Skip to main content
Erschienen in: Journal of Natural Medicines 1/2018

07.09.2017 | Original Paper

Effect of oleuropein on cognitive deficits and changes in hippocampal brain-derived neurotrophic factor and cytokine expression in a rat model of post-traumatic stress disorder

verfasst von: Bombi Lee, Insop Shim, Hyejung Lee, Dae-Hyun Hahm

Erschienen in: Journal of Natural Medicines | Ausgabe 1/2018

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Abstract

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a condition that develops after an individual has experienced a major trauma. This psychopathological response to traumatic stressors induces learning and memory deficits in rats. Oleuropein (OLE), a major compound in olive leaves, has been reported to possess several pharmacological properties, including anti-cancer, anti-diabetic, anti-atherosclerotic and neuroprotective activities. However, the cognitive effects of OLE and its mechanism of action have remained unclear in PTSD. In this study, we examined whether OLE improved spatial cognitive impairment induced in rats following single prolonged stress (SPS), an animal model of PTSD. Male rats were treated intraperitoneally (i.p.) with vehicle or various doses of OLE for 14 consecutive days after the SPS procedure. The SPS procedure resulted in cognitive impairment in the object recognition task and the Morris water maze test, which was reversed by OLE (100 mg/kg, i.p). Additionally, as assessed by immunohistochemistry and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analysis, the administration of OLE significantly alleviated memory-associated decreases in the levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor and cAMP response element-binding protein and mRNA in the hippocampus. Together, these findings suggest that OLE attenuated SPS-induced cognitive impairment significantly by inhibiting the expression of pro-inflammatory mediators in the rat brain. Thus, OLE reversed several behavioral impairments triggered by the traumatic stress of SPS and might be a potential useful therapeutic intervention for PTSD.
Literatur
1.
Zurück zum Zitat Shafia S, Vafaei AA, Samaei SA, Bandegi AR, Rafiei A, Valadan R, Hosseini-Khah Z, Mohammadkhani R, Rashidy-Pour A (2017) Effects of moderate treadmill exercise and fluoxetine on behavioural and cognitive deficits, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis dysfunction and alternations in hippocampal BDNF and mRNA expression of apoptosis-related proteins in a rat model of post-traumatic stress disorder. Neurobiol Learn Mem 139:165–178CrossRefPubMed Shafia S, Vafaei AA, Samaei SA, Bandegi AR, Rafiei A, Valadan R, Hosseini-Khah Z, Mohammadkhani R, Rashidy-Pour A (2017) Effects of moderate treadmill exercise and fluoxetine on behavioural and cognitive deficits, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis dysfunction and alternations in hippocampal BDNF and mRNA expression of apoptosis-related proteins in a rat model of post-traumatic stress disorder. Neurobiol Learn Mem 139:165–178CrossRefPubMed
2.
Zurück zum Zitat Brunello N, Davidson JR, Deahl M, Kessler RC, Mendlewicz J, Racagni G, Shalev AY, Zohar J (2001) Posttraumatic stress disorder: diagnosis and epidemiology, comorbidity and social consequences, biology and treatment. Neuropsychobiology 43:150–162CrossRefPubMed Brunello N, Davidson JR, Deahl M, Kessler RC, Mendlewicz J, Racagni G, Shalev AY, Zohar J (2001) Posttraumatic stress disorder: diagnosis and epidemiology, comorbidity and social consequences, biology and treatment. Neuropsychobiology 43:150–162CrossRefPubMed
3.
Zurück zum Zitat Nemeroff CB, Bremner JD, Foa EB, Mayberg HS, North CS, Stein MB (2006) Posttraumatic stress disorder: a state-of-the-science review. J Psychiatr Res 40:1–21CrossRefPubMed Nemeroff CB, Bremner JD, Foa EB, Mayberg HS, North CS, Stein MB (2006) Posttraumatic stress disorder: a state-of-the-science review. J Psychiatr Res 40:1–21CrossRefPubMed
4.
Zurück zum Zitat Lee B, Sur B, Yeom M, Shim I, Lee H, Hahm DH (2014) L-tetrahydropalmatine ameliorates development of anxiety and depression-related symptoms induced by single prolonged stress in rats. Biomol Ther 22:213–222CrossRef Lee B, Sur B, Yeom M, Shim I, Lee H, Hahm DH (2014) L-tetrahydropalmatine ameliorates development of anxiety and depression-related symptoms induced by single prolonged stress in rats. Biomol Ther 22:213–222CrossRef
6.
Zurück zum Zitat Karpova NN, Pickenhagen A, Lindholm J, Tiraboschi E, Kulesskaya N, Agústsdóttir A, Antila H, Popova D, Akamine Y, Bahi A, Sullivan R, Hen R, Drew LJ, Castrén E (2011) Fear erasure in mice requires synergy between antidepressant drugs and extinction training. Science 334:1731–1734CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Karpova NN, Pickenhagen A, Lindholm J, Tiraboschi E, Kulesskaya N, Agústsdóttir A, Antila H, Popova D, Akamine Y, Bahi A, Sullivan R, Hen R, Drew LJ, Castrén E (2011) Fear erasure in mice requires synergy between antidepressant drugs and extinction training. Science 334:1731–1734CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
7.
Zurück zum Zitat Emad S, Qadeer S, Sadaf S, Batool Z, Haider S, Perveen T (2017) Attenuation of stress induced memory deficits by nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) in rats: role of antioxidant enzymes. Pharmacol Rep 69:300–305CrossRefPubMed Emad S, Qadeer S, Sadaf S, Batool Z, Haider S, Perveen T (2017) Attenuation of stress induced memory deficits by nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) in rats: role of antioxidant enzymes. Pharmacol Rep 69:300–305CrossRefPubMed
8.
Zurück zum Zitat Lee B, Sur B, Yeom M, Shim I, Lee H, Hahm DH (2016) Effects of systemic administration of ibuprofen on stress response in a rat model of post-traumatic stress disorder. Korean J Physiol Pharmacol 20:357–366CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Lee B, Sur B, Yeom M, Shim I, Lee H, Hahm DH (2016) Effects of systemic administration of ibuprofen on stress response in a rat model of post-traumatic stress disorder. Korean J Physiol Pharmacol 20:357–366CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
9.
Zurück zum Zitat Garabadu D, Ahmad A, Krishnamurthy S (2015) Risperidone attenuates modified stress-re-stress paradigm-induced mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptosis in rats exhibiting post-traumatic stress disorder-like symptoms. J Mol Neurosci 56:299–312CrossRefPubMed Garabadu D, Ahmad A, Krishnamurthy S (2015) Risperidone attenuates modified stress-re-stress paradigm-induced mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptosis in rats exhibiting post-traumatic stress disorder-like symptoms. J Mol Neurosci 56:299–312CrossRefPubMed
10.
Zurück zum Zitat Liberzon I, López JF, Flagel SB, Vázquez DM, Young EA (1999) Differential regulation of hippocampal glucocorticoid receptors mRNA and fast feedback: relevance to post-traumatic stress disorder. J Neuroendocrinol 11:11–17CrossRefPubMed Liberzon I, López JF, Flagel SB, Vázquez DM, Young EA (1999) Differential regulation of hippocampal glucocorticoid receptors mRNA and fast feedback: relevance to post-traumatic stress disorder. J Neuroendocrinol 11:11–17CrossRefPubMed
11.
Zurück zum Zitat Nie H, Peng Z, Lao N, Wang H, Chen Y, Fang Z, Hou W, Gao F, Li X, Xiong L, Tan Q (2014) Rosmarinic acid ameliorates PTSD-like symptoms in a rat model and promotes cell proliferation in the hippocampus. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 51:16–22CrossRefPubMed Nie H, Peng Z, Lao N, Wang H, Chen Y, Fang Z, Hou W, Gao F, Li X, Xiong L, Tan Q (2014) Rosmarinic acid ameliorates PTSD-like symptoms in a rat model and promotes cell proliferation in the hippocampus. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 51:16–22CrossRefPubMed
12.
Zurück zum Zitat Serova LI, Laukova M, Alaluf LG, Pucillo L, Sabban EL (2014) Intranasal neuropeptide Y reverses anxiety and depressive-like behavior impaired by single prolonged stress PTSD model. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 24:142–147CrossRefPubMed Serova LI, Laukova M, Alaluf LG, Pucillo L, Sabban EL (2014) Intranasal neuropeptide Y reverses anxiety and depressive-like behavior impaired by single prolonged stress PTSD model. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 24:142–147CrossRefPubMed
13.
Zurück zum Zitat Yamamoto S, Morinobu S, Takei S, Fuchikami M, Matsuki A, Yamawaki S, Liberzon I (2009) Single prolonged stress: toward an animal model of posttraumatic stress disorder. Depress Anxiety 26:1110–1117CrossRefPubMed Yamamoto S, Morinobu S, Takei S, Fuchikami M, Matsuki A, Yamawaki S, Liberzon I (2009) Single prolonged stress: toward an animal model of posttraumatic stress disorder. Depress Anxiety 26:1110–1117CrossRefPubMed
14.
Zurück zum Zitat Serova LI, Laukova M, Alaluf LG, Sabban EL (2013) Intranasal infusion of melanocortin receptor four (MC4R) antagonist to rats ameliorates development of depression and anxiety related symptoms induced by single prolonged stress. Behav Brain Res 250:139–147CrossRefPubMed Serova LI, Laukova M, Alaluf LG, Sabban EL (2013) Intranasal infusion of melanocortin receptor four (MC4R) antagonist to rats ameliorates development of depression and anxiety related symptoms induced by single prolonged stress. Behav Brain Res 250:139–147CrossRefPubMed
15.
Zurück zum Zitat Lin CC, Tung CS, Lin PH, Huang CL, Liu YP (2016) Traumatic stress causes distinctive effects on fear circuit catecholamines and the fear extinction profile in a rodent model of posttraumatic stress disorder. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 26:1484–1495CrossRefPubMed Lin CC, Tung CS, Lin PH, Huang CL, Liu YP (2016) Traumatic stress causes distinctive effects on fear circuit catecholamines and the fear extinction profile in a rodent model of posttraumatic stress disorder. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 26:1484–1495CrossRefPubMed
16.
Zurück zum Zitat Li XM, Han F, Liu DJ, Shi YX (2010) Single-prolonged stress induced mitochondrial-dependent apoptosis in hippocampus in the rat model of post-traumatic stress disorder. J Chem Neuroanat 40:248–255CrossRefPubMed Li XM, Han F, Liu DJ, Shi YX (2010) Single-prolonged stress induced mitochondrial-dependent apoptosis in hippocampus in the rat model of post-traumatic stress disorder. J Chem Neuroanat 40:248–255CrossRefPubMed
17.
Zurück zum Zitat Li X, Han F, Liu D, Shi Y (2010) Changes of Bax, Bcl-2 and apoptosis in hippocampus in the rat model of post-traumatic stress disorder. Neurol Res 32:579–586CrossRefPubMed Li X, Han F, Liu D, Shi Y (2010) Changes of Bax, Bcl-2 and apoptosis in hippocampus in the rat model of post-traumatic stress disorder. Neurol Res 32:579–586CrossRefPubMed
18.
Zurück zum Zitat Takei S, Morinobu S, Yamamoto S, Fuchikami M, Matsumoto T, Yamawaki S (2011) Enhanced hippocampal BDNF/TrkB signaling in response to fear conditioning in an animal model of posttraumatic stress disorder. J Psychiatr Res 45:460–468CrossRefPubMed Takei S, Morinobu S, Yamamoto S, Fuchikami M, Matsumoto T, Yamawaki S (2011) Enhanced hippocampal BDNF/TrkB signaling in response to fear conditioning in an animal model of posttraumatic stress disorder. J Psychiatr Res 45:460–468CrossRefPubMed
19.
Zurück zum Zitat Hadrich F, Mahmoudi A, Bouallagui Z, Feki I, Isoda H, Feve B, Sayadi S (2016) Evaluation of hypocholesterolemic effect of oleuropein in cholesterol-fed rats. Chem Biol Interact 252:54–60CrossRefPubMed Hadrich F, Mahmoudi A, Bouallagui Z, Feki I, Isoda H, Feve B, Sayadi S (2016) Evaluation of hypocholesterolemic effect of oleuropein in cholesterol-fed rats. Chem Biol Interact 252:54–60CrossRefPubMed
20.
Zurück zum Zitat Dufourny L, Leroy D, Warembourg M (2000) Differential effects of colchicine on the induction of nitric oxide synthase in neurons containing progesterone receptors of the guinea pig hypothalamus. Brain Res Bull 52:435–443CrossRefPubMed Dufourny L, Leroy D, Warembourg M (2000) Differential effects of colchicine on the induction of nitric oxide synthase in neurons containing progesterone receptors of the guinea pig hypothalamus. Brain Res Bull 52:435–443CrossRefPubMed
21.
Zurück zum Zitat Kaeidi A, Esmaeili-Mahani S, Sheibanib V, Abbasnejad M, Rasoulian B, Hajializadeh Z, Afrazi S (2011) Olive (Olea europaea L.) leaf extract attenuates early diabetic neuropathic pain through prevention of high glucose-induced apoptosis: in vitro and in vivo studies. J Ethnopharmacol 136:188–196CrossRefPubMed Kaeidi A, Esmaeili-Mahani S, Sheibanib V, Abbasnejad M, Rasoulian B, Hajializadeh Z, Afrazi S (2011) Olive (Olea europaea L.) leaf extract attenuates early diabetic neuropathic pain through prevention of high glucose-induced apoptosis: in vitro and in vivo studies. J Ethnopharmacol 136:188–196CrossRefPubMed
22.
Zurück zum Zitat Khalatbary AR, Ahmadvand H (2012) Neuroprotective effect of oleuropein following spinal cord injury in rats. Neurol Res 34:44–51CrossRefPubMed Khalatbary AR, Ahmadvand H (2012) Neuroprotective effect of oleuropein following spinal cord injury in rats. Neurol Res 34:44–51CrossRefPubMed
23.
Zurück zum Zitat Del JR (2003) Enhancement of phenolic compounds in olive plants (Olea europaea L.) and their influence on resistance against Phytophthora s.p. Food Chem 83:75–78CrossRef Del JR (2003) Enhancement of phenolic compounds in olive plants (Olea europaea L.) and their influence on resistance against Phytophthora s.p. Food Chem 83:75–78CrossRef
24.
Zurück zum Zitat Dekanski D, Selaković V, Piperski V, Radulović Z, Korenić A, Radenović L (2011) Protective effect of olive leaf extract on hippocampal injury induced by transient global cerebral ischemia and reperfusion in Mongolian gerbils. Phytomedicine 18:1137–1143CrossRefPubMed Dekanski D, Selaković V, Piperski V, Radulović Z, Korenić A, Radenović L (2011) Protective effect of olive leaf extract on hippocampal injury induced by transient global cerebral ischemia and reperfusion in Mongolian gerbils. Phytomedicine 18:1137–1143CrossRefPubMed
25.
Zurück zum Zitat Luccarini I, Ed Dami T, Grossi C, Rigacci S, Stefani M, Casamenti F (2014) Oleuropein aglycone counteracts Aβ42 toxicity in the rat brain. Neurosci Lett 558:67–72CrossRefPubMed Luccarini I, Ed Dami T, Grossi C, Rigacci S, Stefani M, Casamenti F (2014) Oleuropein aglycone counteracts Aβ42 toxicity in the rat brain. Neurosci Lett 558:67–72CrossRefPubMed
26.
Zurück zum Zitat Pourkhodadad S, Alirezaei M, Moghaddasi M, Ahmadvand H, Karami M, Delfan B, Khanipour Z (2016) Neuroprotective effects of oleuropein against cognitive dysfunction induced by colchicine in hippocampal CA1 area in rats. J Physiol Sci 66:397–405CrossRefPubMed Pourkhodadad S, Alirezaei M, Moghaddasi M, Ahmadvand H, Karami M, Delfan B, Khanipour Z (2016) Neuroprotective effects of oleuropein against cognitive dysfunction induced by colchicine in hippocampal CA1 area in rats. J Physiol Sci 66:397–405CrossRefPubMed
27.
Zurück zum Zitat van der Stelt EF, Hoek-van den Hil HJM, Swarts JJM, Vervoort L, Hoving L, Skaltsounis (2015) Nutraceutical oleuropein supplementation prevents high fat diet-induced adiposity in mice. J Funct Foods 14:702–715CrossRef van der Stelt EF, Hoek-van den Hil HJM, Swarts JJM, Vervoort L, Hoving L, Skaltsounis (2015) Nutraceutical oleuropein supplementation prevents high fat diet-induced adiposity in mice. J Funct Foods 14:702–715CrossRef
28.
Zurück zum Zitat Alirezaei M, Rezaei M, Hajighahramani S, Sookhtehzari A, Kiani K (2017) Oleuropein attenuates cognitive dysfunction and oxidative stress induced by some anesthetic drugs in the hippocampal area of rats. J Physiol Sci 67:131–139CrossRefPubMed Alirezaei M, Rezaei M, Hajighahramani S, Sookhtehzari A, Kiani K (2017) Oleuropein attenuates cognitive dysfunction and oxidative stress induced by some anesthetic drugs in the hippocampal area of rats. J Physiol Sci 67:131–139CrossRefPubMed
29.
Zurück zum Zitat Serova LI, Tillinger A, Alaluf LG, Laukova M, Keegan K, Sabban EL (2013) Single intranasal neuropeptide Y infusion attenuates development of PTSD-like symptoms to traumatic stress in rats. Neuroscience 236:298–312CrossRefPubMed Serova LI, Tillinger A, Alaluf LG, Laukova M, Keegan K, Sabban EL (2013) Single intranasal neuropeptide Y infusion attenuates development of PTSD-like symptoms to traumatic stress in rats. Neuroscience 236:298–312CrossRefPubMed
30.
Zurück zum Zitat Boultadakis A, Georgiadou G, Pitsikas N (2010) Effects of the nitric oxide synthase inhibitor L-NAME on different memory components as assessed in the object recognition task in the rat. Behav Brain Res 207:208–214CrossRefPubMed Boultadakis A, Georgiadou G, Pitsikas N (2010) Effects of the nitric oxide synthase inhibitor L-NAME on different memory components as assessed in the object recognition task in the rat. Behav Brain Res 207:208–214CrossRefPubMed
31.
Zurück zum Zitat Okuda S, Roozendaal B, McGaugh JL (2004) Glucocorticoid effects on object recognition memory require training-associated emotional arousal. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 101(3):853–858CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Okuda S, Roozendaal B, McGaugh JL (2004) Glucocorticoid effects on object recognition memory require training-associated emotional arousal. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 101(3):853–858CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
32.
Zurück zum Zitat Cohen RM, Rezai-Zadeh K, Weitz TM, Rentsendorj A, Gate D, Spivak I, Bholat Y, Vasilevko V, Glabe CG, Breunig JJ, Rakic P, Davtyan H, Agadjanyan MG, Kepe V, Barrio JR, Bannykh S, Szekely CA, Pechnick RN, Town T (2013) A transgenic Alzheimer rat with plaques, tau pathology, behavioral impairment, oligomeric aβ, and frank neuronal loss. J Neurosci 33:6245–6256CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Cohen RM, Rezai-Zadeh K, Weitz TM, Rentsendorj A, Gate D, Spivak I, Bholat Y, Vasilevko V, Glabe CG, Breunig JJ, Rakic P, Davtyan H, Agadjanyan MG, Kepe V, Barrio JR, Bannykh S, Szekely CA, Pechnick RN, Town T (2013) A transgenic Alzheimer rat with plaques, tau pathology, behavioral impairment, oligomeric aβ, and frank neuronal loss. J Neurosci 33:6245–6256CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
33.
Zurück zum Zitat Haider S, Sadir S, Naqvi F, Batool Z, Tabassum S, Khaliq S, Anis L, Sajid I, Haleem DJ (2016) Magnesium treatment palliates noise-induced behavioral deficits by normalizing DAergic and 5-HTergic metabolism in adult male rats. Metab Brain Dis 31:815–825CrossRefPubMed Haider S, Sadir S, Naqvi F, Batool Z, Tabassum S, Khaliq S, Anis L, Sajid I, Haleem DJ (2016) Magnesium treatment palliates noise-induced behavioral deficits by normalizing DAergic and 5-HTergic metabolism in adult male rats. Metab Brain Dis 31:815–825CrossRefPubMed
34.
Zurück zum Zitat Paxinos G, Watson C (1986) The rat brain in stereotaxic coordinates, vol 3. Academic Press, New York, pp 54–85 Paxinos G, Watson C (1986) The rat brain in stereotaxic coordinates, vol 3. Academic Press, New York, pp 54–85
35.
Zurück zum Zitat Singh I, Mok M, Christensen AM, Turner AH, Hawley JA (2008) The effects of polyphenols in olive leaves on platelet function. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 18:127–132CrossRefPubMed Singh I, Mok M, Christensen AM, Turner AH, Hawley JA (2008) The effects of polyphenols in olive leaves on platelet function. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 18:127–132CrossRefPubMed
36.
Zurück zum Zitat El SN, Karakaya S (2009) Olive tree (Olea europaea) leaves: potential beneficial effects on human health. Nutr Rev 67:632–638CrossRefPubMed El SN, Karakaya S (2009) Olive tree (Olea europaea) leaves: potential beneficial effects on human health. Nutr Rev 67:632–638CrossRefPubMed
37.
Zurück zum Zitat Baharvand B, Esmailidehaj M, Alihosaini J, Bajoovand S, Esmailidehaj S, Hafizie Z (2016) Prophylactic and therapeutic effects of oleuropein on reperfusion-induced arrhythmia in anesthetized rat. Iran Biomed J 20:41–48PubMedPubMedCentral Baharvand B, Esmailidehaj M, Alihosaini J, Bajoovand S, Esmailidehaj S, Hafizie Z (2016) Prophylactic and therapeutic effects of oleuropein on reperfusion-induced arrhythmia in anesthetized rat. Iran Biomed J 20:41–48PubMedPubMedCentral
38.
Zurück zum Zitat Patki G, Li L, Allam F, Solanki N, Dao AT, Alkadhi K, Salim S (2014) Moderate treadmill exercise rescues anxiety and depression-like behavior as well as memory impairment in a rat model of posttraumatic stress disorder. Physiol Behav 130:47–53CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Patki G, Li L, Allam F, Solanki N, Dao AT, Alkadhi K, Salim S (2014) Moderate treadmill exercise rescues anxiety and depression-like behavior as well as memory impairment in a rat model of posttraumatic stress disorder. Physiol Behav 130:47–53CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
39.
Zurück zum Zitat Kim BK, Seo JH (2013) Treadmill exercise alleviates post-traumatic stress disorder-induced impairment of spatial learning memory in rats. J Exerc Rehabil 9:413–419CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Kim BK, Seo JH (2013) Treadmill exercise alleviates post-traumatic stress disorder-induced impairment of spatial learning memory in rats. J Exerc Rehabil 9:413–419CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
40.
Zurück zum Zitat Janasson Z (2005) Meta-analysis of sex differences in rodent models of learning and memory: a review of behavioral and biological data. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 28:811–825CrossRef Janasson Z (2005) Meta-analysis of sex differences in rodent models of learning and memory: a review of behavioral and biological data. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 28:811–825CrossRef
41.
Zurück zum Zitat Solanki N, Alkadhi I, Atrooz F, Patki G, Salim S (2015) Grape powder prevents cognitive, behavioral, and biochemical impairments in a rat model of posttraumatic stress disorder. Nutr Res 35:65–75CrossRefPubMed Solanki N, Alkadhi I, Atrooz F, Patki G, Salim S (2015) Grape powder prevents cognitive, behavioral, and biochemical impairments in a rat model of posttraumatic stress disorder. Nutr Res 35:65–75CrossRefPubMed
42.
Zurück zum Zitat Peng Z, Wang H, Zhang R, Chen Y, Xue F, Nie H, Chen Y, Wu D, Wang Y, Wang H, Tan Q (2013) Gastrodin ameliorates anxiety-like behaviors and inhibits IL-1beta level and p38 MAPK phosphorylation of hippocampus in the rat model of posttraumatic stress disorder. Physiol Res 62:537–545PubMed Peng Z, Wang H, Zhang R, Chen Y, Xue F, Nie H, Chen Y, Wu D, Wang Y, Wang H, Tan Q (2013) Gastrodin ameliorates anxiety-like behaviors and inhibits IL-1beta level and p38 MAPK phosphorylation of hippocampus in the rat model of posttraumatic stress disorder. Physiol Res 62:537–545PubMed
43.
Zurück zum Zitat Mohagheghi F, Bigdeli MR, Rasoulian B, Hashemi P, Pour MR (2011) The neuroprotective effect of olive leaf extract is related to improved blood-brain barrier permeability and brain edema in rat with experimental focal cerebral ischemia. Phytomedicine 18:170–175CrossRefPubMed Mohagheghi F, Bigdeli MR, Rasoulian B, Hashemi P, Pour MR (2011) The neuroprotective effect of olive leaf extract is related to improved blood-brain barrier permeability and brain edema in rat with experimental focal cerebral ischemia. Phytomedicine 18:170–175CrossRefPubMed
Metadaten
Titel
Effect of oleuropein on cognitive deficits and changes in hippocampal brain-derived neurotrophic factor and cytokine expression in a rat model of post-traumatic stress disorder
verfasst von
Bombi Lee
Insop Shim
Hyejung Lee
Dae-Hyun Hahm
Publikationsdatum
07.09.2017
Verlag
Springer Singapore
Erschienen in
Journal of Natural Medicines / Ausgabe 1/2018
Print ISSN: 1340-3443
Elektronische ISSN: 1861-0293
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11418-017-1103-8

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 1/2018

Journal of Natural Medicines 1/2018 Zur Ausgabe