Background
Multiple sclerosis (MS), a chronic, auto-immune disease of the central nervous system (CNS), is characterised by inflammation, demyelination and axonal/neuronal destruction, which may lead to residual disability [
1,
2]. Approximately 2.5 million people worldwide are affected with MS [
3]. The prevalence of MS is increasing in the Middle Eastern countries, probably due to the influence of lifestyle changes from Western countries and environmental and genetic factors [
4,
5]. The overall prevalence of MS in this region is 51.52/100000, with the female/male ratio ranging from 0.8 to 4.3 and an overall mean age at disease onset of 28.54 years [
4].
Several disease-modifying treatments (DMTs) exist for MS, i.e. drugs that have the potential to modify or change the course of MS by acting on its underlying pathophysiology [
6]. Fingolimod (FTY720, Gilenya®) is a first-in-class, oral sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) receptor immunomodulator that acts as a functional antagonist by internalising activated receptors [
7].
Fingolimod has been approved in several countries for treatment of patients with relapsing forms of MS. The three large Phase 3 clinical trials of fingolimod—FREEDOMS [
8], FREEDOMS II [
9] and TRANSFORMS [
10]—showed a significant reduction in relapse rate, magnetic resonance imaging-related lesion counts and brain volume loss vs. placebo and interferon β-1a in patients with relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS). These effects were sustained in the respective extension studies [
11,
12], as reflected by low levels of MS disease activity and disability progression. Moreover, several observational studies reported that treatment with fingolimod showed improvement in patients’ quality of life (QoL) and satisfaction [
13‐
20].
The safety and efficacy of fingolimod in MS patients have been established in clinical development programmes [
8‐
12] as well as in a few non-interventional observational studies [
21‐
26].
It is essential to assess the health-related QoL (HRQoL) outcome in patients with MS and evaluate the impact of treatments and care management in these patients. In 2008, Simeoni and colleagues developed the MS International QoL (MusiQoL) specifically to account for patients’ viewpoint on the impact of disease on their daily life and assess patient-reported HRQoL [
27], which has been globally accepted by physicians. The importance of HRQoL outcome in the management of patients with MS using MusiQoL was also emphasised and recommended by the Middle East MS Advisory Group as part of routine care [
28]. However, evidence on the use of fingolimod in real-world clinical practice in countries such as the Middle East is limited, and data are sparse on patient-reported HRQoL, particularly using the MS-specific MusiQoL questionnaire.
The present Prospective Evaluation of Treatment with Fingolimod for Multiple Sclerosis (PERFORMS) non-interventional study was conducted to assess the HRQoL of RRMS patients and expand the knowledge of fingolimod effectiveness and safety in real-world clinical practice, primarily in the Middle Eastern countries. The objectives of the present study were to explore the effect of fingolimod on patients’ HRQoL in relation to other DMTs, assess the effectiveness of fingolimod in relation to other DMTs, assess the incidence of selected safety outcomes, describe the overall safety profile of fingolimod and describe physicians’ impression of treatment with fingolimod in routine clinical practice.
Methods
Patient population
Men and women aged ≥18 years who were diagnosed with RRMS and were started on MS therapy with fingolimod or other approved DMTs within 4 weeks prior to study entry and who provided written informed consent were included in the study. The MS therapy was part of the patients’ routine medical care and was prescribed in compliance with the local prescribing information. In countries where fingolimod was approved as a second-line therapy, only patients who had switched from MS treatment to either fingolimod or other DMTs within 4 weeks prior to study entry were included.
Patients with contraindications mentioned in the local prescribing information for the treatment were not included in the study.
Study design
This was a 12-month, observational, multicentre, prospective-cohort, real-world study. The study was conducted in 27 outpatient centres across Egypt, Israel, Kuwait, Lebanon, United Arab Emirates, Saudi Arabia and Thailand from March 2012 to January 2015. Patients with RRMS were enrolled at a ratio of 2:1 (fingolimod:other DMTs) to obtain more data on fingolimod (hereafter, fingolimod cohort refers to patients taking fingolimod at study entry), while additionally obtaining data in a parallel cohort (hereafter, other DMTs cohort refers to patients taking another MS DMT at study entry). This ratio was controlled primarily at the investigator site level and secondarily at the country level. The choice of MS treatment was made within the context of the patient’s routine medical care and independent of the decision to include the patient in the study.
Data collected for the study originated from the routine care of patients and were recorded by physicians at study entry (baseline) and at Months 3, 6 and 12. Completion of the MusiQoL questionnaire by patients and the Clinical Global Impression-Improvement scale (CGI-I) by physicians were the only study-specific requirements. No additional visits or diagnostic or monitoring procedures were mandated by the protocol. Due to the observational nature of the study, no neuroimaging assessments were mandated and central reading was not performed.
Study outcomes and endpoints
Safety
Safety assessments consisted of collecting all AEs and serious AEs (SAEs) and assessing their severity and relationship to the study drug. Clinically significant abnormalities in haematology and clinical chemistry were reported. The proportion of patients with AEs, SAEs, AEs leading to treatment discontinuation and selected AEs (such as symptomatic bradyarrhythmia, macular oedema, increase in liver enzymes and infections) by Month 12/EOS were reported. Ophthalmic examinations were performed at each time point, including the presence of macular oedema and the assessment of visual acuity for both eyes.
First-dose monitoring of fingolimod included haemodynamic assessments at several pre- and post-dose time points: sitting pulse (beats per minute, continuous variable) and blood pressure (mm Hg, continuous variable) per usual clinical practice. Additionally, any new incidence of bradycardia, new or worsening electrocardiography findings and the need for concomitant treatment were monitored at first fingolimod dose for the fingolimod cohort.
Statistical analysis
The target sample size of 246 patients, with a 2:1 ratio (fingolimod:other DMTs), was determined empirically. All effectiveness outcomes were determined on the full analysis set (FAS), defined as patients who were assigned to either the fingolimod or the other DMTs cohort at baseline and remained in the same cohort (MOI) throughout the study as well as patients who switched cohort or discontinued the MOI but remained in the study up to Month 12. All the safety analyses were performed on the safety set, defined as the set of patients included in the analyses and who used fingolimod or other DMTs for at least 1 day and at any time during the study. The safety set considered patients who switched from their original cohort (from ‘fingolimod’ to ‘other DMTs’ or vice versa) during the study. The MOI was defined as the MS DMT initiated prior to study entry (baseline) or within a month prior to baseline.
The statistics were summarised descriptively in the study, except for the few comparisons performed in the two cohorts separately (no comparisons between cohorts). The mean MusiQoL (for each dimension and for the index score) and EDSS scores at Months 6 and 12/EOS vs. baseline were analysed using paired t-tests, providing 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of the mean difference and the
p value for the test. The mean change in MusiQoL was calculated from baseline to Months 6 and 12/EOS. The proportion of patients with at least one MS relapse during the study vs. 0–12 months before study was analysed using a McNemar test for repeated measures. The time to first relapse was computed to provide Kaplan-Meier estimates. Missing data on drug discontinuation date and drug initiation date were imputed using the next drug initiation date and preceding drug date, respectively. Missing data in the self-reported MusiQoL were imputed as suggested by Simeoni and colleagues in 2008 [
27]. To minimise the risk of self-selection bias, participating physicians were encouraged to enrol patients in both cohorts in a consecutive manner during a regular visit.
Ethical and good clinical practice
The study protocol and amendment were approved by the Independent Ethics Committees and Institutional Review Boards for each centre per local regulations. All patients provided written informed consent before study entry. The study was conducted in compliance with the ethical principles of the Declaration of Helsinki and the International Conference on Harmonization Good Clinical Practice Guidelines [
34].
Discussion
The present observational PERFORMS study explored the real-world experience of fingolimod treatment in patients with RRMS in Middle Eastern countries. The study reported that QoL was maintained over 12 months in patients with RRMS in the fingolimod cohort. Fingolimod was effective in reducing the relapse rate and disability progression. The results from this real-world study are consistent with the efficacy and safety profile of fingolimod established in clinical trials [
8‐
12].
Considering the observational nature of the study, no formal statistical comparison was performed; however, patients’ sociodemographics, such as distribution of age, gender and race, were similar in both cohorts. These characteristics were comparable to those of patients with RRMS in the previous observational study in Kuwait [
35] and also consistent with characteristic of patients included in the large randomised FREEDOMS, FREEDOMS II and TRANSFORMS studies [
8‐
12].
In terms of disease history, the mean duration since MS diagnosis was longer in the fingolimod cohort than in the other DMTs cohort at baseline. This was further reflected with the fact that ~50% of the fingolimod cohort had the first MS symptoms >5 years prior to study start, as opposed to the other DMTs cohort, where 50% of patients had the first diagnosis <15 months prior to study start. In addition, the percentage of patients switching from prior natalizumab to fingolimod treatment was high at study entry. Moreover, the mean baseline EDSS scores were higher and treatment-naïve patients were fewer in the fingolimod cohort compared with the other DMTs cohort. Patients included in the fingolimod cohort were thus more ‘chronic’ and had more ‘residual disability’ than those in the other DMTs cohort. Such imbalances in baseline characteristics between treatment groups are common in open-label, observational studies. It was reported that baseline EDSS scores significantly impact the treatment response with the DMTs in patients with RRMS [
36]. These differences in baseline characteristics between groups, in particular the EDSS score, might have led to comparable effectiveness results between fingolimod and other DMTs cohorts in this study.
The overall MusiQoL index score was high in both cohorts during the study. In the fingolimod cohort, two dimensions showed significant improvement during the study: ‘activity of daily living’ and ‘psychological well-being’. However, these two dimensions were also the ones with the lowest scores at baseline, and the subsequent improvement in scores may actually reflect a regression to the mean effect [
37]. The overall MusiQoL index score of 64.4 at EOS in the fingolimod cohort was in line with the previously presented 6-month interim analysis from the real-world VIRGILE study in France, where median MusiQoL scores ranged from 62.4 to 65.7 [
13]. As observed in several observational studies using different questionnaires [
13‐
20], the overall HRQoL with fingolimod remained stable over 12 months in the present study. In the other DMTs cohort, the ‘relationship with the healthcare system’ dimension significantly improved throughout the study period. The global HRQoL index showed no improvement.
In the study, overall, treating physicians considered that the clinical impression of 88.5% of fingolimod-treated patients either improved or had not changed. This is consistent with results observed in the 6-month open-label Evaluate Patient Outcomes, Safety, and Tolerability of Fingolimod (EPOC) study, where CGI-I scores were significantly lower in the fingolimod cohort vs. standard-of-care DMT cohort (3.2 vs. 3.9, respectively;
p < 0.0001), indicating a greater perceived improvement [
19].
In the fingolimod cohort, 31 (18.0%) patients experienced at least one relapse during the study. This result was in line with the 12-month randomised double-blind TRANSFORMS study reporting that ~20.0% of patients had at least one relapse [
10], but was higher than the previously reported retrospective study using the US Claims Database where only ~13.0% of patients had at least one relapse over 360 days of treatment in the fingolimod group [
21]. In this retrospective study, only 33% of patients had MS relapse within 1 year before study entry when switched from interferons to the fingolimod cohort at baseline [
21], whereas the majority of the patients (70.9%) included in the current study had experienced at least one relapse within 1 year before study (mean duration since last relapse: 9 months). The results of the study therefore need to be evaluated with caution considering the patient population and disease history at baseline in the fingolimod cohort.
The proportion of relapse-free patients reported in the study (80.2%) was in line with the 12-month TRANSFORMS (82.5%) [
10] and the multicentre post-marketing real-world study (88.1%) by Totaro and colleagues [
25] in patients with RRMS. This finding was higher than those in large randomised studies in patients with RRMS: 24-month FREEDOMS—70.4% [
8] and FREEDOMS II—71.5% [
9].
According to the EDSS measure, 86.5% of the patients were free from any disability progression in the fingolimod cohort at the EOS, which was lower than that in the randomised controlled TRANSFORMS study, wherein 93.3% of patients (95% CI, 90.9%–95.8%) had no disability progression [
10]. The proportion of patients free from disability progression in the present study was in line with the 24-month randomised FREEDOMS [
8] and FREEDOMS II [
9] studies as well as the 3-year interim analysis of the 5-year PANGAEA registry records data from Germany [
24].
There were no new safety concerns during fingolimod first-dose monitoring. During the study, a total of three cases of symptomatic/treated bradycardia and no cases of bradyarrhythmia were reported. These are known class effects and have been noticed to resolve without therapeutic intervention in other clinical trials [
38,
39]. In the current study, no case of macular oedema, which is an identified risk with fingolimod treatment [
40], was reported in the fingolimod cohort.
The number of patients reporting a decrease in lymphocyte counts, which is a known pharmacodynamic therapeutic effect of fingolimod, was low (5.1%) in the fingolimod cohort and comparable to that in earlier safety reports [
41,
42]. Of note, reductions in lymphocyte counts with fingolimod in the present study did not show an increase in the risk of infections and was consistent with the data reported earlier in clinical studies as well as in the post-marketing setting [
41]. Safety results reported in the study were in line with integrated safety analysis [
41] and long-term studies [
42], reporting no increased risk of infections, malignancies or serious cardiovascular events with fingolimod.
Owing to the observational, non-blinded and non-randomised nature of the study, different biases could have obscured any true causal association. Systemic differences between treatments may exist, influenced by decisions of the treating physicians who assigned patients to different drugs based on disease severity, disease duration, presence of co-morbidities and other confounding factors (i.e. associated with the choice of treatment and treatment outcome). These differences, due to an indication/channelling bias [
43], can confound the association between treatment and treatment outcome. Patients with a longer progression of the disease or patients refractory to other DMTs were more likely to receive fingolimod, which might have resulted in the underestimation of the effectiveness of fingolimod. Although the QoL was self-reported by the patients, the MusiQoL questionnaires were transcribed by the physician or the study staff, which might have resulted in the risk of information bias.
As PERFORMS was a real-world, observational study, no neuroimaging assessments were mandated and magnetic resonance imaging read outs were not evaluated via a central reading facility. Therefore, neuroimaging findings were not considered as an outcome to be assessed.
Acknowledgements
The article processing charges for this publication were funded by Novartis Pharma AG. All named authors meet the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE) criteria for authorship for this manuscript, take responsibility for the integrity of the work as a whole, and have given final approval to the version to be published. All authors are responsible for intellectual content and data accuracy. The authors acknowledge the patients, investigators and staff at participating sites for supporting the conduct of the study. The authors thank Shelley DiTommaso (Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland) for her contribution to reviewing the study protocol and manuscript outline. We thank Anuja Shah and Rahul Birari (both Novartis Healthcare Pvt. Ltd., Hyderabad, India) for manuscript preparation and for incorporating and collating the comments from the authors and editorial assistance.