Hemoglobin A1C (HbA1c) is the predominant hemoglobin found in HbA1 fractions. A1c assay is the recommended assay for diagnosing diabetes and any condition that changes red cell turnover such as Iron deficiency Anemia (IDA), will lead to spurious A1C results. Therefore, the present study was aimed at determining the effect of IDA on HbA1c in diabetic patients attending Black Lion Specialized Teaching Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
Methods
A facility based comparative cross sectional study was conducted on 174 diabetic patients (87 with IDA and 87 without IDA) from April to July 2016. Socio demographic data and clinical conditions were collected using structured questionnaire. Venous blood was collected for performing Complete blood count (CBC) using Cell dyn 1800 hematology analyzer; Serum ferritin, performed by COBAS INTEGRA 400/800 Chemistry analyzer and HbA1c tests, performed by COBAS C 111 analyzer. Data was analyzed using SPSS version 21 software. Pearson’s correlation, chi-square, and independent t-tests were calculated. The data was presented as mean ± SD. A P-value of < 0.05 was taken as statistically significant.
Results
Mean hemoglobin (Hgb), hematocrit (HCT), Mean cell volume (MCV), mean cell hemoglobin (MCH), mean cell hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) were lower in IDA group compared to non-IDA diabetic patients. HbA1c (%) level was significantly lower in IDA group (6.18 ± 1.57) compared with the non-IDA diabetic patients (7.74 ± 1.81) (p < 0.05).
Conclusion
HbA1c is significantly lower in diabetic patients with IDA compared to the non-IDA diabetic patients. Therefore, the authors believe that monitoring these patients using only HbA1c could be misleading, hence physicians and health care providers should take this into account before making any therapeutic decision. Detailed examination including large number of participants employing advanced laboratory techniques is recommended.
Hemoglobin A1C (HbA1c) is the predominant hemoglobin found in HbA1 fractions and it constitutes 5% of the total hemoglobin in normal adults and up to 15% in patients with diabetes mellitus [1].
Hgb A to HbA1c conversion takes place during the entire life span of the red blood cell and the rate of this reaction is faster in diabetics because of the higher prevailing glucose concentration, resulting in a higher concentration of HbA1c [2].
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Red blood cells (RBC) are freely permeable to the plasma glucose molecules, and hemoglobin is practically exposed to the same glucose concentrations as plasma [3]. Therefore, HbA1c level is directly proportional to average blood glucose concentration over the previous 4 weeks to 3 months or the average lifespan of the erythrocyte [4].
There are a number of methods available to estimate glycated hemoglobin like immunoturbidimetry, ion exchange high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), boronate affinity, and enzymatic method [5]. HbA1c level of ≥6.5% is sufficiently sensitive and specific to identify individuals who are at risk for developing retinopathy and who should be diagnosed as diabetic [6].
HbA1c assay is as an accurate and precise measure of chronic glycemic levels as it correlates well with the risk of diabetes complications for the same reason it is recommended to rely on HbA1c for diagnosing diabetes [7].
Despite its benefit, HbA1c is affected by a variety of genetic, physiological, hematological and illness-related factors [8]. Falsely elevated HbA1c concentrations are encountered when there is increased circulating erythrocyte life span (decreased red cell clearance) or impaired reticulocyte production. On the other hand, falsely decreased HbA1c level is seen in conditions with a reduced erythrocyte life span (increased hemoglobin turnover) or where a large number of reticulocytes are produced [8].
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IDA, a diminished red cell production due to low iron stores in the body, is the most nutritional disorder worldwide and accounts for half of anemia. IDA can result from inadequate iron intake, decreased iron absorption, increased iron demand and increased iron loss [9]. Patients with diabetes may become more vulnerable to the effects of anemia. The definitive test for diagnosis of IDA is bone marrow aspiration .however as the procedure is invasive, difficult and expensive; serum ferritin is found to be the alternative test for distinguishing those with IDA from those who are not iron deficient [10].
Globally, anemia affects 1.62 billion people which correspond to 24.8% of the world population [11].IDA in the general population is a common cause of anemia and is prevalent in patients with DM [12].
Anemia is under recognized and largely untreated in patients with diabetes, in Ethiopia .to the best of our knowledge there is no study conducted in Ethiopia on the effect of IDA on HbA1c in diabetic patients. Hence, we have planned to investigate the effect of IDA on HbA1c in diabetic patients attending black lion Specialized teaching Hospital in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
Methods
Study area and study period
Tikur Anbessa Specialized Teaching Hospital is the largest teaching hospital in Ethiopia. It offers diagnosis and treatment for approximately 370,000–400,000 patients a year. The hospital has different units and clinics that provide specialized service for patients. The diabetes clinic is among the specialized units in the hospital which offers services for about 70–90 diabetic patients per day. The study was conducted from April to July 2016.
Study design
Facility based Comparative crossectional study design was implemented.
Source population
All diabetic patients who visited Tikur Anbessa Specialized Teaching Hospital.
Study population
All diabetic patients with IDA and baseline laboratory data and who were attending Black Lion Specialized Teaching Hospital Diabetic clinic during the study period.
Questionnaire and clinical examination
Socio-demographic characteristics were collected using structured questionnaires. An Enrollment form containing past medical history pertaining to chronic diseases such as kidney disease, heart related problem, skin diseases, blood coagulation disorders and other medical complaints were completed for every individual. All patients were asked to provide a detailed history and were subjected to a physical examination. The levels of hemoglobin, MCH, hematocrit, MCV, MCHC, platelet count, total leucocyte count (TLC), and differential leucocyte count (DLC) were measured.
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Questionnaire validation
A one-day orientation was given for both the data collectors and the supervisors to explain the objectives of the study, the contents of the questionnaire, issues related to the confidentiality of the responses, the rights of respondents and the data collection processes.
To ensure the clarity and validity of the instruments, the questionnaires were pretested on 5 % of the sample size in Black lion teaching hospital before the study was undertaken by the actual data collectors. After the pre-test, all the participants were directly contacted and asked about the clarity questions in the instrument. Besides, the data collectors were also asked if there was any kind of difficulty on the data collection process. Accordingly, some modifications were made on the instrument before the actual data collection process Additional file 1.
Specimen collection and laboratory processing
All diabetic patients with and without IDA data who visited Black Lion Specialized Teaching Hospital during the study period and fulfilling the inclusion criteria were included.
Five mili liter of venous blood was collected by needle and syringe technique aseptically from each of the study participants. CBC, serum ferritin and HbA1c tests were done following manufacturers procedure for running each test. CBC was done by using Cell dyn 1800 hematology analyzer, HbA1c by COBAS C 111 analyzer and Serum ferritin was determined using COBAS INTEGRA 400/800 Chemistry analyzer. On the basis of hemoglobin levels, IDA patients were categorized as having mild, moderate, or severe anemia [10].
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Data analysis
Data was entered into Microsoft Excel, exported to SPSS version 21 and analyzed by the same. Frequency and summary statistics were used to describe the distribution of age, sex among the IDA and the control group. Pearson’s Chi-square test was used to determine the association between hematological parameters and HbA1c.Independent t-test was calculated for comparison of the hematological parameters and HbA1c mean between the IDA and non-IDA Diabetic patients. A P-value of < 0.05 was taken as statistical significant.
Results
Socio demographic characteristics
A total of 174 diabetic patients (87 with IDA and 87 without IDA) participated in the study. Out of 174 diabetic patients, 89(51.1%) were male and 85 (48.9%) were female. The mean age was 47.5 ± 15.83 (Table 1).
Table 1
Age group and sex distribution among the study population at Tikur Anbessa Specialized Teaching Hospital from April to July 2016
Variable
IDA Group
#(%)
Non-IDA Group
#(%)
Total
Sex
M
53(60.9)
36(41.4)
89
F
34(39.1)
51(58.6)
85
Age Group
18–27
12(13.8)
9(10.3)
21
28–37
21(24.2)
11(12.7)
32
38–47
13(14.9)
17(19.5)
30
48–57
11(12.7)
21(24.2)
32
58–67
20(22.9)
19(21.8)
39
+ 68
10(11.5)
10(11.5)
20
Total
87
87
174
A total of 87 patients diagnosed with IDA were involved in the study, where 53 (60.9%) were male and 34 (39.1%) were female. Of the 87 non-IDA diabetic patients, 51 (58.6%) were female and 36 (41.4%) were male.
Comparison of HbA1c and hematological parameters among IDA and non-IDA group
All hematological parameters, serum ferritin and HbA1c were examined for both groups. Mean ± SD was calculated and Independent t-test was used to compare the mean of RBC, Hgb, HCT, MCV, MCH, MCHC, HbA1c among IDA and non- IDA groups. The mean RBC, Hgb, HCT, MCV, MCH, MCHC, HbA1c were significantly lower in IDA group compared to the control group (P < 0.05) (Table 2).
Table 2
Independent t test for hematological parameters among the IDA and Non-IDA groups at Tikur Anbessa Specialized Teaching Hospital from April to July 2016
Parameters
IDA
Non-IDA
t-test
95% CI
P-value
Lower
Upper
RBC
3.45 ± 0.80
4.91 ± 0.39
.000
− 1.65032
− 1.26945
Hgb
9.97 ± 2.04
15.17 ± 1.21
.000
− 5.7010
−4.6944
HCT
30.43 ± 6.37
45.29 ± 3.53
.000
− 16.4000
−13.3126
MCV
88.5 ± 8.56
92.12 ± 3.76
.001
−5.5368
−1.5759
MCH
29.89 ± 4.04
30.93 ± 1.62
.027
−1.9672
−.1224
MCHC
32.97 ± 2.19
33.57 ± 0.99
.022
−1.1073
−.0881
RDW
19.08 ± 4.24
14.42 ± 1.66
.000
3.7013
5.6297
HbA1c
6.18 ± 1.57
7.74 ± 1.81
.000
−2.05946
−1.04169
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Association between RBC, red cell indices and HbA1C
The mean RBC, MCV, MCH, MCHC, RDW were 3.45 ± 0.8, 88.57 ± 8.56, 29.89 ± 4.04, 32.97 ± 2.19, 3.45 ± 0.80 respectively. Pearson correlation test was used to determine the association between HbA1C and hematological parameters of the IDA patients. HbA1C was statistically non-significant with RBC, MCV, MCH, MCHC (p > 0.05) (Table 3).
Table 3
Association between RBC, red cell indices and HbA1C at TASH from April to July, 2016
Parameters
Mean
HbA1C
Pearson correlation r value
P value
RBC
3.45 ± 0.8
−0.10
0.31
MCV
88.57 ± 8.56
− 0.28
0.79
MCH
29.89 ± 4.04
− 0.08
0.41
MCHC
32.97 ± 2.19
−0.73
0.49
RDW
19.08 ± 4.24
−0.10
0.35
Severity of anemia in IDA diabetic patients
Frequency was calculated to determine the degree of anemia among the 87 IDA diabetic patients. Mild anemia was seen in 25 (28.7%) patients, moderate anemia in 40 (46%) patients and severe anemia was seen in 22 (25.3%) of the patient (Fig. 1).
Fig. 1
Pie chart of frequency of severity of anemia among the IDA diabetic patient at Tikur Anbessa Specialized Teaching Hospital from April to July 2016
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Discussion
HbA1c has emerged as a marker of glycemic control, glycemic risk and predictor of diabetic complication and as screening tool for diagnosis of DM [7]. Anemia may either increase or reduce the HbA1c values due to changes in the half-life of RBC [13]. Numerous studies have been conducted on the effect of iron deficiency anemia on HbA1c in diabetic patient or non-diabetic patients and different results have been obtained but there is no clear explanation on mechanism how iron-deficiency affects HbA1c.
The present study revealed that HbA1c (%) is significantly lower in IDA group (6.18 ± 1.57) compared to the control group (7.74 ± 1.81) (p < 0.05). This is supported by studies done by Sinha et al., in 2012 [3], Cavagnolli et a., l in 2015 [12] and Kalasker et al., in 2014 [13]. They all stated that HbA1c concentration tends to be lower in the presence of iron deficiency anemia. According to Sinha et al., suggestion, the reason for lower HbA1c is due to the severity of anemia in the study participants. In contrary, Ford et al., in 2011 [14], Silva et al., in 2015 [15], Shekhae et al., in 2014 [16] and Chhabra et al., in 2015 [17] have obtained higher HbA1c level in IDA patients.
Association between RBC, red cell indices and HbA1c were determined in IDA group and the result was not statistically significant. Similarly, a study done in India in 2014 [18] showed no significant correlation, but a borderline significant association was observed between MCH and HbA1c in IDA diabetic patient (P = 0.05). Among the hematological parameters; RBC, Hgb, MCV, MCH showed statistically significant mean difference between the two groups. This finding is similar with a study done in India in 2016 [19].
On the basis of hemoglobin, iron deficient patients fall under three groups: mild anemia, moderate anemia and severe anemia [13]. Based on this classification, 25 (28.7%) of patients had mild, 40 (46%) moderate and 22 (25.3%) severe anemia. In a similar Study done in India, Severe anemia was seen in 38 (76%) patients, and moderate in 12 (24%) patients [15]. The present study revealed no significant association between Sex, Age and HbA1c in IDA diabetic patients, which is in agreement with similar study done in India [18].
Conclusion
In general this study has showed that, patients with IDA have significantly lower HbA1c compared to non-IDA diabetic patients. Monitoring these patients using HbA1c could be misleading because their actual HbA1c level could be lower than the actual value. Hence, physicians and health care providers should take this into account before making any therapeutic decision. They should also consider treating the iron deficiency anemia before diagnosing the diabetes using HbA1c. Detailed examination including large number of participants employing advanced laboratory techniques is recommended.
Acknowledgements
We would like to thank Addis Ababa University, College of Health Sciences, School of Allied Health Sciences, Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences for financial and logistic support. We are also grateful to the study participants.
Funding
The study was sponsored by Addis Ababa University. The Funder had no role in the study design, collection, analysis, and interpretation of data and in writing the manuscript.
Availability of data and materials
The data sets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
Ethics approval and consent to participate
The study protocol was approved by Department of Research and Ethical Review Committee (DRERC) of College of Health Sciences, School of Allied Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University. Permission letter to conduct the study was obtained from department of internal medicine endocrinology and metabolism unit (diabetic center), School of Medicine at Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital, College of Health Sciences.
Written informed consent was obtained from each of the participants after the purpose of the study had been explained to them. Participants were allowed to decide whether or not to participate in the study.
Consent for publication
Not applicable.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
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