Background
Methods
Design and participants
Intervention
Measurements
Patient-report outcomes
Sample size
Statistical treatment
Results
Demographic and clinical data (Fig. 2)
Characteristic | Groups | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Total (n = 40) | Experimental (n = 20) | Control (n = 20) | F (p) | |
Age (yr). mean (Range) | 66.30 (50–82) | 67.80 (50–82) | 64.80 (54–81) | 0.95 (0.33) |
Marital Status. number (%) | ||||
Single | 5 (12.5) | 3 (15) | 2 (10) | |
Married | 19 (47.5) | 14 (70) | 5 (25) | |
Divorced/Separated | 6 (15) | 0 (0) | 6 (30) | |
Widow | 10 (25) | 3 (15) | 7 (35) | |
Education level. Number (%) | ||||
Any study | 11 (27.5) | 7 (35) | 4 (20) | |
Primary/ Secondary School | 16 (40) | 7 (35) | 9 (45) | |
Vocational training/ Qualifications | 8 (20) | 3 (15) | 5 (25) | |
University/ Superior education | 5 (12.5) | 3 (15) | 2 (10) | |
Employed. number (%) | 9 (22.5) | 3 (15) | 6 (30) | |
Weight (Kg). mean. (Range)* | 72.98 (44–130) | 72.71 (53.2–97) | 73.25 (44–130) | 0.01 (0.91) |
Height (cm). mean. (Range)* | 159.60 (147–171) | 159.25 (148–170) | 159.95 (147–171) | 0.11 (0.74) |
Body Mass Index (BMI). mean. (Range) | 28.17 (16.17–47.79) | 28.80 (20.70–39.91) | 28.62 (16.17–47.79) | 0.01 (0.92) |
Overweight (BMI ≥ 25). number (%) | 30 (75) | 14 (70) | 16 (80) | |
Waist perimeter (cm.). mean. (Range) | 97.63 (68–147) | 95.80 (75–120) | 99.45 (68–147) | 0.69 (0.41) |
Hip perimeter (cm). mean. (Range) | 110.19 (89–145) | 111.85 (93–130) | 108.53 (89–145) | 0.72 (0.40) |
Tumor grade. Number (%) | ||||
Grade I | 8 (20) | 6 (30) | 2 (10) | |
Grade II | 16 (40) | 9 (45) | 7 (35) | |
Grade III | 14 (35) | 5 (25) | 9 (45) | |
Grade IV | 2 (5) | 0 (0) | 2 (10) | |
Kind of treatments. Number (%) | ||||
Surgery (S) | 3 (7.5) | 3 (15) | 0 (0) | |
S+ Chemotherapy (ChT) | 3 (7.5) | 0 (0) | 3 (15) | |
S+ Radiotherapy (RT) | 15 (37.5) | 10 (50) | 5 (25) | |
S+ ChT+ RT | 19 (47.5) | 7 (35) | 12 (60) | |
Previous Tamoxifen (TMX). number (%) | 9 (22.5) | 3 (15) | 6 (30) | |
TMX treatment duration (mo). mean. (Range) | 4.46 (0–32) | 4.30 (0–32) | 4.64 (0–25) | 0.01 (0.91) |
Aromatase Inhibitors (AIs). number (%) | ||||
Anastrozole (Arimidex®) | 12 (30) | 4 (20) | 8 (40) | |
Letrozole (Femara®) | 23 (57.5) | 14 (70) | 9 (45) | |
Exemestane (Aromasin®) | 5 (12.5) | 2 (10) | 3 (15) | |
AIs treatment duration (mo). mean. (Range) | 17.40 (2–52) | 15.25 (2–52) | 19.55 (2–44) | 1.25 (0.27) |
Comorbidities. number (%) | ||||
Cervical pain | 33 (82.5) | 19 (95) | 14 (70) | |
Shoulder pain | 34 (85) | 18 (90) | 16 (80) | |
Lumbar pain | 30 (75) | 17 (85) | 13 (65) | |
Hands/ Wrist pain | 25 (62.5) | 12 (60) | 13 (65) | |
Hypertension | 24 (60) | 14 (70) | 10 (50) | |
Heart disease | 8 (20) | 3 (15) | 5 (25) | |
Circulation problems | 23 (57.5) | 12 (60) | 11 (55) | |
Thyroid problems | 6 (15) | 4 (20) | 2 (10) | |
Stroke | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | |
Diabetes | 5 (12.5) | 2 (10) | 3 (15) | |
Gastric/ duodenal ulcer | 1 (2.5) | 0 (0) | 1 (5) | |
Breathing problems | 6 (15) | 2 (10) | 4 (20) | |
Parkinson | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | |
Cognitive impairment | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | |
Migraine/chronic headache | 7 (17.5) | 4 (20) | 3 (15) | |
Vision problems | 13 (32.5) | 7 (35) | 6 (30) | |
Hearing problems | 10 (25) | 6 (30) | 4 (20) | |
Lymphedema | 4 (10) | 2 (10) | 2 (10) |
Self-Reported Outcomes | T1: Baseline Evaluation | ||
---|---|---|---|
Experimental (n = 20) | Control (n = 20) | ANOVA F(p) | |
POMS | |||
Tension/Anxiety | 9.85 (7.39–12.30) | 7.00 (3.87–10.12) | 2.25 (0.14) |
Depression/Dejection | 12.90 (7.51–18.28) | 9.10 (4.44–13.75) | 1.24 (0.27) |
Anger/Hostility | 9.50 (5.98–13.01) | 8.65 (4.67–12.62) | 0.11 (0.73) |
Vigor/Activity | 24.40 (20.23–28.56) | 28.75 (25.34–32.15) | 2.86 (0.09) |
Fatigue/Inertia | 11.75 (9.51–13.98) | 9.20 (7.26–11.13) | 3.25 (0.07) |
Confusion/Bewilderment | 8.60 (5.37–11.82) | 6.55 (2.91–10.18) | 0.77 (0.38) |
TMD | 128.20 (113.47–142.93) | 111.75 (96.55–126.95) | 2.64 (0.11) |
EORTC QLQ-C30 | |||
Global health status/QoL | 53.74 (41.84–65.64) | 57.08 (46.77–67.38) | 0.19 (0.66) |
Functional scales | |||
Physical functioning | 67.61 (56.17–79.04) | 76.91 (67.47–86.35) | 1.72 (0.19) |
Role functioning | 75.83 (60.75–90.90) | 79.16 (64.87–93.45) | 0.11 (0.73) |
Emotional functioning | 72.56 (59.55–85,57) | 79.68 (69.72–89.63) | 0.82 (0.36) |
Cognitive functioning | 81.66 (69.29–94.03) | 79.99 (67.96–92.02) | 0.04 (0.84) |
Social functioning | 79.99 (64.68–95.30) | 90.83 (83.04–98.62) | 1.74 (0.19) |
Symptoms scales | |||
Fatigue | 51.07 (40.48–61.65) | 40.53 (30.50–50.56) | 2.28 (0.13) |
Nausea and vomiting | 0.87 (0.96–2.71) | 1.66 (0.73–4.06) | 0.29 (0.59) |
Pain | 50.83 (38.31–63.35) | 38.33 (27.27–49.39) | 2.45 (0.12) |
Dyspnoea | 6.66 (−4.18–17.52) | 8.33 (−2.84–19.50) | 0.05 (0.82) |
Insomnia | 53.33 (37.00–69.65) | 44.99 (25.87–64.12) | 0.48 (0.49) |
Appetite loss | 14.99 (2.12–27.87) | 14.99 (3.15–26.84) | 0.00 (1.00) |
Constipation | 4.99 (−2.63–12.63) | 8.33 (−1.63–18.29) | 0.30 (0.58) |
Diarrhoea | 11.66 (0.04–23.28) | 6.66 (−2.93–16.28) | 0.48 (0.49) |
Financial difficulties | 8.33 (−3.93–20.60) | 14.99 (2.12–27.87) | 0.61 (0.43) |
VAS | 7.40 (6.82–7.98) | 6.65 (5.98–7.32) | 3.17 (0.08) |
SFI | 57.40 (49.59–65.20) | 56.90 (47.66–66.13) | 0.007 (0.93) |
ULFI | 61.80 (53.93–69.66) | 69.60 (62.07–77.12) | 2.25 (0.14) |
BAI | 0.59 (0.47–0.71) | 0.42 (0.28–0.55) | 4.07 (0.05) |
MBS | 0.40 (0.23–0.56) | 0.33 (0.21–0.44) | 0.53 (0.46) |
BADIX | 0.53 (0.41–0.65) | 0.40 (0.28–0.51) | 2.93 (0.09) |
Changes in quality of life (EORTC QLQ-C30), profile of mood states POMS, visual analogue scale (VAS) and functional index (SFI-Sp, ULFI-Sp and BADIX)
Changes between control and intervention groups
Self-Reported Outcomes | T2: 1 week Evaluation | T3: 5 week Evaluation | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Experimental (n = 20) | Control (n = 20) | ANOVA F(p) | Experimental (n = 20) | Control (n = 20) | ANOVA F(p) | |
POMS | ||||||
Tension/Anxiety | 6.05 (3.26–8.83) | 6.50 (3.52–9.47) | 0.05 (0.81) | 5.40 (2.77–8.02) | 6.50 (3.89–9.10) | 0.38 (0.53) |
Depression/Dejection | 8.00 (3.76–12.23) | 10.05 (5.26–14.83) | 0.45 (0.50) | 6.35 (2.71–9.98) | 9.30 (4.41–14.19) | 1.02 (0.31) |
Anger/Hostility | 5.40 (3.20–7.59) | 5.75 (2.51–8.98) | 0.03 (0.85) | 4.25 (2.51–5.98) | 6.60 (2.69–10.50) | 1.32 (0.25) |
Vigor/Activity | 24.80 (20.46–29.13) | 26.70 (23.13–30.26) | 0.50 (0.48) | 28.10 (24.09–32.10) | 25.90 (21.85–29.94) | 0.65 (0.42) |
Fatigue/Inertia | 8.85 (6.49–11.20) | 8.75 (6.56–10.93) | 0.004 (0.94) | 6.40 (4.33–8.46) | 8.00 (5.76–10.23) | 1.21 (0.27) |
Confusion/Bewilderment | 5.95 (3.10–8.79) | 7.10 (3.52–10.67) | 0.27 (0.60) | 3.75 (0.84–6.65) | 5.00 (1.55–8.44) | 0.33 (0.56) |
TMD | 109.90 (97.14–122.66) | 111. 30 (95.33–127.27) | 0.02 (0.88) | 98.05 (85.33–110.77) | 109.40 (93.87–124.93) | 1.40 (0.24) |
EORTC QLQ-C30 | ||||||
Global health status/QoL | 67.49 (59.50–75.48) | 63.74 (56.55–70.93) | 0.53 (0.47) | 76.66 (69.66–83.66) | 62.91 (56.15–69.66) | 8.75 (0.005) |
Functional scales | ||||||
Physical functioning | 78.68 (69.12–88.24) | 74.03 (62.34–85.71) | 0.41 (0.52) | 80.18 (69.45–90.90) | 75.03 (63.70–86.35) | 0.47 (0.49) |
Role functioning | 85.83 (73.88–97.77) | 70.83 (54.85–86.81) | 2.47 (0.12) | 91.66 (82.71–100.61) | 79.16 (68.76–89.56) | 3.63 (0.06) |
Emotional functioning | 83.78 (75.36–92.20) | 77.96 (65.83–90.09) | 0.68 (0.41) | 85.90 (78.35–93.45) | 81.36 (71.89–90.83) | 0.61 (0.43) |
Cognitive functioning | 91.76 (82.02–101.30) | 84.99 (73.42–96.56) | 0.85 (0.36) | 92.49 (84.70–100.28) | 84.16 (72.71–95.61) | 1.58 (0.21) |
Social functioning | 87.49 (74.87–100.12) | 86.66 (75.46–97.86) | 0.01 (0.91) | 91.66 (81.70–101.63) | 94.99 (89.28–100.71) | 0.36 (0.54) |
Symptoms scales | ||||||
Fatigue | 26.62 (18.62–34.61) | 37.76 (28.16–47.37) | 3.48 (0.07) | 21.62 (12.46–30.78) | 39.42 (28.55–50.30) | 6.87 (0.01) |
Nausea and vomiting | 0.00 (0.00–0.00) | 0.83 (−0.91–2.57) | 1.00 (0.32) | 1.66 (− 0.73–4.06) | 0.00 (0.00–0.00) | 2.11 (0.15) |
Pain | 29.16 (17.88–40.44) | 31.66 (20.37–42.95) | 0.10 (0.74) | 19.99 (10.00–29.94) | 34.16 (24.20–44.11) | 4.41 (0.04) |
Dyspnoea | 5.00 (−5.46–15.46) | 8.33 (− 2.84–19.50) | 0.20 (0.65) | 3.33 (− 3.64–10.30) | 4.99 (− 2.63–12.63) | 0.11 (0.73) |
Insomnia | 29.99 (14.89–45.09) | 29.99 (14.89–45.09) | 0.00 (1.00) | 23.33 (9.84–36.81) | 23.33 (8.92–37.73) | 0.00 (1.00) |
Appetite loss | 11.66 (1.20–22.12) | 18.33 (1.95–34.71) | 0.51 (0.47) | 11.66 (1.20–22.12) | 14.99 (3.15–26.84) | 0.19 (0.66) |
Constipation | 1.66 (−1.82–5.15) | 9.99 (−0.24–20.24) | 2.59 (0.11) | 1.66 (−1.82–5.15) | 6.66 (−2.93–16.26) | 1.04 (0.31) |
Diarrhoea | 8.33 (−0.24–16.91) | 4.99 (−2.63–12.63) | 0.36 (0.54) | 3.33 (− 1.46–8.13) | 8.33 (− 0.24–16.91) | 1.13 (0.29) |
Financial difficulties | 3.33 (3.64–10.30) | 8.33 (− 1.63–18.29) | 0.74 (0.39) | 3.33 (− 3.64–10.30) | 4.99 (− 2.63–12.63) | 0.11 (0.73) |
VAS | 6.10 (5.44–6.76) | 6.15 (5.26–7.04) | 0.009 (0.92) | 4.90 (4.03–5.77) | 6.45 (5.65–7.25) | 7.56 (0.009) |
SFI | 67.20 (60.36–74.03) | 59.80 (53.77–65.82) | 2.88 (0.09) | 66.80 (57.08–76.51) | 59.20 (53.41–64.98) | 1.97 (0.16) |
ULFI | 72.60 (65.38–79.81) | 72.20 (67.36–77.03) | 0.009 (0.92) | 72.40 (62.64–82.15) | 70.60 (64.36–76.83) | 0.10 (0.74) |
BAI | 0.42 (0.32–0.51) | 0.44 (0.31–0.57) | 0.11 (0.73) | 0.33 (0.24–0.43) | 0.40 (0.27–0.56) | 0.83 (0.36) |
MBS | 0.19 (0.59–0.32) | 0.33 (0.19–0.46) | 2.46 (0.12) | 0.17 (0.05–0.28) | 0.33 (0.18–0.47) | 3.23 (0.08) |
BADIX | 0.35 (0.25–0.45) | 0.42 (0.30–0.54) | 0.84 (0.36) | 0.28 (0.19–0.37) | 0.39 (0.26–0.51) | 2.16 (0.14) |
Changes within experimental group
Self-Reported Outcomes | Experimental | Control | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
T1 | T2 | T3 | Mean differences T1 - T2 | t (p) value T1 - T2 | Mean differences T1 - T3 | t (p) value T1 - T3 | T1 | T2 | T3 | Mean differences T1 - T2 | t (p) value T1 - T2 | Mean differences T1 - T3 | t (p) value T1 - T3 | |
POMS | ||||||||||||||
Tension/Anxiety | 9.85 (0–17) | 6.05 (−4–17) | 5.40 (−4–17) | 3.80 | 3.98 (0.001) | 4.45 | 4.45 (0.00) | 7.00 (−2–24) | 6.5 (−3–20) | 6.5 (− 2–19) | 0.50 | 0.45 (0.65) | 0.5 | 0.63 (0.53) |
Depression/Dejection | 12.90 (0–40) | 8 (0–31) | 6.35 (0–24) | 4.90 | 3.54 (0.002) | 6.55 | 3.90 (0.001) | 9.10 (0–36) | 10.05 (0–33) | 9.3 (0–33) | −0.95 | −0.62 (0.54) | − 0.2 | − 0.13 (0.89) |
Anger/Hostility | 9.50 (0–26) | 5.40 (0–15) | 4.25 (1–12) | 4.10 | 3.2 (0.005) | 5.25 | 3.63 (0.002) | 8.65 (0–25) | 5.75 (0–28) | 6.6 (0–28) | 2.90 | 2.05 (0.05) | 2.05 | 1.54 (0.13) |
Vigor/Activity | 24.40 (10–42) | 24.80 (9–43) | 28.10 (10–43) | −0.4 | −0.28 (0.78) | −3.70 | −2.98 (0.008) | 28.75 (17–43) | 26.70 (11–40) | 25.9 (11–40) | 2.05 | 1.91 (0.07) | 2.85 | 2.18 (0.04) |
Fatigue/Inertia | 11.75 (2–21) | 8.85 (0–21) | 6.40 (0–15) | 2.90 | 2.86 (0.01) | 5.35 |
4.42 (0.00)
| 9.20 (2–16) | 8.75 (2–16) | 8.00 (0–18) | 0.45 | 0.56 (0.57) | 1.20 | 1.45 (0.16) |
Confusion/Bewilderment | 8.6 (0–23) | 5.95 (−2–19) | 3.75 (−3–17) | 2.65 | 2.80 (0.01) | 4.85 | 4.50 (0.00) | 6.55 (−3–24) | 7.10 (−2–24) | 5.00 (− 2–24) | − 0.55 | − 0.72 (0.47) | 1.55 | 1.38 (0.18) |
TMD | 128.20 (84–189) | 109.90 (80–166) | 98.05 (68–153) | 18.30 | 3.45 (0.003) | 30.15 |
5.97 (0.00)
| 111.75 (67–193) | 111.30 (68–194) | 109.4 (63–194) | 0.45 | 0.11 (0.90) | 2.35 | 0.53 (0.59) |
EORTC QLQ-C30 | ||||||||||||||
Global health status/QoL | 53.76 (0–83.33) | 67.49 (4–83.33) | 76.66 (50–100) | −13.75 | −3.62 (0.002) | −22.91 | −4.18 (0.00) | 57.08 (0–83.33) | 63.74 (33.33–91.66) | 62.91 (33.33–83.33) | −6.66 | − 1.39 (0.18) | − 5.83 | − 1.16 (0.25) |
Functional scales | ||||||||||||||
Physical functioning | 67.61 (0–100) | 78.68 (27–100) | 80.18 (20–100) | −11.06 | −2.41 (0.26) | − 12.56 | − 2.75 (0.01) | 76.91 (33.33–100) | 74.03 (27–100) | 75.03 (27–100) | 2.88 | 0.96 (0.34) | 1.88 | 0.82 (0.41) |
Role functioning | 75.83 (0–100) | 85.83 (0–100) | 91.66 (33.33–100) | −10 | −2.34 (0.03) | − 15.83 | −3.22 (0.004) | 79.16 (0–100) | 70.83 (0–100) | 79.16 (33–100) | 8.33 | 1.20 (0.24) | 0.001 | 0.00 (1.00) |
Emotional functioning | 72.56 (16.66–100) | 83.78 (50–100) | 85.90 (50–100) | −11.21 | −2.95 (0.008) | −13.33 | −2.53 (0.02) | 79.68 (25–100) | 77.96 (25–100) | 81.36 (33.33–100) | 1.71 |
0.39 (0.69)
| −1.68 | −0.38 (0.70) |
Cognitive functioning | 81.66 (16.66–100) | 91.66 (16.66–100) | 92.49 (33.33–100) | −10 | −1.98 (0.62) | − 10.83 | −2.66 (0.01) | 79.99 (16.66–100) | 84.99 (0–100) | 84.16 (16.66–100) | −5.00 | −1.37 (0.18) | −4.16 | − 0.72 (0.48) |
Social functioning | 79.99 (0–100) | 87.49 (0–100) | 91.66 (33.33–100) | −7.50 | −1.69 (0.10) | − 11.66 | −2.40 (0.02) | 90.83 (50–100) | 86.66 (0–100) | 94.99 (66.66–100) | 4.16 | 0.62 (0.54) | −4.16 |
−0.81 (0.42)
|
Symptoms scales | ||||||||||||||
Fatigue | 51.07 (11–88.66) | 26.62 (11–77.66) | 21.62 (0–77.66) | 24.45 | 5.66 (0.00) | 29.44 | 7.25 (0.00) | 40.53 (0–77.77) | 37.76 (0–77.77) | 39.42 (0–77.77) | 2.76 |
0.75 (0.46)
| 1.10 | 0.26 (0.79) |
Nausea and vomiting | 0.87 (0–16.66) | 0.00 | 1.75 (0–16.66) | 0.87 | 1.00 (0.33) | −0.87 | −0.56 (0.57) | 1.66 (0–16.66) | 0.83 (0–16.66) | 0.00 | 0.83 | 1.00 (0.33) | 1.66 | 1.45 (0.16) |
Pain | 50.83 (0–100) | 29.16 (0–83.33) | 19.99 (066.66) | 21.66 | 4.61 (0.00) | 30.83 | 5.80 (0.00) | 38.33 (0–83.33) | 31.66 (0–66.66) | 34.16 (0–66.66) | 6.66 | 1.32 (0.20) | 4.16 |
1.04 (0.30)
|
Dyspnoea | 6.66 (0–100) | 5.00 (0–100) | 3.33 (0–66.66) | 1.66 | 1.00 (0.33) | 3.33 | 1.45 (0.16) | 8.33 (0–100) | 8.33 (0–100) | 4.99 (0–66.66) | 0.00 | 0.00 (1.00) | 3.33 |
1.00 (0.33)
|
Insomnia | 53.33 (0–100) | 29.99 (0–100) | 23.33 (0–66.66) | 23.33 | 2.89 (0.009) | 29.99 | 4.41 (0.00) | 44.99 (0–100) | 29.99 (0–100) | 23.33 (0–100) | 15 | 2.43 (0.02) | 21.66 | 3.32 (0.004) |
Appetite loss | 14.99 (0–100) | 11.66 (0–66.66) | 11.66 (0–66.66) | 3.33 |
0.69 (0.49)
| 3.33 | 0.81 (0.42) | 14.99 (0–66.66) | 18.33 (0–100) | 14.99 (0–66.66) | −3.33 | −0.49 (0.62) | 0.00 | 0.00 (1.00) |
Constipation | 4.99 (0–66.66) | 1.66 (0–33.33) | 1.66 (0–33.33) | 3.33 | 1.00 (0.33) | 3.33 | 0.80 (0.42) | 8.33 (0–66.66) | 9.99 (0–66.66) | 6.66 (0–66.66) | −1.66 |
−0.32 (0.74)
| 1.66 | 0.27 (0.78) |
Diarrhoea | 11.66 (0–66.66) | 8.33 (0–66.66) | 3.33 (0–33.33) | 3.33 | 0.62 (0.54) | 8.33 | 1.75 (0.09) | 6.66 (0–66.66) | 4.99 (0–66.66) | 8.33 (0–66.66) | 1.66 | 0.43 (0.66) | −1.66 | −0.37 (0.71) |
Financial difficulties | 8.33 (0–100) | 3.33 (0–66.66) | 3.33 (0–66.66) | 5.00 | 1.00 (0.33) | 5.00 | 1.00 (0.33) | 14.99 (0–66.66) | 8.33 (0–66.66) | 4.99 (0–66.66) | 6.66 | 1.45 (0.16) | 9.99 | 1.83 (0.08) |
VAS | 7.4 (5–10) | 6.1 (4–9) | 4.90 (1–8) | 1.30 |
7.93 (0.00)
|
2.50
| 8.01 (0.00) | 6.65 (4–9) | 6.15 (2–9) | 6.45 (3–9) | 0.50 | 2.12 (0.47) | 0.20 | 1.16 (0.25) |
SFI | 57.40 (8–84) | 67.20 (20–84) | 66.80 (0–92) | −9.8 | −5.24 (0.00) | −9.40 | −1.74 (0.09) | 56.90 (6–96) | 59.80 (44–88) | 59.20 (40–84) | −2.90 |
−0.93 (0.36)
| −2.30 | −0.65 (0.51) |
ULFI | 61.80 (16–84) | 72.60 (28–92) | 72.40 (0–92) | −10.80 | −6.89 (0.00) | −10.60 | − 2.05 (0.05) | 69.60 (40–100) | 72.20 (48–100) | 70.60 (48–96) | −2.60 | −0.95 (0.35) | −1.00 | −0.26 (0.79) |
BAI | 0.59 (0.07–1.00) | 0.42 (0.13–0.93) | 0.33 (0.07–0.93) | 0.17 | 4.01 (0.001) | 0.25 | 4.52 (0.00) | 0.42 (0–0.86) | 0.44 (0–0.80) | 0.40 (0–0.80) | −0.02 |
−0.90 (0.37)
| 0.01 | 0.44 (0.66) |
MBS | 0.40 (0.00–1.00) | 0.19 (0–0.80) | 0.17 (0–0.80) | 0.21 | 3.46 (0.003) | 0.23 | 3.61 (0.002) | 0.33 (0–0.80) | 0.33 (0–0.80) | 0.33 (0–0.80) | 0.00 | 0.00 (1.00) | 0.00 | 0.00 (1.00) |
BADIX | 0.53 (0.02–1.00) | 0.35 (0.01–0.90) | 0.28 (0.02–0.90) | 0.18 | 4.80 (0.00) | 0.25 | 5.59 (0.00) | 0.40 (0–0.80) | 0.42 (0–0.75) | 0.39 (0–0.75) | −0.02 | −0.93 (0.36) | 0.01 | 0.49 (0.62) |
Changes within control group
Changes in the dynamometry and pressure pain threshold
Changes between control and intervention groups
Measure | Groups | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Experimental | Control | |||
Mean (CI 95%) | F(p) | Mean (CI 95%) | F(p) | |
HG Healthy Hand | 0.80 (0.54) | 0.11 (0.98) | ||
Basal (T1) | 16.45 (13.68–19.21) | 18.70 (16.61–20.78) | ||
After 1st NMT (T1) | 16.70 (14.13–19.26) | 18.32 (16.35–20.29) | ||
Arrival 1st week (T2) | 17.31 (14.57–20.05) | 17.90 (15.82–19.98) | ||
After 2nd NMT (T2) | 17.65 (15.12–20.17) | 18.20 (16.09–20.30) | ||
Arrival 5nd week (T3) | 19.07 (16.26–21.88) | 18.80 (16.79–20.80) | ||
After 3rd NMT (T3) | 19.12 (16.44–21.80) | 18.45 (16.34–20.55) | ||
HG Affected Hand | 0.49 (0.77) | 0.18 (0.96) | ||
Basal (T1) | 14.16 (10.99–17.33) | 16.85 (14.58–19.11) | ||
After 1st NMT (T1) | 13.88 (11.24–16.53) | 16.30 (14.09–18.50) | ||
Arrival 1st week (T2) | 15.18 (12.43–17.93) | 16.65 (14.35–18.94) | ||
After 2nd NMT (T2) | 15.12 (12.55–17.69) | 16.27 (14.03–18.51) | ||
Arrival 5nd week (T3) | 15.87 (13.23–18.51) | 17.50 (15.24–19.75) | ||
After 3rd NMT (T3) | 16.27 (13.50–19.04) | 16.57 (14.50–18.64) | ||
Cervical PPT | 0.35 (0.88) | 0.44 (0.81) | ||
Basal (T1) | 11.96 (10.12–13.80) | 12.31 (10.63–13.99) | ||
After 1st NMT (T1) | 12.37 (10.50–14.23) | 11.80 (10.13–13.46) | ||
Arrival 1st week (T2) | 10.93 (9.24–12.62) | 12.08 (10.52–13.63) | ||
After 2nd NMT (T2) | 11.35 (9.69–13.01) | 11.07 (9.47–12.66) | ||
Arrival 5nd week (T3) | 11.73 (9.74–13.71) | 11.47 (10.05–12.88) | ||
After 3rd NMT (T3) | 11.34 (9.56–13.12) | 11.13 (9.55–12.71) | ||
Lumbar PPT | 0.08 (0.99) | 0.23 (0.94) | ||
Basal (T1) | 13.76 (11.52–16.00) | 15.43 (13.35–17.50) | ||
After 1st NMT (T1) | 14.38 (12.20–16.56) | 14.50 (12.63–16.37) | ||
Arrival 1st week (T2) | 14.05 (12.06–16.04) | 15.06 (12.61–17.51) | ||
After 2nd NMT (T2) | 14.49 (12.46–16.52) | 14.25 (12.04–16.45) | ||
Arrival 5nd week (T3) | 14.05 (12.07–16.02) | 15.35 (13.54–17.16) | ||
After 3rd NMT (T3) | 14.45 (12.56–16.34) | 15.12 (13.25–16.99) | ||
Median Nerve PPT | 0.46 (0.80) | 0.42 (0.83) | ||
Basal (T1) | 18.74 (16.27–21.21) | 17.99 (15.97–20.01) | ||
After 1st NMT (T1) | 18.45 (16.02–20.87) | 17.19 (15.34–19.04) | ||
Arrival 1st week (T2) | 17.53 (15.76–19.29) | 17.51 (15.73–19.28) | ||
After 2nd NMT (T2) | 17.43 (15.53–19.32) | 16.88 (14.98–18.77) | ||
Arrival 5nd week (T3) | 17.16 (15.19–19.13) | 16.76 (14.84–18.68) | ||
After 3rd NMT (T3) | 17.14 (15.17–19.10) | 16.32 (14.43–18.21) | ||
Tibialis Anterior PPT | 0.22 (0.95) | 0.80 (0.55) | ||
Basal (T1) | 15.39 (13.41–17.37) | 17.29 (15.49–19.08) | ||
After 1st NMT (T1) | 15.51 (13.53–17.48) | 17.10 (15.35–18.84) | ||
Arrival 1st week (T2) | 15.02 (13.14–16.89) | 16.65 (14.87–18.43) | ||
After 2nd NMT (T2) | 14.86 (12.89–16.82) | 16.16 (14.17–18.14) | ||
Arrival 5nd week (T3) | 14.56 (12.74–16.38) | 15.71 (14.04–17.38) | ||
After 3rd NMT (T3) | 14.46 (12.70–16.21) | 15.39 (13.69–17.08) |
Changes in the plasmatic proteins
Changes between control and intervention groups
Mean (SD) | Mean difference | CI 95% | t (p) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CRP 5th week | Experimental | 4.09 (6.51) | −2.48 | −10.54 to 5.57 | −0.63 (0.53) | Between group |
Control | 6.57 (11.52) | |||||
CK 5th week | Experimental | 105.36 (44.17) | −0.20 | −37.92 to 37.50 | −0.01 (0.99) | |
Control | 105.57 (46.05) | |||||
Mean (SD) | Mean difference | CI 95% | t (p) | Within group | ||
Experimental | Basal CRP | 4.27 (5.81) | 0.182 | −0.47 to 0.84 | 0.61 (0.55) | |
5th week CRP | 4.09 (6.51) | |||||
Control | Basal CRP | 5.36 (5.13) | −1.21 | −7.28 to 4.85 | −0.43 (0.67) | |
5th week CRP | 6.57 (11.52) | |||||
Experimental | Basal CK | 102.36 (39.08) | −3.00 | −16.17 to 10.17 | −0.50 (0.62) | |
5th week CK | 105.36 (44.17) | |||||
Control | Basal CK | 112.50 (43.57) | 6.92 | −12.19 to 26.05 | 0.78 (0.44) | |
5th week CK | 105.57 (46.05) |