Background
Methods
Participants
Classification according to the sensation of cold in the extremities
Anthropometric factors and biochemical analyses
Determination of serum adipokine levels
Statistical analysis
Results
Characteristics of participants based on CHHF
Cold sensation in hands and feet | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Characteristics | All | non-CHHF | Intermediate | CHHF |
P value†
|
Men | |||||
N | 372 | 122 | 173 | 77 | |
Age (years) | 48.9 (14.9) | 49.7 (13.3) | 48.8 (15.4) | 47.6 (16.3) | 0.774 |
Body mass index (kg/m2) | 24.1 (3.46) | 25.1 (3.08) | 24.0 (3.24) | 22.8 (4.01) | 1.07 × 10-7
|
Waist circumference (cm) | 87.3 (9.25) | 90.4 (8.29) | 87.2 (9.41) | 82.8 (8.49) | 1.31 × 10-7
|
Waist-to-hip ratio | 0.933 (0.0618) | 0.950 (0.0518) | 0.933 (0.0627) | 0.906 (0.0656) | 1.31 × 10-5
|
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 124 (13.9) | 123 (12.6) | 123 (12.6) | 124 (18.1) | 0.992 |
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 79.8 (10.4) | 81.4 (10.3) | 79.4 (9.16) | 78.1 (12.8) | 0.100 |
Fasting blood glucose (mg/dL) | 104 (32.4) | 104 (34.1) | 104 (31.9) | 101 (31.0) | 0.254 |
Triglyceride (mg/dL) | 147 (89.2) | 151 (75.2) | 145 (97.9) | 144 (90.0) | 0.109 |
HDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 42.4 (10.5) | 41.0 (10.0) | 42.6 (10.9) | 44.0 (10.1) | 0.0727 |
Women | |||||
N | 649 | 130 | 229 | 290 | |
Age (years) | 47.9 (15.8) | 52.8 (16.4) | 47.7 (16.1) | 45.7 (14.7) | 1.74 × 10-4
|
Body mass index (kg/m2) | 23.1 (3.34) | 24.5 (3.73) | 23.6 (3.24) | 22.0 (2.85) | 2.07 × 10-14
|
Waist circumference (cm) | 82.3 (9.93) | 86.5 (10.2) | 83.7 (9.39) | 79.2 (9.27) | 2.62 × 10-13
|
Waist-to-hip ratio | 0.890 (0.0698) | 0.917 (0.0686) | 0.899 (0.0642) | 0.870 (0.0693) | 3.24 × 10-10
|
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 119 (14.9) | 123 (14.3) | 120 (15.0) | 115 (14.3) | 1.12 × 10-8
|
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 76.1 (11.0) | 79.7 (10.6) | 77.2 (11.0) | 73.6 (10.6) | 2.51 × 10-8
|
Fasting blood glucose (mg/dL) | 97.0 (23.7) | 102 (34.7) | 97.1 (22.9) | 94.7 (17.0) | 0.133 |
Triglyceride (mg/dL) | 116 (75.3) | 142 (91.9) | 123 (74.8) | 99.0 (62.3) | 5.76 × 10-8
|
HDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 49.5 (11.9) | 47.2 (12.2) | 48.9 (11.3) | 50.9 (12.1) | 1.39 × 10-3
|
Relationship between circulating adipokine levels and sensitivity to cold
Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Traitsa
| Beta (95% CI) |
P value | Beta (95% CI) |
P value | Beta (95% CI) |
P value |
All | ||||||
Adiponectin (μg/mL) | 1.33 (1.16, 1.53) | 4.44 × 10-5
| 1.23 (1.07, 1.40) | 3.28 × 10-3
| 1.18 (1.02, 1.35) | 2.32 × 10-2
|
Leptin (ng/mL) | −2.32 (−7.67, 1.42) | 0.168 | −1.49 (−5.06, 2.27) | 0.521 | 1.10 (−3.19, 3.84) | 0.59 |
LAR | −1.38 (−1.68, −1.14) | 1.28 × 10-3
| −1.22 (−1.48, 1.00) | 4.62 × 10-2
| −1.12 (−1.37, 1.09) | 0.262 |
Men | ||||||
Adiponectin (μg/mL) | 1.26 (−1.02, 1.60) | 0.0686 | 1.21 (−1.04, 1.52) | 0.113 | 1.13 (−1.13, 1.43) | 0.332 |
Leptin (ng/mL) | 1.50 (−3.45, 7.80) | 0.628 | 1.64 (−3.23, 8.66) | 0.562 | 1.85 (−3.09, 10.5) | 0.163 |
LAR | −1.27 (−1.77, 1.10) | 0.164 | −1.21 (−1.67, 1.15) | 0.268 | −1.09 (−1.53, 1.29) | 0.636 |
Women | ||||||
Adiponectin (μg/mL) | 1.40 (1.19, 1.66) | 7.87 × 10-5
| 1.27 (1.08, 1.50) | 3.17 × 10-3
| 1.23 (1.04, 1.45) | 1.80 × 10-2
|
Leptin (ng/mL) | −4.38 (−22.2, 1.16) | 0.0752 | −2.35 (−2.51, 2.22) | 0.311 | −1.22 (−6.49, 4.39) | 0.334 |
LAR | −1.48 (−1.89, −1.15) | 2.03 × 10-3
| −1.26 (−1.61, 1.01) | 0.0611 | −1.16 (−1.49, 1.10) | 0.233 |
Low WHRb
| High WHRb
| |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Traitsa
| Beta (95% CI) |
P value | Beta (95% CI) |
P value |
Adiponectin (μg/mL) | 1.11 (−1.16, 1.43) | 0.412 | 1.31 (1.05, 1.65) | 2.00 × 10-2
|
Leptin (ng/mL) | 1.74 (−11.9, 3.92) | 0.571 | 1.05 (−15.0, 13.6) | 0.971 |
LAR | −1.08 (−1.60, 1.38) | 0.709 | −1.23 (−1.68, 1.11) | 0.191 |
Relationship between sensitivity to cold and MS
All | Men | Women | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Traits | OR (95% CI) |
P value | OR (95% CI) |
P value | OR (95% CI) |
P value |
MS | 0.465 (0.315, 0.684) | 1.01 × 10-4
| 0.690 (0.364, 1.31) | 0.256 | 0.449 (0.273, 0.737) | 1.54 × 10-3
|
Low HDLC | 0.656 (0.461, 0.932) | 1.86× 10-2
| 0.660 (0.367, 1.19) | 0.166 | 0.688 (0.440, 1.07) | 0.0994 |
High TGs | 0.467 (0.315, 0.691) | 1.40× 10-4
| 0.711 (0.389, 1.30) | 0.268 | 0.422 (0.250, 0.711) | 1.21× 10-3
|
High BP | 0.712 (0.492, 1.03) | 0.0723 | 1.28 (0.713, 2.31) | 0.406 | 0.578 (0.356, 0.938) | 2.65× 10-2
|
High FBG | 0.791 (0.499, 1.25) | 0.319 | 0.701 (0.337, 1.46) | 0.340 | 0.957 (0.514, 1.78) | 0.888 |
Large WC | 0.298 (0.203, 0.436) | 5.35 × 10-10
| 0.300 (0.154, 0.567) | 2.12 × 10-4
| 0.343 (0.208, 0.563) | 2.38 × 10-5
|
Low WHRa
| High WHRa
| |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Traits | OR (95% CI) |
P-value | OR (95% CI) |
P-value |
MS | 0.669 (0.245, 1.83) | 0.435 | 0.476 (0.259, 0.874) | 1.66 × 10-2
|
Low HDLC | 1.32 (0.655, 2.66) | 0.437 | 0.498 (0.266, 0.931) | 2.91 × 10-2
|
High TGs | 0.714 (0.274, 1.86) | 0.492 | 0.357 (0.186, 0.685) | 1.93 × 10-3
|
High BP | 0.499 (0.218, 1.14) | 0.0997 | 0.717 (0.392, 1.31) | 0.281 |
High FBG | 0.835 (0.241, 2.89) | 0.777 | 1.16 (0.563, 2.37) | 0.693 |
Large WC | 0.400 (0.188, 0.853) | 1.78 × 10-2
| 0.377 (0.142, 1.00) | 0.0510 |