Background
Methods
Patients
Questionnaire
Physical and biochemical measurements
Statistical analysis
Results
Baseline characteristics of participants
Total | Male | Female |
p-value*
| |
---|---|---|---|---|
N=500 | n=268 | n=232 | ||
Age
a, years | 46.5 (10.8) | 46.7 (10.8) | 46.2 (10.8) | 0.432 |
BMI
a, kg/m2
| 23.5 (3.4) | 24.5 (3.5) | 22.3 (2.9) | <0.001 |
Obesity (BMI≥25)b
| 144 (28.8) | 107 (39.9) | 37 (15.9) | <0.001 |
Overweight (BMI ≥23)b
| 269 (53.8) | 190 (70.9) | 79 (34.1) | <0.001 |
Regular medication
b
| 83 (16.6) | 50 (18.7) | 33 (14.2) | 0.188 |
Anti-hypertensive drug | 69 (13.8) | 42 (15.7) | 27 (11.7) | 0.242 |
Oral hypoglycemic agent | 9 (1.8) | 7 (2.6) | 2 (0.9) | 0.186 |
Anti-hypercholesterolemic drug | 13 (2.6) | 7 (2.6) | 6 (2.6) | 1.000 |
Ultrasonography
b
| ||||
Fatty liver | 46 (9.2) | 37 (13.8) | 9 (3.9) | <0.001 |
Liver function tests
a
| ||||
Total cholesterol, mg/dL | 198.4 (35.2) | 201.6 (33.9) | 194.9 (36.3) | 0.030 |
Total protein, g/dL | 7.11 (0.37) | 7.11 (0.36) | 7.11 (0.39) | 0.970 |
Albumin, g/dL | 4.44 (0.24) | 4.50 (0.24) | 3.38 (0.22) | <0.001 |
Total bilirubin, mg/dL | 1.07 (0.41) | 1.17 (0.38) | 0.96 (0.41) | <0.001 |
ALP, IU/L | 63.2 (18.6) | 65.3 (15.9) | 60.8 (21.1) | 0.008 |
AST, IU/L | 24.3 (12.4) | 25.8 (11.8) | 22.6 (12.8) | 0.005 |
ALT, IU/L | 25.8 (18.0) | 30.7 (18.0) | 20.1 (16.3) | <0.001 |
GGT, IU/L | 35.3 (39.4) | 46.0 (35.7) | 33.9 (39.9) | <0.001 |
Ln(GGT) | 3.25 (0.72) | 3.60 (0.64) | 2.83 (0.58) | <0.001 |
Coffee
| ||||
Drinking history
b
| ||||
None drinker | 38 (7.6) | 19 (7.1) | 19 (8.2) | 0.525†
|
Past drinker, quitted | 19 (3.8) | 9 (3.4) | 10 (4.3) | |
Current drinker | 443 (88.6) | 240 (89.6) | 203 (87.5) | |
Type of coffee
b
| ||||
Instant | 289 (57.8) | 164 (61.2) | 125 (53.9) | 0.084†
|
Brewed | 40 (8.0) | 21 (7.8) | 19 (8.2) | |
Instant and brewed (mixed) | 66 (13.2) | 33 (12.3) | 33 (14.2) | |
Others | 105 (21.0) | 50 (18.7) | 55 (23.7) | |
Daily amount of coffee consumption (cups/day)
b
| ||||
0 | 43 (8.6) | 22 (8.2) | 21 (9.1) | 0.001†
|
<1 | 109 (21.8) | 51 (19.0) | 58 (25.0) | |
1-2 | 229 (45.6) | 108 (40.3) | 120 (51.7) | |
≥ 3 | 120 (24.0) | 87 (32.5) | 33 (14.2) | |
Smoking
| ||||
History
b
| ||||
None smoker | 262 (53.3) | 50 (18.7) | 212 (94.2) | <0.001†
|
Past smoker, quitted | 111 (22.6) | 109 (40.8) | 2 (0.9) | |
Current smoker | 119 (24.2) | 108 (40.4) | 11 (4.9) | |
Daily smoking amount (packs/day)
b
| n=473 | n=249 | n=224 | |
No | 262 (55.4) | 50 (20.1) | 212 (94.6) | <0.001†
|
<0.5 | 76 (16.1) | 66 (26.5) | 10 (4.5) | |
0.5-1 | 96 (20.3) | 94 (37.8) | 2 (0.9) | |
> 1 | 39 (8.2) | 39 (15.7) | 0 (0.0) | |
Alcohol
| ||||
Drinking history
b
| ||||
None drinker | 173 (34.6) | 32 (11.9) | 141 (60.8) | <0.001†
|
Past drinker, quitted | 19 (3.8) | 13 (4.9) | 6 (2.6) | |
Current drinker | 308 (61.6) | 223 (83.2) | 85 (36.6) | |
Daily amount of alcohol consumption
b
| ||||
No | 180 (36.0) | 34 (12.7) | 146 (62.9) | <0.001†
|
Not heavy (< 60g/day for male, <20g/day for female) | 290 (58.0) | 213 (79.5) | 77 (33.2) | |
Heavy (≥ 60 g/day for male, ≥20 g/day for female) | 30 (6.0) | 21 (7.8) | 9 (3.9) | |
Duration of drinking
b
| ||||
≥ 10 years | 236 (49.4) | 203 (76.0) | 43 (18.6) | <0.001 |
Daily coffee drinking amount | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
No | Mild | Moderate | Heavy | ||
0 cup/day | <1 cup/day | 1-2 cup/day | ≥3 cup/day | ||
n=43 | n=109 | n=228 | n=120 |
p-value | |
Age
a, years | 48.5 (12.7) | 44.6 (12.3) | 47.4 (9.7) | 45.7 (10.3) | 0.077 |
Male
b
| 22 (51.2) | 51 (46.8) | 108 (47.4) | 87 (72.5) | 0.001 |
BMI
a
| 23.2 (2.8) | 23.4 (3.1) | 23.1 (3.1) | 24.2 (4.0) | 0.035 |
Obesity (BMI≥25 kg/m2)b
| 11 (25.6) | 26 (23.9) | 63 (27.6) | 44 (36.7) | 0.152 |
Regular medication
b
| 8 (18.6) | 20 (18.3) | 39 (17.1) | 16 (13.3) | 0.305 |
Anti-hypertensive drug | 7 (16.3) | 19 (17.4) | 29 (12.8) | 14 (11.7) | 0.206 |
Oral hypoglycemic agent | 2 (4.7) | 1 (0.9) | 5 (2.2) | 1 (0.8) | 0.313 |
Anti-dyslipidemic drug | 1 (2.3) | 4 (3.7) | 7 (3.1) | 1 (0.8) | 0.332 |
Ultrasonography
| |||||
Fatty liverb
| 2 (4.7) | 13 (11.9) | 17 (7.5) | 14 (11.8) | 0.480 |
Alcohol
| |||||
Drinking history
b
| |||||
None drinker | 22 (51.2) | 37 (33.9) | 81 (35.5) | 33 (27.5) | 0.007†
|
Past drinker, quitted | 3 (7.0) | 7 (6.4) | 5 (2.2) | 4 (3.3) | |
Current drinker | 18 (41.9) | 65 (59.6) | 142 (62.3) | 83 (69.2) | |
Daily amount of alcohol consumption
b
| 15.9 (40.9) | 11.1 (19.9) | 14.0 (34.9) | 16.0 (27.1) | 0.649 |
No | 22 (51.2) | 40 (36.7) | 83 (36.4) | 35 (29.2) | 0.086†
|
Not heavy (< 60g/day for male, <20g/day for female) | 17 (39.5) | 63 (57.8) | 131 (57.5) | 79 (65.8) | |
Heavy (≥ 60 g/day for male, ≥20 g/day for female) | 4 (9.3) | 6 (5.5) | 14 (6.1) | 6 (5.0) | |
Duration of drinking
b
| n=43 | n=106 | n=227 | n=116 | |
≥ 10 years | 17 (39.5) | 41 (38.7) | 119 (52.4) | 71 (61.2) | 0.001 |
Lifetime amount (x10
3
g)
b
| n=43 | n=106 | n=227 | n=118 | |
Never | 22 (51.2) | 38 (35.8) | 80 (35.2) | 33 (28.0) | 0.033†
|
Mild(<100 x103 g for male , <35 x103 g for female) | 12 (27.9) | 44 (41.5) | 82 (36.1) | 47 (39.8) | |
Moderate (100–200 x103 g for male, 35–70 x103 g for female) | 1 (2.3) | 7 (6.6) | 19 (8.4) | 13 (11.0) | |
Heavy (≥200 x103 g for male, ≥70 x103 g for female) | 8 (18.6) | 17 (16.0) | 46 (20.3) | 25 (21.2) | |
Smoking
| |||||
History
b
| n=42 | n=107 | n=223 | n=120 | |
None smoker | 28 (66.7) | 72 (67.3) | 131 (58.7) | 31 (25.8) | <0.001†
|
Past smoker, quitted | 10 (23.8) | 16 (15.0) | 53 (23.8) | 32 (26.7) | |
Current smoker | 4 (9.5) | 19 (17.8) | 39 (17.5) | 57 (47.5) | |
Daily smoking amount (packs/day)
b
| n=42 | n=105 | n=213 | n=113 | |
No | 28 (66.7) | 72 (68.6) | 131 (61.5) | 31 (27.4) | <0.001†
|
<0.5 | 7 (16.7) | 13 (12.4) | 33 (15.5) | 23 (20.4) | |
0.5-1 | 4 (9.5) | 16 (15.2) | 34 (16.0) | 42 (37.2) | |
> 1 | 3 (7.1) | 4 (3.8) | 15 (7.0) | 17 (15.0) | |
Lifetime amount (pack-year)
b
| n=39 | n=96 | n=199 | n=99 | |
Never | 28 (71.8) | 72 (75.0) | 131 (65.8) | 31 (31.3) | <0.001†
|
<10 | 5 (12.8) | 12 (12.5) | 27 (13.6) | 15 (15.2) | |
10-20 | 1 (2.6) | 3 (3.1) | 23 (11.6) | 30 (30.3) | |
≥ 20 | 5 (12.8) | 9 (9.4) | 18 (9.0) | 23 (23.2) |
The association between coffee consumption and LFTs
N | Total cholesterol, g/dL | Total protein, g/dL | Albumin, g/dL | Alkaline phosphatase, IU/L | AST, IU/L | ALT, IU/L | Ln(GGT) | Total bilirubin, mg/dL | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Daily coffee drinking amount (cups/day)
|
No
| 43 | 197.5 (38.9) | 7.29 (0.36) | 4.55 (0.25) | 70.2 (23.0) | 24.6 (7.8) | 25.4 (13.1) | 3.22 (0.68) | 1.05 (0.40) |
Mild (<1)
| 109 | 194.4 (30.9) | 7.13 (0.35) | 4.44 (0.26) | 62.5 (15.2) | 27.4 (20.7) | 28.2 (25.9) | 3.18 (0.78) | 1.09 (0.43) | |
Moderate (1–2)
| 228 | 198.2 (36.9) | 7.10 (0.39) | 4.43 (0.22) | 61.9 (19.6) | 23.1 (8.9) | 23.8 (14.8) | 3.20 (0.68) | 1.08 (0.42) | |
Heavy (≥3)
| 120 | 202.8 (33.9) | 7.04 (0.35) | 4.44 (0.23) | 63.7 (17.3) | 23.7 (8.3) | 27.6 (15.9) | 3.40 (0.75) | 1.06 (0.37) | |
p-value |
0.344
|
0.002
|
0.025
|
0.057
|
0.029
|
0.111
|
0.051
|
0.888
| ||
Daily smoking amount (pack/day)
|
No
| 262 | 196.2 (36.3) | 7.16 (0.39) | 4.43 (0.23) | 61.4 (20.0) | 22.3 (7.5) | 21.3 (14.3) | 2.93 (0.61) | 1.00 (0.39) |
Mild (<0.5)
| 76 | 200.1 (32.4) | 7.07 (0.37) | 4.48 (0.35) | 62.8 (15.3) | 27.3 (22.7) | 30.2 (22.8) | 3.51 (0.76) | 1.18 (0.45) | |
Moderate (0.5-1)
| 96 | 200.1 (34.7) | 7.03 (0.35) | 4.46 (0.24) | 66.6 (17.1) | 25.5 (10.0) | 31.8 (20.3) | 3.63 (0.65) | 1.15 (0.39) | |
Heavy (>1)
| 39 | 203.5 (30.5) | 7.04 (0.34) | 4.43 (0.20) | 64.0 (15.6) | 25.8 (9.4) | 30.8 (17.9) | 3.82 (0.61) | 1.09 (0.32) | |
p-value | 0.524 | 0.01 | 0.344 | 0.124 | 0.003 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||
Daily drinking amount (g/day)
| No | 180 | 200.5 (34.1) | 7.14 (0.35) | 4.41 (0.22) | 64.9 (21.4) | 24.3 (14.3) | 23.0 (17.3) | 2.93 (0.57) | 0.97 (0.36) |
Not heavy (< 60g/day for male, <20g/day for female) | 290 | 196.7 (35.5) | 7.09 (0.39) | 4.47 (0.24) | 61.9 (15.7) | 23.7 (8.2) | 26.5 (16.7) | 3.36 (0.68) | 1.13 (0.42) | |
Heavy ( ≥ 60 g/day for male, ≥20 g/day for female) | 30 | 203.2 (37.7) | 7.12 (0.38) | 4.43 (0.24) | 65.2 (25.3) | 30.5 (25.7) | 35.6 (28.1) | 4.08 (0.94) | 1.17 (0.45) | |
p-value | 0.394 | 0.369 | 0.03 | 0.198 | 0.016 | 0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
n | Total cholesterol, g/dL | Total protein, g/dL | Albumin, g/dL | Alkaline phosphatase, IU/L | AST, IU/L | ALT, IU/L | Ln(GGT) | Total bilirubin, mg/dL | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1) History of coffee
| |||||||||
None drinker | 37 | 197.0 (184.4, 209.6) | 7.24 (7.11, 7.48) | 4.52 (4.44, 4.60) | 68.7 (62.0, 75.1) | 26.6 (22.2, 30.9) | 28.8 (22.7, 35.0) | 3.51 (3.30, 3.72) | 1.01 (0.87, 1.15) |
Past drinker, quitted | 19 | 189.8 (173.3, 206.4) | 7.20 (7.02, 7.37) | 4.52 (4.42, 4.63) | 72.7 (64.1, 81.3) | 25.8 (20.1, 31.4) | 27.5 (19.4, 35.6) | 3.47 (3.19, 3.75) | 0.99 (0.80, 1.18) |
Current drinker | 436 | 198.9 (192.2, 205.6) | 7.07 (7.00, 7.14) * | 4.42 (4.38, 4.46) * | 63.9 (60.4, 67.4) | 26.6 (24.4, 28.9) | 29.0 (25.7, 32.2) | 3.52 (3.40, 3.63) | 1.08 (1.00, 1.15) |
p for trend
| 492 |
0.528
|
0.003
|
0.003
|
0.042
|
0.898
|
0.879
|
0.859
|
0.221
|
2) Daily amount of coffee consumption (cups/day)
| |||||||||
No | 42 | 195.7 (183.7, 207.7) | 7.26 (7.13, 7.38) | 4.53 (4.45, 4.61) | 70.5 (64.2, 76.7) | 26.5 (22.5, 30.5) | 28.9 (23.1, 34.7) | 3.51 (3.31, 3.71) | 1.02 (0.88, 1.15) |
<1 | 107 | 196.4 (187.5, 205.4) | 7.10 (7.00, 7.20) * | 4.43 (4.37, 4.48) * | 65.5 (60.8, 70.2) | 31.3 (28.3, 34.3)* | 33.2 (28.8, 37.5) | 3.54 (3.39, 3.69) | 1.11 (1.01, 1.21) |
1-2 | 223 | 197.8 (190.3, 205.3) | 7.09 (8.01, 7.17) * | 4.43 (4.38, 4.48) * | 63.7 (59.8, 67.6) * | 25.6 (23.1, 28.1) | 27.8 (24.2, 31.4) | 3.52 (3.40, 3.65) | 1.09 (1.00, 1.18) |
≥3 | 120 | 200.9 (192.4, 209.4) | 7.04 (6.95, 7.13) * | 4.42 (4.37, 4.48) * | 64.1 (59.7, 68.5) * | 25.1 (22.2, 27.9) | 27.7 (23.6, 31.9) | 3.49 (3.35, 3.63) | 1.03 (0.93, 1.13) |
p for trend
| 492 |
0.326
|
0.005
|
0.048
|
0.068
|
0.006
|
0.088
|
0.733
|
0.691
|
3) Duration of coffee drinking (years)
| |||||||||
Never | 37 | 196.6 (184.0, 209.1) | 7.25 (7.11, 7.38) | 4.52 (4.44, 4.60) | 69.1 (62.5, 75.6) | 26.6 (22.3, 30.9) | 28.7 (22.5, 34.8) | 3.50 (3.30, 3.71) | 1.00 (0.87, 1.15) |
<10 | 93 | 191.9 (182.5, 201.3) | 7.06 (6.96, 7.17) * | 4.45 (4.39, 4.51) | 68.2 (63.3, 73.1) | 27.9 (24.7, 31.1) | 28.6 (23.9, 33.2) | 3.43 (3.29, 3.59) | 1.08 (0.97, 1.19) |
11-29 | 299 | 198.9 (192.0, 205.9) | 7.08 (7.00, 7.15) * | 4.43 (4.38, 4.47) * | 63.3 (59.6, 67.0) | 26.6 (24.3, 29.0) | 29.7 (26.3, 33.0) | 3.55 (3.43, 3.66) | 1.07 (0.99, 1.15) |
≥30 | 59 | 203.0 (191.6, 214.3) | 7.11 (6.99, 7.24) | 4.41 (4.33, 4.48) * | 65.3 (59.4, 71.2) | 24.6 (20.7, 28.5) | 25.1 (19.6, 30.7) | 3.45 (3.26, 3.64) | 1.10 (0.97, 1.23) |
p for trend
| 488 |
0.132
|
0.144
|
0.013
|
0.046
|
0.295
|
0.633
|
0.642
|
0.396
|
4) Lifetime amount of coffee consumption (cups)
| |||||||||
0 | 42 | 195.0 (183.1, 207.0) | 7.25 (7.13, 7.38) | 4.53 (4.45, 4.61) | 70.4 (64.2, 76.6) | 26.6 (22.5, 30.6) | 28.9 (23.1, 34.8) | 3.51 (3.30, 3.71) | 1.02 (0.88, 1.15) |
1-10000 | 233 | 194.2 (186.5, 201.9) | 7.12 (7.04, 7.20) * | 4.44 (4.39, 4.49) * | 64.8 (60.8, 68.9) | 29.0 (26.4, 31.6) | 30.7 (27.0, 34.5) | 3.53 (3.40, 3.66) | 1.12 (1.03, 1.21) |
10001-20000 | 139 | 198.5 (190.5, 206.5) | 7.02 (6.93, 7.10) * | 4.40 (4.35, 4.46) * | 62.8 (58.6, 67.0) * | 25.2 (22.5, 28.0) | 27.9 (23.9, 31.8) | 3.50 (3.37, 3.63) | 1.04 (0.95, 1.13) |
>20000 | 78 | 207.3 (196.5, 215.9) | 7.08 (6.98, 7.19) * | 4.44 (4.38, 4.50) * | 65.2 (60.1, 70.3) | 24.4 (21.2, 27.7) | 27.2 (22.4, 31.9) | 3.50 (3.34, 3.66) | 1.05 (0.94, 1.16) |
p for trend
| 492 |
0.029
|
0.005
|
0.046
|
0.155
|
0.015
|
0.18
|
0.737
|
0.428
|
The association between smoking and LFTs
n | Total cholesterol, g/dL | Total protein, g/dL | Albumin, g/dL | Alkaline phosphatase, IU/L | AST, IU/L | ALT, IU/L | Ln(GGT) | Total bilirubin, mg/dL | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1) History of smoking
| |||||||||
None smoker | 262 | 199.3 (192.1, 206.6) | 7.25 (7.18, 7.33) | 4.52 (4.47, 4.56) | 65.2 (61.4, 69.0) | 24.1 (21.7, 26.5) | 26.0 (22.6, 29.5) | 3.35 (3.23, 3.48) | 1.07 (0.99, 1.15) |
Past smoker, quitted | 111 | 196.0 (186.6, 205.4) | 7.17 (7.07, 7.27) | 4.47 (4.41, 4.53) | 63.3 (58.4, 68.2) | 28.7 (25.6, 31.8) * | 31.4 (27.0, 35.9) * | 3.50 (3.35, 3.66) | 1.15 (1.05, 1.26) |
Current smoker | 119 | 200.6 (191.4, 209.9) | 7.02 (6.92, 7.11) * | 4.41 (4.35, 4.46) * | 69.8 (65.0, 74.6) | 27.9 (24.9, 30.9) * | 30.0 (35.6, 34.4) | 3.58 (3.43, 3.73) * | 1.02 (0.91, 1.12) |
p for trend
| 492 |
0.672
|
<0.001
|
0.001
|
0.04
|
0.074
|
0.213
|
0.014
|
0.185
|
2) Daily amount of smoking (pack/day)
| |||||||||
No | 262 | 198.7 (191.3, 206.0) | 7.26 (7.19, 7.34) | 4.53 (4.48, 4.57) | 64.9 (61.1, 68.7) | 24.0 (21.6, 26.6) | 26.0 (22.4, 29.5) | 3.34 (3.22, 3.46) | 1.07 (0.99, 1.16) |
<0.5 | 76 | 197.8 (187.8, 207.8) | 7.11 (7.00, 7.21) * | 4.46 (4.40, 4.53) | 65.0 (59.8, 70.3) | 29.6 (26.3, 33.0) * | 31.7 (26.9, 36.6) * | 3.53 (3.36, 3.69) | 1.11 (1.00, 1.22) |
0.5-1 | 96 | 196.9 (186.9, 206.9) | 7.06 (6.95, 7.17) * | 4.42 (4.35, 4.48) * | 69.1 (63.9, 74.3) | 27.7 (24.3, 31.0) | 31.3 (26.4, 36.1) | 3.55 (3.39, 3.72) * | 1.06 (0.95, 1.18) |
> 1 | 39 | 197.5 (184.8, 210.1) | 7.05 (6.92, 7.18) * | 4.40 (4.32, 4.48) * | 64.8 (58.1, 71.4) | 27.1 (22.9, 31.3) | 28.6 (22.5, 34.8) | 3.64 (3.42, 3.85) * | 0.99 (0.85, 1.14) |
p for trend
| 473 |
0.806
|
0.002
|
0.001
|
0.502
|
0.265
|
0.319
|
0.013
|
0.327
|
3) Lifetime amount of smoking (pack*year)
| |||||||||
Never | 262 | 198.0 (190.5, 205.6) | 7.27 (7.19, 7.35) | 4.53 (4.48, 4.58) | 65.2 (61.2, 69.1) | 24.9 (22.7, 27.1) | 26.2 (22.7, 29.7) | 3.35 (3.22, 3.47) | 1.07 (0.99, 1.16) |
< 10 | 59 | 194.7 (183.9, 205.5) | 7.08 (6.96, 7.19) * | 4.44 (4.37, 4.51) * | 68.3 (62.7, 74.0) | 28.5 (25.4, 31.6) * | 30.7 (25.7, 35.7) | 3.52 (3.34, 3.70) | 1.10 (0.98, 1.22) |
10 - 20 | 57 | 199.7 (187.8, 211.6) | 7.08 (6.95, 7.21) * | 4.45 (4.37, 4.53) | 71.6 (65.4, 77.7) | 27.6 (24.2, 31.0) | 28.4 (22.8, 33.9) | 3.56 (3.36, 3.75) | 1.12 (0.98, 1.25) |
≥ 20 | 55 | 198.9 (187.2, 210.6) | 6.99 (6.97, 7.12) * | 4.38 (4.31, 3.36) * | 66.1 (60.0, 72.2) | 28.0 (24.7, 31.4) | 33.1 (27.7, 38.6) * | 3.59 (3.40, 3.78) * | 0.95 (0.82, 1.08) |
p for trend
| 433 |
0.755
|
<0.001
|
0.002
|
0.611
|
0.144
|
0.051
|
0.029
|
0.153
|
The association between alcohol and LFTs
n | Total cholesterol, g/dL | Total protein, g/dL | Albumin, g/dL | Alkaline phosphatase, IU/L | AST, IU/L | ALT, IU/L | Ln(GGT) | Total bilirubin, mg/dL | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1) History of alcohol drinking
| |||||||||
None drinker | 173 | 200.2 (192.0, 208.3) | 7.13 (7.04, 7.21) | 4.46 (4.41, 4.52) | 68.6 (64.3, 72.9) | 25.8 (23.0, 28.5) | 28.7 (24.8, 32.7) | 3.27 (3.13, 3.41) | 1.00 (0.91, 1.10) |
Past drinker, quit | 19 | 189.2 (172.2, 206.4) | 7.13 (6.94, 7.31) | 4.49 (4.39, 4.60) | 58.0 (49.2, 66.9) * | 29.3 (23.5, 35.1) | 28.6 (20.3, 37.0) | 3.10 (2.81, 3.40) | 1.00 (0.80, 1.19) |
Current drinker | 308 | 195.5 (188.7, 202.3) | 7.08 (7.01, 7.16) | 4.43 (4.39, 4.48) | 64.0 (60.4, 67.5) * | 25.0 (22.8, 27.3) | 27.3 (24.0, 30.6) | 3.43 (3.31, 3.55) * | 1.07 (0.99, 1.14) |
p for trend
| 500 |
0.269
|
0.291
|
0.225
|
0.037
|
0.514
|
0.441
|
0.016
|
0.156
|
2) Daily amount of alcohol (g)
| |||||||||
No | 180 | 199.8 (191.7, 207.9) | 7.13 (7.05, 7.22) | 4.46 (4.41, 4.52) | 68.2 (63.9, 72.4) | 26.7 (24.0, 29.5) | 29.1 (35.1, 33.0) | 3.23 (3.10, 3.37) | 0.99 (0.89, 1.08) |
Not heavy (< 60g/day for male, <20g/day for female) | 290 | 194.1 (187.3, 200.9) | 7.07 (7.00, 7.15) | 4.44 (4.40, 4.48) | 62.8 (59.3, 66.3) * | 24.2 (21.9, 26.5) | 26.3 (23.0, 29.6) | 3.31 (3.20, 3.43) | 1.06 (0.98, 1.13) |
Heavy (≥ 60 g/day for male, ≥20 g/day for female) | 30 | 199.2 (185.8, 212.5) | 7.15 (7.01, 7.30) | 4.45 (4.37, 4.54) | 66.8 (59.9, 73.8) | 30.4 (25.9, 34.9) | 32.8 (26.3, 39.3) | 4.00 (3.77, 4.22) * | 1.14 (0.99, 1.29) |
p for trend
| 500 |
0.412
|
0.593
|
0.471
|
0.111
|
0.963
|
0.939
|
<0.001
|
0.041
|
3) Duration of alcohol drinking (years)
| |||||||||
<10 | 258 | 195.7 (188.1, 203.3) | 7.12 (7.04, 7.20) | 4.46 (4.41, 4.51) | 67.1 (36.1, 71.1) | 25.6 (23.0, 28.1) | 26.7 (23.0, 30.4) | 3.22 (3.09, 3.35) | 1.00 (0.92, 1.09) |
≥ 10 | 236 | 197.1 (190.1, 204.2) | 7.10 (7.02, 7.17) | 4.45 (4.41, 4.50) | 63.1 (59.4, 66.8) | 25.7 (23.3, 28.1) | 28.7 (25.3, 32.5) | 3.46 (3.34, 3.58) * | 1.08 (1.00, 1.16) |
p for trend
| 494 |
0.725
|
0.616
|
0.807
|
0.057
|
0.918
|
0.289
|
0.001
|
0.111
|
4) Lifetime amount of alcohol (x10
3
g)
| |||||||||
Never | 173 | 200.1 (191.8, 208.4) | 7.13 (7.04, 7.22) | 4.47 (4.42, 4.52) | 68.7 (64.3, 73.0) | 25.5 (22.7, 28.3) | 28.4 (24.4, 32.5) | 3.20 (3.06, 3.34) | 1.00 (0.90, 1.09) |
Mild (<100 x103 g for male, <35 x103 g for female) | 185 | 193.0 (185.4, 200.6) | 7.10 (7.02, 7.18) | 4.56 (4.41, 4.50) | 64.3 (60.3, 68.3) * | 24.5 (22.0, 27.1) | 27.5 (23.8, 31.2) | 3.24 (3.11, 3.37) | 1.07 (0.99, 1.09) |
Moderate (100–200 x103 g for male, 35–70 x103 g for female) | 40 | 203.6 (191.4, 215.8) | 7.00 (6.87, 7.13) | 4.44 (4.36, 4.51) | 59.9 (53.5, 66.2) * | 23.6 (19.5, 27.7) | 23.4 (17.4, 29.3) | 3.35 (3.14, 3.56) | 0.97 (0.83, 1.11) |
Heavy (≥200 x103 g for male, ≥70 x103 g for female) | 96 | 195.4 (186.5, 204.3) | 7.12 (7.02, 7.21) | 4.44 (4.38, 4.50) | 62.6 (58.0, 67.3) * | 27.7 (24.7, 30.7) | 38.8 (24.5, 33.1) | 3.68 (3.53, 3.83) * | 1.08 (0.98, 1.18) |
p for trend
| 494 |
0.679
|
0.618
|
0.329
|
0.026
|
0.237
|
0.929
|
<0.001
|
0.316
|