, 10.0)
p < 0.01
|
4.88
(2.01, 7.76)
p < 0.01
|
5.51
(1.89, 9.13)
p < 0.01
|
Exercise Planning Questionnaire |
5.88
(3.37. 8.39)
p < 0.01
|
3.76
(1.27, 6.25)
p < 0.01
|
6.42
(3.89, 8.96)
p < 0.01
|
4.68
(1.76, 7.61)
p < 0.01
|
4.86
(2.63, 7.09)
p < 0.01
|
4.20
(1.55, 6.86)
p < 0.01
|
Exercise Self-efficacy | −0.06 (−12.20, 12.07)
p = 0.99 | 0.52 (−11.75, 12.79)
p = 0.93 | 1.32 (−10.62, 13.26)
p = 0.82 | −9.42 (−24.03, 5.19)
p = 0.19 | 4.24 (−7.78, 16.25)
p = 0.47 | −5.62 (−15.65, 4.42)
p = 0.26 |
Social Provisions Scale total | 1.66 (−1.13, 4.44)
p = 0.23 | −0.20 (−2.65, 2.25)
p = 0.86 | 2.29 (−0.08, 4.65)
p = 0.06 | −0.66 (−4.61, 3.29)
p = 0.73 |
3.13
(0.35, 5.90)
p = 0.03
| 0.77 (−2.18, 3.72)
p = 0.60 |