Introduction
Methods
Costs
Cost component | Cost unit and method of calculation |
---|---|
Inpatient and outpatient services delivered in Danish hospitals registered in the National Hospital Register | DRG tariffs and the DAGS were applied [28]. |
Costs are understood as opportunity costs, i.e. resources are scarce and resources spent in one area cannot be spent in another [18]. Activities in the Danish healthcare sector have been converted into a monetary cost through the use of the DRG system. The DRG tariffs are calculated from average operating costs within each DRG group on a nationwide level [28]. The system is developed for settlement of accounts for patients in hospitals, individuals who have chosen a hospital in another region than their region of residence and patients in private hospitals. This calculation produces approximate average costs, which should be used with caution in economic evaluations [29] | |
Primary care services delivered by GPs and privately practising specialists Visits by GPs, physiotherapists, chiropractors, chiropodists, opticians and dietitians | Reimbursement fees between the National Health Insurance scheme and privately practising physicians are used as cost units. GPs are compensated by regions through a combination of a per capita fee (approximately 30% of the total) and a fee-for-service (approximately 70%) [30]. To reflect this payment scheme in the unit cost, 43.8% of the fee-for-service in general practice was added to the cost. Overhead costs covered by the capitation fee were distributed by resource burden (and not across the number of visits) |
Prescribed pharmaceuticals dispensed by Danish pharmacies and registered in DNPrR. (Pharmaceuticals consumed in hospitals are included in DRG tariffs. Over-the-counter drugs are not included in this analysis) | Total sales price includes individuals’ out-of-pocket payments. Costs of prescribed pharmaceuticals are shared between the individual and the primary healthcare sector by a co-payment scheme in Denmark in which individuals are reimbursed according to their need. These costs were aggregated since total costs are measured regardless of who pays. Although pharmaceutical consumption includes VAT, Danish healthcare services are exempted from VAT. As VAT is 25% in Denmark, 20% of pharmaceutical consumption was subtracted to calculate comparable net costs |
Results
Variable | Screening group (N=13,992) | No-screening (control) group (N=125,083) |
---|---|---|
Mean age at diagnosis | 59.9 ± 7.7 | 59.2 ± 9.2 |
Male sex | 7495 (53.6) | 70552 (56.4) |
Years of education | ||
0–10 | 5610 (40.1) | 55,765 (44.6) |
10–15 | 6237 (44.6) | 55,226 (44.2) |
>15 | 2145 (15.3) | 14,082 (11.3) |
European citizenship | 13,944 (99.7) | 123,849 (99) |
Previous IHDa | 1586 (11.3) | 16,216 (13) |
Previous strokea | 628 (4.5) | 6851 (5.5) |
Previous cancera | 2027 (14.5) | 19,276 (15.4) |