Background
Methods
National birth defects prevention study
Home and occupational exposure to pesticides study
Statistical analysis
Results
N (%)
|
N (%)
|
N (%)
| |
---|---|---|---|
Controls | Casesa
| Total | |
Final Status of Eligible Mothers
|
(n = 203)
|
(n = 189)
|
(n = 392)
|
Excluded: no valid contact information | 33 (16.3) | 18 (9.5) | 51 (13.0) |
Invited to participate in HOEPS | 170 (83.7) | 171 (90.5) | 341 (87.0) |
Refused participation | 18 (8.9) | 15 (7.9) | 33 (8.4) |
Non-response with contact b
| 20 (9.9) | 17 (9.0) | 37 (9.4) |
Non-response without contactb
| 2 (1.0) | 1 (0.5) | 3 (0.8) |
Completed participation | 130 (64.0) | 138 (73.0) | 268 (68.4) |
Controls
|
Cases
c
|
Total
| |
Final Status of Eligible Fathers
|
(n = 130)
|
(n = 138)
|
(n = 268)
|
Mother did not give permission to contact | 37 (28.5) | 17 (12.3) | 214 (79.9) |
Excluded: no valid contact information | 3 (2.3) | 2 (1.4) | 5 (1.9) |
Invited to participate in HOEPS | 90 (69.2) | 119 (86.2) | 209 (78.0) |
Refused participation | 8 (6.2) | 4 (2.9) | 12 (4.5) |
Non-response with contact b
| 16 (12.3) | 34 (24.6) | 50 (18.7) |
Non-response without contact b
| 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
Completed participation | 66 (50.8) | 81 (58.7) | 147 (54.9) |
MQ | CATI | TOTAL | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cases | Controls | Total | Cases | Controls | Total | Eligible | |
(n = 84) | (n = 87) | (n =171) | (n = 87) | (n = 83) | (n =170) | (n =341) | |
N (%)
|
N (%)
|
N (%)
|
N (%)
|
N (%)
|
N (%)
|
N (%)
| |
Mother participateda
| 73 (86.9) | 75 (86.2) | 148 (86.6) | 65 (74.7) | 55(66.3) | 120 (70.6) | 268 (78.6) |
Permission to contact fathera,b
| 60 (82.2) | 51 (68.0) | 111 (75.0) | 61 (93.9) | 42(76.4) | 103 (85.8) | 214 (79.9) |
Father participateda,c
| 49 (83.1) | 43 (87.8) | 92 (85.2) | 32 (53.3) | 23(56.1) | 55 (54.5) | 147 (70.3) |
Overall father participationa,d
| 49 (58.3) | 43 (49.4) | 92 (53.8) | 32 (36.8) | 23(27.7) | 55 (32.4) | 147 (43.1) |
Distribution of demographic characteristics | Participation rate | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Eligible | Participated | |||||
MQ | CATI | MQ | CATI | MQ | CATI | |
(n = 195) | (n = 197) | (n = 148) | (n = 120) | (n = 148) | (n = 120) | |
N (%)
|
N (%)
|
N (%)
|
N (%)
|
%
|
%
| |
Case status | ||||||
Cases | 94 (48.2) | 95 (48.2) | 73 (49.3) | 65 (54.2) | 77.7 | 68.4 |
Controls | 101 (51.8) | 102 (51.8) | 75 (50.7) | 55 (45.8) | 74.3 | 53.9 |
Center | ||||||
Iowa | 123 (63.1) | 123 (62.4) | 92 (62.2) | 78 (65.0) | 74.8 | 63.4 |
New York | 72 (36.9) | 74 (37.6) | 56 (37.8) | 42 (35.0) | 77.8 | 56.8 |
Mother’s age at conception | ||||||
<20 years | 17 (8.7) | 15 (7.6) | 10 (6.8) | 7 (5.8) | 58.8 | 46.7 |
20-24 years | 49 (25.1) | 45 (22.8) | 36 (24.3) | 24 (20.0) | 73.5 | 53.3 |
25-29 years | 56 (28.7) | 60 (30.5) | 42 (28.4) | 40 (33.3) | 75.0 | 66.7 |
30-34 years | 49 (25.1) | 57 (28.9) | 39 (26.4) | 34 (28.3) | 79.6 | 59.6 |
≥35 years | 24 (12.3) | 20 (10.2) | 21 (14.2) | 15 (12.5) | 87.5 | 75.0 |
Mother’s race/ethnicity | ||||||
White, non-Hispanic | 171 (87.7) | 176 (89.3) | 134 (90.5) | 108 (90.0) | 78.4 | 61.4 |
Other race | 21 (10.8) | 21 (10.7) | 13 (8.8) | 12 (10.0) | 61.9 | 57.1 |
Missing/Unknown | 3 (1.5) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (0.7) | 0 (0.0) | NC | NC |
Mother’s education | ||||||
<12 years, or did not complete high school (HS) | 12 (6.2) | 11 (5.6) | 6 (4.1) | 5 (4.2) | 50.0 | 45.5 |
12 years, completed HS, or equivalent | 38 (19.5) | 43 (21.8) | 27 (18.2) | 25 (20.8) | 71.1 | 58.1 |
1-3 years college, or completed technical college | 70 (35.9) | 68 (34.5) | 53 (35.8) | 37 (30.8) | 75.7 | 54.4 |
≥4 years of college; bachelor's degree or higher | 75 (38.5) | 75 (38.1) | 62 (41.9) | 53 (44.2) | 82.7 | 70.7 |
Family’s annual income | ||||||
<$20,000 | 36 (18.5) | 42 (21.3) | 24 (16.2) | 22 (18.3) | 66.7 | 52.4 |
$20,000 - $39,999 | 53 (27.2) | 52 (26.4) | 39 (26.4) | 32 (26.7) | 73.6 | 61.5 |
≥$40,000 | 100 (51.3) | 98 (49.7) | 80 (54.1) | 63 (52.5) | 80.0 | 64.3 |
Missing | 6 (3.1) | 5 (2.5) | 5 (3.4) | 3 (2.5) | 83.3 | 60.0 |
Mother smoked | ||||||
Yes | 56 (28.7) | 49 (24.9) | 37 (25.0) | 21 (17.5) | 66.1 | 42.9 |
No | 139 (71.3) | 147 (74.6) | 111 (75.0) | 98 (81.7) | 79.9 | 66.7 |
Missing | 0 (0.0) | 1 (0.5) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (0.8) | NC | NC |
Parity | ||||||
Primiparous | 87 (44.6) | 69 (35.0) | 67 (45.3) | 41 (34.2) | 77.0 | 59.4 |
Multiparous | 108 (55.4) | 127 (64.5) | 81 (54.7) | 78 (65.0) | 75.0 | 61.4 |
Missing | 0 (0.0) | 1 (0.5) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (0.8) | NC | NC |
Infant birthweight | ||||||
<2500 g | 21 (10.8) | 24 (12.2) | 15 (10.1) | 9 (7.5) | 71.4 | 37.5 |
≥2500 g | 172 (88.2) | 170 (86.3) | 132 (89.2) | 109 (90.8) | 76.7 | 64.1 |
Missing | 2 (1.0) | 3 (1.5) | 1 (0.7) | 2 (1.7) | NC | NC |
Cases Median (IR) | Controls Median (IR) | Total Median (IR) | |
---|---|---|---|
Mothers | N = 138 | N = 130 | N = 268 |
Time to completion (days) a
| |||
CATI | 29.0 (15.0 – 56.0) | 29.0 (13.0 – 43.0) | 29 (14.0 - 51.5) |
MQ | 20.0 (13.0 – 35.0) | 17.0 (9.0 – 39.0) | 17 (10.0 - 35.0) |
Number of reminders a,b
| |||
CATI | 6.0 (4.0 – 9.0) | 6.0 (4.0 – 8.0) | 6.0 (4.0 - 8.0) |
MQ | 3.0 (2.0 – 5.0) | 3.0 (2.0 – 4.0) | 3.0 (2.0 - 4.0) |
Time elapsed from child’s birth to completion of HOEPS (years) | |||
CATI | 2.9 (2.2 - 3.2) | 2.6 (2.1 - 3.2) | 2.8 (2.2 - 3.2) |
MQ | 2.7 (2.3 - 3.3) | 2.6 (2.1 - 3.2) | 2.6 (2.2 - 3.3) |
Fathers | N = 81 | N = 66 | N = 147 |
Time to completion (days) | |||
CATI | 28.0 (14.0- 53.5) | 21.0 (16.0 – 42.0) | 28.0 (14.0 - 49.0) |
MQ | 20.0 (13.0- 41.0) | 16.0 (10.0 – 41.0) | 17.0 (10.0 - 41.0) |
Number of reminders a,b
| |||
CATI | 6.0 (4.0 - 6.5) | 5.0 (4.0 – 7.0) | 6.0 (4.0 - 7.0) |
MQ | 3.0 (1.0 - 5.0) | 2.0 (1.0 – 5.0) | 3.0 (1.0 - 5.0) |
Time elapsed from child’s birth to completion of HOEPS (years) | |||
CATI | 3.1 (2.6 - 3.4) | 2.6 (2.3 – 3.5) | 3.0 (2.4- 3.5) |
MQ | 2.9 (2.4 – 3.4) | 2.7 (2.3 – 3.2) | 2.8 (2.3- 3.3) |