Introduction
Methods
Continuous Care Intervention
Usual Care
Outcome Measures
Statistical Analysis
All | Completers with data | Dropout or missing data | Completers-Dropouts | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N
| Mean (SD) or ±SE |
N
| Mean (SD) or ±SE |
N
| Mean (SD) or ±SE | Mean ± SE | |
Age (years) | |||||||
CCI-all educationa | 262 | 53.75 (8.35) | 218 | 54.09 (8.35) | 44 | 52.09 (8.25) | 2.0 ± 1.37 |
Usual carea | 87 | 52.33 (9.52) | 78 | 51.71 (9.62) | 9 | 57.78 (6.85) | − 6.07 ± 2.53* |
CCI-all vs. usual careb | 1.42 ± 1.14 | 2.38 ± 1.23* | − 5.69 ± 2.6* | ||||
Female (%) | |||||||
CCI-all educationa | 262 | 66.79 ± 2.91 | 218 | 65.14 ± 3.23 | 44 | 75.0 ± 6.53 | − 9.86 ± 7.28 |
Usual carea | 87 | 58.62 ± 5.28 | 78 | 60.26 ± 5.54 | 9 | 44.44 ± 16.56 | 15.81 ± 17.47 |
CCI-all vs. usual careb | 8.17 ± 6.03 | 4.88 ± 6.41 | 30.56 ± 17.8 | ||||
African American (%) | |||||||
CCI-all educationa | 262 | 6.87 ± 1.56 | 218 | 5.96 ± 1.6 | 44 | 11.36 ± 4.78 | − 5.4 ± 5.05 |
Usual carea | 87 | 0.0 ± 0.0 | 78 | 0.0 ± 0.0 | 9 | 0.0 ± 0.0 | 0.0 ± 0.0 |
CCI-all vs. usual careb | 6.87 ± 1.56§ | 5.96 ± 1.6‡ | 11.36 ± 4.78* | ||||
Years with type 2 diabetes | |||||||
CCI-all educationa | 261 | 8.44 (7.22) | 217 | 8.4 (7.28) | 44 | 8.61 (6.97) | − 0.21 ± 1.16 |
Usual carea | 71 | 7.85 (7.32) | 71 | 7.85 (7.32) | Not collected | ||
CCI-all vs. usual careb | 0.59 (0.9) | 0.56 ± 1.0 | |||||
Beta-hydroxybutyrate (mmol L−1) | |||||||
CCI-all educationa | 248 | 0.17 (0.15) | 186 | 0.17 (0.15) | 62 | 0.19 (0.16) | − 0.02 ± 0.02 |
Usual carea | 79 | 0.15 (0.13) | 59 | 0.14 (0.12) | 20 | 0.17 (0.15) | − 0.03 ± 0.03 |
CCI-all vs. usual careb | 0.02 ± 0.02 | 0.02 ± 0.02 | 0.02 ± 0.04 | ||||
Hemoglobin A1c (mmol mol−1) | |||||||
CCI-all educationa | 262 | 59.55 (16.4) | 204 | 58.35 (15.3) | 58 | 63.49 (19.57) | − 28.66 ± 2.73 |
Usual carea | 87 | 59.99 (19.24) | 72 | 61.08 (19.89) | 15 | 54.52 (14.87) | − 16.97 ± 4.48 |
CCI-all vs. usual careb | − 0.44 ± 2.3 | − 2.73 ± 2.62 | 8.96 ± 4.59* | ||||
Hemoglobin A1c (%) | |||||||
CCI-all educationa | 262 | 7.60 (1.50) | 204 | 7.49 (1.4) | 58 | 7.96 (1.79) | − 0.47 ± 0.25 |
Usual carea | 87 | 7.64 (1.76) | 72 | 7.74 (1.82) | 15 | 7.14 (1.36) | 0.60 ± 0.41 |
CCI-all vs. usual careb | − 0.04 ± 0.21 | − 0.25 ± 0.24 | 0.82 ± 0.42* | ||||
Fasting glucose (mmol L−1) | |||||||
CCI-all educationa | 258 | 8.92 (3.41) | 202 | 8.8 (3.28) | 56 | 9.36 (3.83) | − 0.55 ± 0.56 |
Usual carea | 86 | 8.67 (4.03) | 71 | 8.71 (3.96) | 15 | 8.5 (4.5) | 0.21 ± 1.25 |
CCI-all vs. usual careb | 0.25 ± 0.48 | 0.1 ± 0.52 | 0.86 ± 1.27 | ||||
Insulin all (pmol L−1) | |||||||
CCI-all educationa | 248 | 198.35 (165.85) | 186 | 197.65 (167.17) | 62 | 200.5 (163.21) | − 2.85 ± 24.1 |
Usual carea | 79 | 202.17 (172.58) | 59 | 206.68 (187.93) | 20 | 188.77 (119.18) | 17.99 ± 36.18 |
CCI-all vs. usual careb | − 3.82 ± 22.09 | − 9.1 ± 27.36 | 11.74 ± 33.75 | ||||
C-peptide (nmol L−1) | |||||||
CCI-all educationa | 247 | 1.45 (0.71) | 185 | 1.47 (0.72) | 62 | 1.39 (0.69) | 0.07 ± 0.1 |
Usual carea | 79 | 1.38 (0.82) | 59 | 1.35 (0.82) | 20 | 1.49 (0.84) | − 0.14 ± 0.22 |
CCI-all vs. usual careb | 0.07 ± 0.1 | 0.12 ± 0.12 | − 0.09 ± 0.21 | ||||
HOMA-IR (insulin derived), all | |||||||
CCI-all educationa | 244 | 11.8 (13.14) | 179 | 11.19 (12.75) | 65 | 13.48 (14.12) | − 2.3 ± 1.99 |
Usual carea | 78 | 10.64 (9.12) | 56 | 11.31 (10.05) | 22 | 8.94 (6.03) | 2.36 ± 1.86 |
CCI-all vs. usual careb | 1.16 ± 1.33 | − 0.12 ± 1.65 | 4.54 ± 2.17 | ||||
HOMA-IR (insulin derived), excluding exogenous users | |||||||
CCI-all educationa | 172 | 11.77 (13.87) | 129 | 11.00 (13.53) | 43 | 14.09 (14.76) | − 3.08 ± 2.55 |
Usual carea | 43 | 9.40 (8.25) | 25 | 9.36 (9.39) | 18 | 9.45 (6.61) | − 0.09 ± 2.44 |
CCI-all vs. usual careb | 2.37 ± 1.64 | 1.64 ± 2.22 | 4.63 ± 2.74 | ||||
HOMA-IR (C-peptide derived) | |||||||
CCI-all educationa | 239 | 11.52 (7.15) | 170 | 11.44 (6.26) | 69 | 11.72 (9.04) | − 0.28 ± 1.19 |
Usual carea | 72 | 11.16 (7.26) | 47 | 10.56 (7.70) | 25 | 12.29 (6.33) | − 1.73 ± 1.69 |
CCI-all vs. usual careb | 0.36 ± 0.97 | 0.88 ± 1.22 | − 0.56 ± 1.67 | ||||
Weight-clinic (kg) | |||||||
CCI-all educationa | 257 | 116.51 (25.94) | 184 | 115.42 (24.62) | 73 | 119.25 (29.01) | − 3.83 ± 3.85 |
Usual carea | 83 | 105.63 (22.15) | 69 | 106.79 (22.18) | 14 | 99.94 (21.86) | 6.84 ± 6.42 |
CCI-all vs. usual careb | 10.87 ± 2.92§ | 8.63 ± 3.23† | 19.3 ± 6.76† | ||||
BMI (kg m−2) | |||||||
CCI-all educationa | 257 | 40.43 (8.81) | 184 | 39.87 (7.88) | 73 | 41.82 (10.75) | − 1.94 ± 1.39 |
Usual carea | 83 | 36.72 (7.26) | 69 | 37.14 (7.62) | 14 | 34.66 (4.8) | 2.48 ± 1.58 |
CCI-all vs. usual careb | 3.7 ± 0.97‡ | 2.73 ± 1.09† | 7.15 ± 1.8§ | ||||
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | |||||||
CCI-all educationa | 260 | 131.94 (14.09) | 187 | 132.51 (14.54) | 73 | 130.47 (12.84) | 2.05 ± 1.84 |
Usual carea | 79 | 129.8 (13.61) | 67 | 128.72 (12.65) | 12 | 135.83 (17.49) | − 7.12 ± 5.28 |
CCI-all vs. usual careb | 2.14 ± 1.76 | 3.8 ± 1.88* | − 5.37 ± 5.27 | ||||
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | |||||||
CCI-all educationa | 260 | 82.09 (8.25) | 187 | 81.59 (8.05) | 73 | 83.37 (8.67) | − 1.78 ± 1.17 |
Usual carea | 79 | 82.0 (8.93) | 67 | 81.1 (8.07) | 12 | 87.0 (11.95) | − 5.9 ± 3.59 |
CCI-all vs. usual careb | 0.09 ± 1.13 | 0.49 ± 1.15 | − 3.63 ± 3.6 | ||||
Total cholesterol (mmol L−1) | |||||||
CCI-all educationa | 247 | 4.76 (1.07) | 186 | 4.68 (1.03) | 61 | 4.99 (1.15) | − 0.31 ± 0.17 |
Usual carea | 79 | 4.76 (1.19) | 59 | 4.72 (1.26) | 20 | 4.88 (0.93) | − 0.16 ± 0.27 |
CCI-all vs. usual careb | − 0.0 ± 0.15 | − 0.04 ± 0.18 | 0.11 ± 0.26 | ||||
LDL-cholesterol (mmol L−1) | |||||||
CCI-all educationa | 232 | 102.51 (32.89) | 172 | 100.08 (32.56) | 60 | 109.47 (33.13) | − 9.39 ± 4.94 |
Usual carea | 70 | 101.50 (36.16) | 48 | 100.38 (37.93) | 22 | 103.95 (32.67) | − 3.58 ± 8.86 |
CCI-all vs. usual careb | 1.01 ± 4.83 | − 0.29 ± 6.01 | 5.51 ± 8.17 | ||||
Apo B (g L−1) | |||||||
CCI-all educationa | 248 | 1.05 (0.29) | 186 | 1.03 (0.28) | 62 | 1.1 (0.31) | − 0.06 ± 0.04 |
Usual carea | 79 | 1.07 (0.28) | 59 | 1.06 (0.3) | 20 | 1.11 (0.24) | − 0.05 ± 0.07 |
CCI-all vs. usual careb | − 0.02 ± 0.04 | − 0.02 ± 0.04 | − 0.01 ± 0.07 | ||||
HDL-C (mmol L−1) | |||||||
CCI-all educationa | 247 | 1.09 (0.35) | 186 | 1.1 (0.36) | 61 | 1.08 (0.32) | 0.02 ± 0.05 |
Usual carea | 79 | 0.97 (0.29) | 59 | 0.96 (0.29) | 20 | 1.02 (0.29) | − 0.06 ± 0.08 |
CCI-all vs. usual careb | 0.12 ± 0.04† | 0.14 ± 0.05† | 0.06 ± 0.08 | ||||
Triglycerides (mmol L−1) | |||||||
CCI-all educationa | 247 | 2.23 (1.62) | 186 | 2.27 (1.73) | 61 | 2.11 (1.25) | 0.15 ± 0.2 |
Usual carea | 79 | 3.2 (4.53) | 59 | 3.36 (5.17) | 20 | 2.72 (1.56) | 0.64 ± 0.76 |
CCI-all vs. usual careb | − 0.97 ± 0.52* | − 1.09 ± 0.68 | − 0.61 ± 0.38* | ||||
Total/HDL-cholesterol | |||||||
CCI-all educationa | 247 | 4.72 (1.7) | 186 | 4.65 (1.72) | 61 | 4.93 (1.65) | − 0.28 ± 0.25 |
Usual carea | 79 | 5.37 (2.42) | 59 | 5.44 (2.63) | 20 | 5.17 (1.72) | 0.27 ± 0.52 |
CCI-all vs. usual careb | − 0.65 ± 0.29* | − 0.79 ± 0.36* | − 0.24 ± 0.44 | ||||
hsC-reactive protein (nmol L−1) | |||||||
CCI-all educationa | 249 | 81.33 (138.0) | 193 | 85.62 (153.05) | 56 | 66.76 (62.1) | 18.86 ± 13.81 |
Usual carea | 85 | 84.67 (82.1) | 70 | 86.95 (86.95) | 15 | 73.81 (73.81) | 13.14 ± 19.14 |
CCI-all vs. usual careb | − 3.24 ± 12.48 | − 1.33 ± 15.05 | − 7.05 ± 18.19 | ||||
ALT (µkat L−1) | |||||||
CCI-all educationa | 257 | 0.51 (0.38) | 201 | 0.52 (0.41) | 56 | 0.47 (0.27) | 0.05 ± 0.05 |
Usual carea | 86 | 0.46 (0.33) | 71 | 0.45 (0.34) | 15 | 0.51 (0.29) | − 0.05 ± 0.09 |
CCI-all vs. usual careb | 0.05 ± 0.04 | 0.07 ± 0.05 | − 0.04 ± 0.08 | ||||
AST (µkat L−1) | |||||||
CCI-all educationa | 257 | 0.4 (0.25) | 201 | 0.41 (0.28) | 56 | 0.36 (0.15) | 0.04 ± 0.03 |
Usual carea | 86 | 0.4 (0.32) | 71 | 0.39 (0.35) | 15 | 0.42 (0.16) | − 0.03 ± 0.06 |
CCI-all vs. usual careb | − 0.0 ± 0.04 | 0.01 ± 0.05 | − 0.06 ± 0.05 | ||||
Alkaline phosphatase (µkat L−1) | |||||||
CCI-all educationa | 256 | 1.24 (0.37) | 200 | 1.24 (0.37) | 56 | 1.23 (0.36) | 0.01 ± 0.05 |
Usual carea | 86 | 1.29 (0.44) | 71 | 1.31 (0.45) | 15 | 1.22 (0.38) | 0.09 ± 0.11 |
CCI-all vs. usual careb | − 0.05 ± 0.05 | − 0.07 ± 0.06 | 0.01 ± 0.11 | ||||
Serum creatinine (µmol L−1) | |||||||
CCI-all educationa | 258 | 77.79 (21.22) | 202 | 77.79 (20.33) | 56 | 81.33 (24.75) | − 3.54 ± 3.54 |
Usual carea | 86 | 80.44 (22.1) | 71 | 78.68 (20.33) | 15 | 86.63 (25.64) | − 7.07 ± 7.07 |
CCI-all vs. usual careb | − 1.77 ± 2.65 | − 1.77 ± 2.65 | − 5.3 ± 7.07 | ||||
BUN (mmol L−1) | |||||||
CCI-all educationa | 258 | 6.03 (2.34) | 202 | 6.06 (2.15) | 56 | 5.9 (2.96) | 0.16 ± 0.42 |
Usual carea | 86 | 5.73 (2.23) | 71 | 5.59 (1.86) | 15 | 6.38 (3.52) | − 0.79 ± 0.94 |
CCI-all vs. usual careb | 0.3 ± 0.28 | 0.47 ± 0.27 | − 0.47 ± 0.99 | ||||
eGFR (mL s−1 m−2) | |||||||
CCI-all educationa | 258 | 1.34 (0.23) | 202 | 1.35 (0.22) | 56 | 1.33 (0.25) | 0.02 ± 0.04 |
Usual carea | 86 | 1.32 (0.23) | 71 | 1.34 (0.22) | 15 | 1.26 (0.28) | 0.08 ± 0.08 |
CCI-all vs. usual careb | 0.02 ± 0.03 | 0.02 ± 0.03 | 0.03 ± 0.08 | ||||
Anion gap (mmol L−1) | |||||||
CCI-all educationa | 257 | 6.83 (1.67) | 201 | 6.79 (1.7) | 56 | 6.98 (1.53) | − 0.19 ± 0.24 |
Usual carea | 86 | 6.93 (1.82) | 71 | 6.92 (1.82) | 15 | 7.0 (1.89) | − 0.08 ± 0.53 |
CCI-all vs. usual careb | − 0.1 ± 0.22 | − 0.12 ± 0.25 | − 0.02 ± 0.53 | ||||
Uric acid (µmo L−1) | |||||||
CCI-all educationa | 261 | 347.99 (86.85) | 202 | 348.58 (86.25) | 59 | 346.2 (89.82) | 2.38 ± 13.09 |
Usual carea | 85 | 333.12 (87.44) | 71 | 330.74 (85.66) | 14 | 345.01 (98.75) | − 14.28 ± 28.55 |
CCI-all vs. usual careb | 14.87 ± 10.71 | 17.25 ± 11.9 | 1.19 ± 29.15 | ||||
TSH (mIU L−1) | |||||||
CCI-all educationa | 259 | 2.32 (1.74) | 200 | 2.31 (1.79) | 59 | 2.38 (1.55) | − 0.07 ± 0.24 |
Usual carea | 85 | 1.97 (1.16) | 70 | 2.09 (1.16) | 15 | 1.38 (1.03) | 0.71 ± 0.3* |
CCI-all vs. usual careb | 0.36 ± 0.17* | 0.21 ± 0.19 | 1.0 ± 0.33† | ||||
Free T4 (pmol L−1) | |||||||
CCI-all educationa | 260 | 11.84 (2.19) | 202 | 11.84 (2.32) | 58 | 11.58 (2.19) | 0.26 ± 0.39 |
Usual carea | 86 | 11.33 (3.73) | 71 | 11.33 (3.86) | 15 | 10.94 (2.32) | 0.39 ± 0.77 |
CCI-all vs. usual careb | 0.51 ± 0.39 | 0.51 ± 0.51 | 0.64 ± 0.64 | ||||
Any diabetes medication, excluding metformin (%) | |||||||
CCI-all educationa | 262 | 56.87 ± 3.06 | 218 | 55.50 ± 3.37 | 44 | 63.64 ± 7.25 | − 8.13 ± 8.00 |
Usual carea | 87 | 66.67 ± 5.05 | 73 | 68.49 ± 5.44 | 14 | 57.14 ± 13.23 | 11.35 ± 14.32 |
CCI-all vs. usual careb | − 9.80 ± 5.91 | − 12.99± 6.39* | 6.49 ± 15.08 | ||||
Sulfonylurea (%) | |||||||
CCI-all educationa | 262 | 23.66 ± 2.63 | 218 | 24.31 ± 2.91 | 44 | 20.45 ± 6.08 | 3.86 ± 6.74 |
Usual carea | 87 | 24.14 ± 4.59 | 73 | 23.29 ± 4.95 | 14 | 28.57 ± 12.07 | − 5.28 ± 13.05 |
CCI-all vs. usual careb | − 0.48 ± 5.29 | 1.02 ± 5.74 | − 8.12± 13.52 | ||||
Insulin (%) | |||||||
CCI-all educationa | 262 | 29.77 ± 2.82 | 218 | 28.44 ± 3.06 | 44 | 36.36 ± 7.25 | − 7.92 ± 7.87 |
Usual carea | 87 | 45.98 ± 5.34 | 78 | 50.0 ± 5.66 | 9 | 11.11 ± 10.48 | 38.89 (1.91)‡ |
CCI-all vs. usual careb | − 16.21 ± 6.04† | − 21.56 ± 6.43‡ | 25.25 ± 12.74* | ||||
Thiazolidinedione (%) | |||||||
CCI-all educationa | 262 | 1.53 ± 0.76 | 218 | 1.83 ± 0.91 | 44 | 0.0 ± 0.0 | 1.83 ± 0.91* |
Usual carea | 87 | 1.15 ± 1.14 | 73 | 1.37 ± 1.36 | 14 | 0.0 ± 0.0 | 1.37 ± 1.36 |
CCI-all vs. usual careb | 0.38 ± 1.37 | 0.46 ± 1.64 | 0.0 ± 0.0 | ||||
SGLT-2 (%) | |||||||
CCI-all educationa | 262 | 10.31 ± 1.88 | 218 | 10.55 ± 2.08 | 44 | 9.09 ± 4.33 | 1.46 ± 4.81 |
Usual carea | 87 | 13.79 ± 3.7 | 73 | 15.07 ± 4.19 | 14 | 7.14 ± 6.88 | 7.93 ± 8.06 |
CCI-all vs. usual careb | − 3.48 ± 4.15 | − 4.52 ± 4.68 | 1.95 ± 8.13* | ||||
DPP-4 (%) | |||||||
CCI-all educationa | 262 | 9.92 ± 1.85 | 218 | 10.09 ± 2.04 | 44 | 9.09 ± 4.33 | 1.0 ± 4.79 |
Usual carea | 87 | 8.05 ± 2.92 | 73 | 8.22 ± 3.21 | 14 | 7.14 ± 6.88 | 1.08 ± 7.60 |
CCI-all vs. usual careb | 1.87 ± 3.45 | 1.87 ± 3.81 | 1.95 ± 8.13 | ||||
GLP-1 (%) | |||||||
CCI-all educationa | 262 | 13.36 ± 2.1 | 218 | 12.84 ± 2.27 | 44 | 15.91 ± 5.51 | − 3.07 ± 5.96 |
Usual carea | 87 | 14.94 ± 3.82 | 73 | 16.44 ± 4.34 | 14 | 7.14 ± 6.88 | 9.30 ± 8.14 |
CCI-all vs. usual careb | − 1.58 ± 4.36 | − 3.59 ± 4.89 | 8.77 ± 8.82 | ||||
Metformin (%) | |||||||
CCI-all educationa | 262 | 71.37 ± 2.79 | 218 | 71.56 ± 3.06 | 44 | 70.45 ± 6.88 | 1.11 ± 7.53 |
Usual carea | 87 | 60.92 ± 5.23 | 73 | 61.64 ± 5.69 | 14 | 57.14 ± 13.23 | 4.50 ± 14.40 |
CCI-all vs. usual careb | 10.45 ± 5.93 | 9.92 ± 6.46 | 13.31 ± 14.91 |
Completers | All starters (dropouts imputed)d | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Unadjusted | Adjusted for baselinec | Unadjusted | |||||||
N | Difference (SD) or ± SE | 1 Year | Significancee | Difference ±SE | Signif-icancee | Difference ± SE | 1 Year | Significancee | |
Beta-hydroxybutyrate (mmol L−1) | |||||||||
CCI-all educationa | 186 | 0.14 (0.36) | 0.31 (0.35) | 2.2 × 10−5 | 0.13 ± 0.02 | 2.8 × 10−7 | 0.12 ± 0.02 | 0.3 ± 0.02 | 5.8 × 10−7 |
Usual carea | 59 | 0.04 (0.23) | 0.18 (0.21) | 0.24 | 0.06 ± 0.05 | 0.18 | 0.03 ± 0.04 | 0.18 ± 0.03 | 0.38 |
CCI-all vs. usual careb | 0.1 (0.0) | 0.01 | 0.06 ± 0.05 | 0.24 | 0.09 ± 0.04 | 0.04 | |||
Hemoglobin A1c (mmol mol−1) | |||||||||
CCI-all educationa | 204 | − 14.1 (14.43) | 44.25 (10.28) | <10−16 | − 14.43 ± 0.98 | <10−16 | − 14.21 ± 0.98 | 45.23 ± 0.77 | <10−16 |
Usual carea | 72 | 2.19 (14.76) | 63.27 (19.89) | 0.21 | 2.4 ± 1.75 | 0.17 | 2.19 ± 1.64 | 62.18 ± 2.08 | 0.18 |
CCI-all vs. usual careb | − 16.29 ± 1.97 | 4.4 × 10−16 | − 16.83 ± 2.08 | 4.4 × 10−16 | − 16.4 ± 1.86 | <10−16 | |||
Hemoglobin A1c (%) | |||||||||
CCI-all educationa | 204 | − 1.29 (1.32) | 6.20 (0.94) | <10−16 | − 1.32 ± 0.09 | <10−16 | − 1.30 ± 0.09 | 6.29 ± 0.07 | < 10−16 |
Usual carea | 72 | 0.20 (1.35) | 7.94 (1.82) | 0.21 | 0.22 ± 0.16 | 0.17 | 0.20 ± 0.15 | 7.84 ± 0.19 | 0.18 |
CCI-all vs. usual careb | − 1.49 ± 0.18 | 4.4 × 10−16 | − 1.54 ± 0.19 | 4.4 × 10−16 | −1.50 ± 0.17 | < 10−16 | |||
Fasting glucose (mmol L−1) | |||||||||
CCI-all educationa | 202 | − 1.96 (3.2) | 6.84 (1.87) | <10−16 | − 2.02 ± 0.26 | 6.0 × 10−15 | − 1.95 ± 0.23 | 6.98 ± 0.17 | < 10−16 |
Usual carea | 71 | 0.59 (4.59) | 9.3 (4.74) | 0.28 | 0.81 ± 0.45 | 0.07 | 0.63 ± 0.49 | 9.29 ± 0.49 | 0.2 |
CCI-all vs. usual careb | − 2.55 ± 0.59 | 1.5 × 10−5 | − 2.83 ± 0.53 | 7.9 × 10−8 | − 2.58 ± 0.54 | 2.1 × 10−6 | |||
Insulin, all (pmol L−1) | |||||||||
CCI-all educationa | 186 | − 75.01 (178.49) | 122.58 (169.6) | 9.9 × 10−9 | − 91.4 ± 12.15 | 5.5 × 10−14 | − 73.62 ± 12.5 | 126.26 ± 12.5 | 4.3 × 10−9 |
Usual carea | 59 | 12.15 (210.23) | 218.91 (239.46) | 0.66 | 36.88 ± 29.66 | 0.21 | 5.97 ± 24.52 | 206.27 ± 26.11 | 0.81 |
CCI-all vs. usual careb | − 87.23 (29.86) | 0.004 | − 127.58 ± 32.43 | 0.0009 | − 79.59 ± 27.5 | 0.004 | |||
C-peptide (nmol L−1) | |||||||||
CCI-all educationa | 185 | − 0.36 (0.57) | 1.11 (0.59) | <10−16 | − 0.34 ± 0.05 | 1.1 × 10−13 | − 0.33 ± 0.04 | 1.11 ± 0.04 | 2.2 × 10−16 |
Usual carea | 59 | 0.08 (0.77) | 1.43 (0.92) | 0.41 | 0.02 ± 0.09 | 0.79 | 0.06 ± 0.09 | 1.44 ± 0.1 | 0.5 |
CCI-all vs. usual careb | − 0.44 ± 0.11 | 5.4 × 10−5 | − 0.37 ± 0.1 | 0.0004 | − 0.4 ± 0.1 | 5.3 × 10−5 | |||
HOMA-IR (insulin derived), all | |||||||||
CCI-all educationa | 179 | − 5.54 (12.19) | 5.65 (8.71) | 1.2 × 10−9 | − 5.87 ± 0.92 | 2.2 × 10−10 | − 5.58 ± 0.86 | 6.16 ± 0.69 | 7.5 × 10−11 |
Usual carea | 56 | 1.65 (12.46) | 12.96 (12.9) | 0.32 | 2.4 ± 1.76 | 0.17 | 1.82 ± 1.49 | 12.2 ± 1.42 | 0.22 |
CCI-all vs. usual careb | − 7.19 (1.9) | 0.0002 | − 8.27±2.04 | 4.9 × 10−5 | − 7.4 ± 1.72 | 1.6 × 10−5 | |||
HOMA-IR (insulin derived), e × cluding e × ogenous insulin users | |||||||||
CCI-all educationa | 129 | − 6.03 (10.67) | 4.98 (5.69) | 1.4 × 10−10 | − 6.13 ± 0.98 | 4.2 × 10−10 | − 6.82 ± 0.9 | 5.61 ± 0.51 | 3.2 × 10−5 |
Usual carea | 25 | 3.99 (12.76) | 13.35 (14.71) | 0.12 | 4.1 ± 2.34 | 0.08 | 1.84 ± 1.96 | 13.3 ± 1.56 | 0.35 |
CCI-all vs. usual careb | − 10.01 ± 2.72 | 0.0002 | − 10.23 ± 2.56 | 6.3 × 10−5 | − 8.65 ± 2.16 | 6.0 × 10−5 | |||
HOMA-IR (C-peptide derived) | |||||||||
CCI-all educationa | 170 | − 3.53 (5.59) | 7.9 (3.89) | 2.2 × 10−16 | − 3.53 ± 0.55 | 1.2 × 10−10 | − 3.45 ± 0.46 | 8.25 ± 0.4 | 1.0 × 10−13 |
Usual carea | 47 | 1.94 (10.54) | 12.49 (10.46) | 0.21 | 1.77 ± 1.12 | 0.11 | 1.65 ± 1.13 | 12.6 ± 1.11 | 0.14 |
CCI-all vs. usual careb | − 5.47 (1.6) | 0.0006 | − 5.29 ± 1.28 | 3.3 × 10−5 | − 5.11 ± 1.22 | 3.0 × 10−5 | |||
Weight-clinic (kg) | |||||||||
CCI-all educationa | 184 | − 14.24 (10.29) | 101.17 (22.06) | <10−16 | − 13.81 ± 0.63 | <10−16 | − 13.8 ± 0.71 | 102.72 ± 1.5 | < 10−16 |
Usual carea | 69 | 0.04 (5.94) | 106.82 (22.52) | 0.95 | − 1.11 ± 1.06 | 0.29 | − 0.16 ± 0.84 | 107.31 ± 2.55 | 0.85 |
CCI-all vs. usual careb | − 14.29 ± 1.04 | <10−16 | − 12.7 ± 1.26 | <10−16 | − 13.65 ± 1.1 | < 10−16 | |||
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | |||||||||
CCI-all educationa | 187 | − 6.77 (16.3) | 125.84 (13.22) | 1.3 × 10−8 | − 6.52 ± 1.24 | 1.6 × 10−7 | − 6.36 ± 1.12 | 125.57 ± 0.91 | 1.3 × 10−8 |
Usual carea | 67 | 0.25 (17.8) | 128.57 (11.82) | 0.91 | − 0.45 ± 2.15 | 0.83 | − 0.9 ± 2.07 | 129.01 ± 1.72 | 0.67 |
CCI-all vs. usual careb | − 7.02 (2.4) | 0.005 | − 6.07 ± 2.55 | 0.02 | − 5.46 ± 2.36 | 0.02 | |||
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | |||||||||
CCI-all educationa | 187 | − 3.59 (9.33) | 78.0 (7.55) | 1.4 × 10−7 | − 3.5 ± 0.7 | 6.2 × 10−7 | − 3.51 ± 0.65 | 78.58 ± 0.56 | 7.2 × 10−8 |
Usual carea | 67 | − 0.12 (10.15) | 80.99 (9.59) | 0.92 | − 0.39 ± 1.21 | 0.75 | − 0.9 ± 1.2 | 81.12 ± 1.08 | 0.45 |
CCI-all vs. usual careb | − 3.47 ± 1.42 | 0.01 | − 3.10±1.44 | 0.03 | − 2.61 ± 1.37 | 0.06 | |||
Total cholesterol (mmol L−1) | |||||||||
CCI-all educationa | 186 | 0.24 (0.93) | 4.92 (1.18) | 0.0004 | 0.24 ± 0.08 | 0.004 | 0.21 ± 0.07 | 4.97 ± 0.08 | 0.006 |
Usual carea | 59 | 0.00 (1.60) | 4.72 (1.62) | 0.99 | 0.0 ± 0.16 | 0.98 | − 0.04 ± 0.18 | 4.69 ± 0.18 | 0.83 |
CCI-all vs. usual careb | 0.25 ± 0.22 | 0.26 | 0.25 ± 0.18 | 0.17 | 0.24 ± 0.19 | 0.2 | |||
LDL-C (mmol−1) | |||||||||
CCI-all educationa | 172 | 0.28 (0.83) | 2.87 (0.98) | 7.7 × 10−6 | 0.28 ± 0.07 | 2.6 × 10−5 | 0.26 ± 0.06 | 2.94 ± 0.07 | 5.1 × 10−5 |
Usual carea | 48 | − 0.28 (0.97) | 2.32 (0.8) | 0.05 | −0.28 ± 0.13 | 0.03 | − 0.28 ± 0.12 | 2.32 ± 0.12 | 0.02 |
CCI-all vs. usual careb | 0.56 ± 0.15 | 0.0003 | 0.56 ± 0.15 | 0.0002 | 0.54 ± 0.14 | 0.0001 | |||
Apo B (g L−1) | |||||||||
CCI-all educationa | 186 | − 0.01 (0.24) | 1.03 (0.29) | 0.69 | − 0.0 ± 0.02 | 0.82 | − 0.02 ± 0.02 | 1.04 ± 0.02 | 0.37 |
Usual carea | 59 | 0.02 (0.37) | 1.07 (0.39) | 0.75 | 0.0 ± 0.04 | 0.9 | 0.0 ± 0.04 | 1.06 ± 0.04 | 0.95 |
CCI-all vs. usual careb | − 0.02 (0.05) | 0.66 | − 0.01 ± 0.05 | 0.83 | − 0.02 ± 0.05 | 0.67 | |||
HDL-C (mmol L−1) | |||||||||
CCI-all educationa | 186 | 0.20 (0.31) | 1.29 (0.41) | <10−16 | 0.19 ± 0.02 | <10−16 | 0.2 ± 0.02 | 1.29 ± 0.03 | < 10−16 |
Usual carea | 59 | − 0.04 (0.23) | 0.92 (0.32) | 0.15 | − 0.02 ± 0.04 | 0.69 | − 0.03 ± 0.03 | 0.95 ± 0.04 | 0.41 |
CCI-all vs. usual careb | 0.24 ± 0.04 | 1.7 × 10−10 | 0.2 ± 0.05 | 9.9 × 10−6 | 0.23 ± 0.04 | 1.3 × 10−8 | |||
Triglycerides (mmol L−1) | |||||||||
CCI-all educationa | 186 | − 0.56 (1.9) | 1.71 (1.64) | <10−16 | − 0.56 ± 0.18 | 9.3 × 10−15 | − 0.54 ± 0.14 | 1.67 ± 0.13 | < 10−16 |
Usual carea | 59 | 0.34 (3.40) | 3.7 (5.67) | 0.22 | − 0.35 ± 0.32 | 0.48 | 0.32 ± 0.37 | 3.45 ± 0.55 | 0.43 |
CCI-all vs. usual careb | − 0.9 ± 0.46 | 1.4 × 10−7 | − 0.92 ± 0.38 | 7.5 × 10−6 | − 0.86 ± 0.39 | 9.9 × 10−7 | |||
Total/HDL-cholesterol | |||||||||
CCI-all educationa | 186 | − 0.47 (1.41) | 4.18 (1.71) | 4.1 × 10−6 | − 0.45 ± 0.16 | 0.005 | − 0.53 ± 0.12 | 4.19 ± 0.13 | 1.7 × 10−5 |
Usual carea | 59 | 0.52 (3.45) | 5.96 (4.27) | 0.24 | 0.44 ± 0.29 | 0.13 | 0.42 ± 0.36 | 5.73 ± 0.43 | 0.24 |
CCI-all vs. usual careb | − 1.00 ± 0.46 | 0.03 | − 0.89 ± 0.33 | 0.008 | − 0.95 ± 0.38 | 0.01 | |||
hsC−reactive protein (nmol L−1) | |||||||||
CCI-all educationa | 193 | − 31.71 (127.15) | 53.81 (67.24) | <10−8 | − 29.43 ± 9.14 | <10−16 | − 34.29 ± 10.0 | 52.86 ± 5.24 | < 10−16 |
Usual carea | 70 | 12.48 (126.86) | 99.43 (139.91) | 0.94 | 8.48 ± 16.1 | 0.88 | 12.48 ± 14.1 | 97.72 ± 14.76 | 0.93 |
CCI-all vs. usual careb | − 44.29 (17.14) | 1.2 × 10−6 | − 37.91 ± 18.55 | 3.0 × 10−5 | − 46.76 ± 17.24 | 9.3 × 10−7 | |||
ALT (µkat L−1) | |||||||||
CCI-all educationa | 201 | − 0.16 (0.4) | 0.36 (0.19) | 9.5 × 10−9 | − 0.16 ± 0.03 | 9.4 × 10−10 | − 0.15 ± 0.02 | 0.36 ± 0.01 | 2.4 × 10−10 |
Usual carea | 71 | 0.01 (0.28) | 0.47 (0.34) | 0.67 | 0.02 ± 0.05 | 0.67 | 0.01 ± 0.03 | 0.47 ± 0.04 | 0.77 |
CCI-all vs. usual careb | − 0.18 (0.04) | 5.1 × 10−5 | − 0.18 ± 0.05 | 0.0009 | − 0.16 ± 0.04 | 4.6 × 10−5 | |||
AST (µkat L−1) | |||||||||
CCI-all educationa | 201 | − 0.09 (0.27) | 0.32 (0.11) | 2.8 × 10−6 | − 0.09 ± 0.02 | 1.3 × 10−5 | − 0.08 ± 0.02 | 0.32 ± 0.01 | 5.1 × 10−7 |
Usual carea | 71 | 0.01 (0.32) | 0.4 (0.27) | 0.79 | 0.01 ± 0.04 | 0.69 | 0.01 ± 0.03 | 0.41 ± 0.03 | 0.72 |
CCI-all vs. usual careb | − 0.1 (0.04) | 0.02 | − 0.1 ± 0.04 | 0.02 | − 0.09 ± 0.04 | 0.01 | |||
Alkaline phosphatase (µkat L−1) | |||||||||
CCI-all educationa | 200 | − 0.16 (0.24) | 1.07 (0.35) | <10−8 | − 0.17 ± 0.02 | <10−16 | − 0.16 ± 0.02 | 1.08 ± 0.02 | < 10−16 |
Usual carea | 71 | 0.0 (0.22) | 1.31 (0.45) | 0.94 | 0.02 ± 0.03 | 0.61 | 0.01 ± 0.03 | 1.3 ± 0.05 | 0.67 |
CCI-all vs. usual careb | − 0.17 (0.03) | 6.3 × 10−8 | − 0.18 ± 0.03 | 1.4 × 10−7 | − 0.17 ± 0.03 | 3.1 × 10−8 | |||
Serum creatinine (µmol L−1) | |||||||||
CCI-all educationa | 202 | − 3.54 (14.14) | 73.37 (18.56) | 0.0001 | − 3.54 ± 0.88 | 0.001 | − 3.54 ± 0.88 | 74.26 ± 0.88 | 0.0001 |
Usual carea | 71 | − 0.88 (18.56) | 77.79 (18.56) | 0.56 | − 2.65 ± 1.77 | 0.15 | − 1.77 ± 1.77 | 78.68 ± 1.77 | 0.29 |
CCI-all vs. usual careb | − 2.65 ± 2.65 | 0.32 | − 0.88 ± 2.65 | 0.73 | − 1.77 ± 2.65 | 0.49 | |||
BUN (mmol L−1) | |||||||||
CCI-all educationa | 202 | 0.76 (2.49) | 6.82 (2.78) | 1.5 × 10−5 | 0.75 ± 0.17 | 1.6 × 10−5 | 0.79 ± 0.17 | 6.81 ± 0.19 | 5.5 × 10−6 |
Usual carea | 71 | 0.07 (2.15) | 5.66 (2.11) | 0.78 | 0.06 ± 0.3 | 0.85 | − 0.01 ± 0.27 | 5.72 ± 0.26 | 0.97 |
CCI-all vs. usual careb | 0.69 (0.29) | 0.03 | 0.69 (0.32) | 0.05 | 0.8 ± 0.32 | 0.01 | |||
eGFR (mL s−1 m−2) | |||||||||
CCI-all educationa | 202 | 0.03 (0.15) | 1.38 (0.2) | 0.003 | 0.03 ± 0.01 | 0.009 | 0.03 ± 0.01 | 1.38 ± 0.01 | 0.005 |
Usual carea | 71 | 0.01 (0.19) | 1.34 (0.22) | 0.51 | 0.02 ± 0.02 | 0.36 | 0.01 ± 0.02 | 1.34 ± 0.02 | 0.48 |
CCI-all vs. usual careb | 0.03 ± 0.02 | 0.28 | 0.01 ± 0.02 | 0.61 | 0.02 ± 0.02 | 0.51 | |||
Anion gap (mmol L−1) | |||||||||
CCI-all educationa | 201 | 0.29 (2.02) | 7.08 (1.75) | 0.04 | 0.28 ± 0.15 | 0.06 | 0.28 ± 0.14 | 7.13 ± 0.12 | 0.04 |
Usual carea | 71 | 0.83 (2.44) | 7.75 (1.97) | 0.004 | 0.84 ± 0.26 | 0.001 | 0.81 ± 0.26 | 7.75 ± 0.22 | 0.002 |
CCI-all vs. usual careb | − 0.54 (0.3) | 0.09 | − 0.56 ± 0.31 | 0.07 | − 0.53 ± 0.3 | 0.08 | |||
CO2 (mmol L−1) | |||||||||
CCI-all educationa | 202 | 0.12 (2.26) | 28.06 (2.29) | 0.45 | 0.16 ± 0.18 | 0.38 | 0.18 ± 0.16 | 27.94 ± 0.16 | 0.27 |
Usual carea | 71 | 0.17 (2.97) | 28.23 (2.58) | 0.63 | − 0.2 ± 0.3 | 0.51 | 0.04 ± 0.33 | 28.12 ± 0.29 | 0.9 |
CCI-all vs. usual careb | − 0.05 (0.3) | 0.9 | 0.36 ± 0.36 | 0.32 | 0.14 ± 0.37 | 0.71 | |||
Uric acid (µmol L−1) | |||||||||
CCI-all educationa | 202 | 0.59 (70.79) | 349.18 (91.01) | 0.91 | 1.78 ± 4.76 | 0.72 | 1.78 ± 4.76 | 349.77 ± 5.95 | 0.67 |
Usual carea | 71 | − 10.71 (64.24) | 320.03 (85.06) | 0.15 | − 16.66 ± 8.92 | 0.06 | − 11.9 ± 7.73 | 322.41 ± 10.11 | 0.13 |
CCI-all vs. usual careb | 11.3 ± 8.92 | 0.21 | 18.44 ± 10.11 | 0.07 | 13.68 ± 8.92 | 0.13 | |||
TSH (mIU L−1) | |||||||||
CCI-all educationa | 200 | − 0.41 (1.62) | 1.9 (1.1) | 0.0004 | − 0.4 ± 0.11 | 0.0002 | − 0.42 ± 0.1 | 1.91 ± 0.08 | 5.3 × 10−5 |
Usual carea | 70 | − 0.09 (0.99) | 2.01 (0.99) | 0.47 | − 0.09 ± 0.19 | 0.64 | 0.0 ± 0.12 | 1.96 ± 0.12 | 0.98 |
CCI-all vs. usual careb | − 0.33 ± 0.16 | 0.05 | − 0.31 ± 0.22 | 0.15 | − 0.42 ± 0.16 | 0.01 | |||
Free T4 (pmol L−1) | |||||||||
CCI-all educationa | 202 | 0.13 (2.32) | 11.97 (2.45) | 0.7 | 0.0 ± 0.26 | 0.83 | 0.13 ± 0.13 | 11.97 ± 0.13 | 0.58 |
Usual carea | 71 | 0.26 (4.25) | 11.58 (2.83) | 0.7 | 0.26 ± 0.39 | 0.48 | 0.26 ± 0.39 | 11.46 ± 0.26 | 0.61 |
CCI-all vs. usual careb | − 0.13 (0.0) | 0.8 | − 0.26 ± 0.39 | 0.43 | − 0.13 ± 0.51 | 0.78 | |||
Any diabetes medication, e × cluding metformin (%) | |||||||||
CCI-all educationa | 218 | − 27.52 (49.65) | 27.98 ± 3.05 | 2.2 × 10−16 | − 27.66 ± 3.21 | <10−16 | − 27.19 ± 3.14 | 29.68 ± 2.94 | < 10−16 |
Usual carea | 78 | 6.85 (34.68) | 75.34 ± 5.08 | 0.09 | 7.54 ± 5.87 | 0.2 | 5.99 ± 4.31 | 72.66 ± 5.0 | 0.09 |
CCI-all vs. usual careb | − 34.37 ± 5.27 | 7.0 × 10−11 | − 35.36 ± 6.83 | 2.3 × 10−7 | − 33.19 ± 5.34 | 9.0 × 10−9 | |||
Sulfonylurea (%) | |||||||||
CCI-all educationa | 218 | − 24.31 (43.0) | 0.0 ± 0.0 | <10−16 | − 24.23 ± 2.86 | <10−16 | − 23.67 ± 2.7 | 0.0 ± 0.0 | < 10−16 |
Usual carea | 78 | 2.74 (37.17) | 26.02 ± 5.17 | 0.53 | 2.56 ± 5.24 | 0.63 | 1.91 ± 4.23 | 26.02 ± 5.17 | 0.65 |
CCI-all vs. usual careb | − 27.05 ± 5.23 | 2.4 × 10−7 | − 26.85 ± 6.07 | 9.7 × 10−6 | − 25.58 ± 5.02 | 3.3 × 10−7 | |||
Insulin (%) | |||||||||
CCI-all educationa | 218 | − 13.3 (35.37) | 15.14 ± 2.43 | 2.8 × 10−8 | − 15.5 ± 2.0 | 9.3 × 10−15 | − 13.03 ± 2.22 | 16.74 ± 2.4 | 4.3 × 10−9 |
Usual carea | 78 | 1.37 (31.15) | 52.05 ± 5.89 | 0.71 | 8.46 ± 3.65 | 0.02 | 3.17 ± 3.68 | 49.18 ± 5.45 | 0.39 |
CCI-all vs. usual careb | − 14.67 ± 4.36 | 0.0008 | − 23.89 ± 4.24 | 1.8 × 10−8 | − 16.19 ± 4.3 | 0.0002 | |||
Thiazolidinedione (%) | |||||||||
CCI-all educationa | 218 | − 1.38 (15.12) | 0.46 ± 0.46 | 0.18 | − 1.47 ± 0.9 | 0.1 | − 1.1 ± 0.91 | 0.42 ± 0.49 | 0.23 |
Usual carea | 78 | 0.0 (0.0) | 1.37 ± 1.37 | 0.26 ± 1.64 | 0.87 | 0.22 ± 0.51 | 1.27 ± 1.26 | 0.67 | |
CCI-all vs. usual careb | − 1.38 ± 1.02 | 0.18 | − 1.78 ± 1.91 | 0.35 | − 1.31 ± 1.04 | 0.21 | |||
SGLT−2 (%) | |||||||||
CCI-all educationa | 218 | − 9.63 (29.57) | 0.92 ± 0.65 | 1.5 × 10-6 | − 9.96 ± 2.04 | 1.1 × 10−6 | − 9.26 ± 1.88 | 0.92 ± 1.88 | 9.0 × 10−7 |
Usual carea | 78 | 0.0 (28.87) | 15.07 ± 4.22 | 1 | 1.13 ± 3.72 | 0.76 | 0.87 ± 3.17 | 15.07 ± 4.21 | 0.78 |
CCI-all vs. usual careb | − 9.63 ± 3.93 | 0.01 | − 11.0 ± 4.32 | 0.01 | − 10.13 ± 3.69 | 0.006 | |||
DPP−4 (%) | |||||||||
CCI-all educationa | 218 | − 3.67 (34.42) | 6.42 ± 1.66 | 0.12 | − 3.69 ± 2.21 | 0.09 | − 3.52 ± 2.21 | 6.29 ± 1.66 | 0.11 |
Usual carea | 78 | 2.74 (23.41) | 10.96 ± 3.68 | 0.32 | 2.97 ± 4.05 | 0.46 | 2.64 ± 2.92 | 10.74 ± 3.51 | 0.37 |
CCI-all vs. usual careb | − 6.41 ± 3.6 | 0.07 | − 6.64 ± 4.7 | 0.16 | − 6.16 ± 3.66 | 0.09 | |||
GLP−1 (%) | |||||||||
CCI-all educationa | 218 | 0.92 (34.6) | 13.76 ± 2.34 | 0.7 | 1.15 ± 2.31 | 0.62 | 0.98 ± 2.3 | 14.4 ± 2.29 | 0.67 |
Usual carea | 78 | 2.74 (33.22) | 19.18 ± 4.64 | 0.48 | 2.09 ± 4.23 | 0.62 | 2.94 ± 3.84 | 17.02 ± 4.39 | 0.44 |
CCI-all vs. usual careb | − 1.82 ± 4.54 | 0.69 | − 0.99 ± 4.91 | 0.84 | − 1.96 ± 4.48 | 0.66 | |||
Metformin (%) | |||||||||
CCI-all educationa | 218 | − 7.34 (46.45) | 64.22 ± 3.25 | 0.02 | − 7.14 ± 3.0 | 0.02 | − 6.34 ± 3.06 | 65.18 ± 3.14 | 0.04 |
Usual carea | 78 | 0.0 (37.27) | 61.64 ± 5.73 | 1 | 0.83 ± 5.5 | 0.88 | − 0.08 ± 4.55 | 60.67 ± 5.61 | 0.99 |
CCI-all vs. usual careb | − 7.34 ± 5.38 | 0.17 | − 7.95 ± 6.38 | 0.21 | − 6.26 ± 5.48 | 0.25 |