Introduction
Material and Methods
Data Sources and Search Strategy
Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria
Data Extraction
Outcome Measures
Quality Assessment
Data Synthesis
Statistical Analysis
Results
Study Characteristics
First author, year | Sample size (n) | Age (years) | Menopausal age (years) | Body mass (kg) | Height (cm) | BMI (kg/m2) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Adami, 1999 | E: 125 C: 125 | E: 65 ± 6 C: 63 ± 7 | E: 16 ± 7 C: 14 ± 8 | n.g n.g | n.g n.g | E: 24.6 ± 3.3 C: 23.8 ± 3.8 |
Basat, 2013 | RE: 14 HI: 14 C: 14 | RE: 56 ± 5 HI: 56 ± 3 C: 56 ± 4 | RE: 6 ± 4 HI: 7 ± 2 C: 6 ± 3 | n.g n.g n.g | n.g n.g n.g | RE: 25 ± 4.7 HI: 26.4 ± 3.5 C: 27.5 ± 3.7 |
Bassey, 1995 | E: 31a C: 32 | E: 54 ± 4 C: 55 ± 3 | E: 7 ± 4 C: 7 ± 5 | E: 63.3 ± 11.4 C: 64.7 ± 6.7 | E: 163 ± 6 C: 159 ± 5 | E: 24.6 ± 2.7 C: 24.9 ± 3.8 |
Bassey, 1998 | E: 45 C: 32 | E: 56 ± 3 C: 55 ± 4 | E: 7 ± 4 C: 5 ± 4 | E: 64.7 ± 7.3 C: 66.5 ± 7.8 | E: 161 ± 6 C: 163 ± 6 | E: 25 ± 2.6 C: 25.1 ± 2.6 |
Bello, 2014 | E: 10 C: 10 | E: 61 ± 6 C: 61 ± 6 | n.g n.g | n.g n.g | n.g n.g | n.g n.g |
Bemben, 2010 | E: 22b | E: 64 ± 1 | E: 76.6 ± 3.2 | E: 161 ± 2 | E: 30 ± 1 | |
C: 12 | C: 63 ± 1 | > 5 | C: 77.9 ± 4.5 | C: 163 ± 1 | C: 29 ± 1 | |
Bemben, 2000 | HR: 11 HL: 13 C: 11 | HL: 50 ± 2 HR: 52 ± 2 C: 52 ± 1 | HL: 4 ± 1 HR: 2 ± 1 C: 3 ± 1 | HL: 74.7 ± 5.6 HR: 62.7 ± 3.4 C: 66.5 ± 4.2 | HL: 162 ± 2 HR: 165 ± 2 C: 166 ± 2 | HL: 28.7 ± 2.4 HR: 23.2 ± 1.2 C: 24.2 ± 1.7 |
Bergström, 2008 | E: 60 C: 52 | E: 59 ± 4 C: 60 ± 3 | n.g n.g | n.g n.g | n.g n.g | E: 24.4 ± 2.6 C: 24.9 ± 2.3 |
Bocalini, 2009 | E: 23 C: 12 | E: 69 ± 9 C: 67 ± 8 | n.g n.g | E: 68 ± 6 C: 69 ± 7 | n.g n.g | E: 28 ± 4 C: 27 ± 6 |
Bolton, 2012 | E: 19 C: 20 | E: 60 ± 6 C: 56 ± 5 | E: 13 ± 7 C: 12 ± 7 | E: 64.5 ± 9.7 C: 63.6 ± 11.9 | E: 160 ± 4 C: 160 ± 6 | E: 25.2 ± 4.3 C: 25 ± 4.4 |
Brooke-Wavell, 1997 | E: 43 C: 41 | E: 65 ± 3 C: 64 ± 3 | E: 15 ± 5 C: 15 ± 7 | E: 67.7 ± 10.9 C: 67.9 ± 10.6 | E: 162 ± 6 C: 163 ± 7 | E: 25.8 ± 3.8 C: 25.6 ± 3.5 |
Brooke-Wavell, 2001 | E: 18 C: 21 | E: 65 ± 3 C: 65 ± 3 | > 5 | E: 68.5 ± 8.9 C: 71.4 ± 12.1 | E: 163 ± 7 C: 164 ± 7 | n.g n.g |
Caplan, 1993h | E: 19 C: 11 | E: 66 ± 1 C: 65 ± 1 | E: 18 ± 2 C: 21 ± 3 | E: 63.2 ± 2.5 C: 60.6 ± 2.9 | E: 158 ± 2 C: 160 ± 2 | E: 25.4 ± 0.9 C: 23.5 ± 0.8 |
Chan, 2004 | E: 67 C: 65 | E: 54 ± 3 C: 54 ± 3 | E: 5 ± 2 C: 4 ± 2 | E: 55.4 ± 7.9 C: 54 ± 10.3 | E: 150 ± 10 C: 150 ± 20 | E: 24.1 ± 4.7 C: 23.5 ± 4.6 |
Chilibeck, 2013 | E + Pl: 86 Pl: 88 | E + Pl: 55 ± 6 Pl: 56 ± 7 | > 1 | E + Pl: 73.4 ± 14.1 Pl: 73.6 ± 15.9 | E + Pl: 163 ± 5 Pl: 163 ± 6 | n.g n.g |
Chilibeck, 2002h | E: 14 C: 14 | E: 57 ± 2 C: 59 ± 2 | E: 9 ± 2 C: 8 ± 2 | E: 72 ± 4.3 C: 73.2 ± 4.8 | E: 164 ± 2 C: 165 ± 1 | E: 27 ± 1.7 C: 26.6 ± 1.2 |
Choquette, 2011 | E + Pl: 25 Pl: 26 | E + Pl: 58 ± 6 Pl: 59 ± 6 | E + Pl: 8 ± 8 Pl: 10 ± 8 | E + Pl: 75.4 ± 12.1 Pl: 79.5 ± 9.2 | E + Pl: 161 ± 6 Pl: 160 ± 6 | E + Pl: 29.1 ± 3.9 Pl: 31 ± 2.9 |
Chuin, 2009 | E + Pl: 11 Pl: 7 | E + Pl: 65 ± 3 Pl: 67 ± 4 | n.g n.g | E + Pl: 66.6 ± 8.5 Pl: 64.2 ± 7.6 | n.g n.g | E + Pl: 26.5 ± 2.7 Pl: 26 ± 2.8 |
de Matos, 2009 | E: 30 C: 29 | E: 57 ± 5 C: 57 ± 5 | 10 7 | E: 59.8 ± 7.6 C: 65 ± 8.3 | E: 158 ± 4 C: 159 ± 8 | E: 23.9 ± 3.3 C: 25.6 ± 3.1 |
Deng, 2009 | E: 45 C: 36 | E: 54 ± 4 C: 51 ± 5 | E: 4 ± 3 C: 3 ± 2 | E: 58.8 ± 8 C: 58.3 ± 7.5 | E: 157 ± 5 C: 159 ± 5 | n.g n.g |
de Oliveira, 2018 | E: 17 C: 17 | E: 56 ± 7 C: 54 ± 5 | E: 8 ± 7 C: 9 ± 7 | E: 67.4 ± 8.6 C: 64.6 ± 6.6 | E: 157 ± 6 C: 154 ± 4 | E: 27.2 ± 2.7 C: 27.3 ± 2.5 |
Duff, 2016 | E: 22 C: 22 | E: 65 ± 5 C: 65 ± 5 | n.g n.g | n.g n.g | E: 162 ± 6 C: 160 ± 7 | n.g n.g |
Ebrahim, 1997 | E: 81 C: 84 | E: 66 ± 8 C: 68 ± 8 | n.g n.g | n.g n.g | n.g n.g | E: 26.6 ± 4.3 C: 26.3 ± 4.8 |
Englund, 2005 | E: 24 C: 24 | E: 73 ± 4 C: 73 ± 5 | n.g n.g | E: 66.9 ± 8.7 C: 67.7 ± 8.5 | E: 162 ± 6 C: 160 ± 6 | E: 25.2 ± 2.7 C: 26.1 ± 3.2 |
Evans, 2007 | E + SP: 11c SP: 10 | E + SP: 62 ± 5 SP: 63 ± 5 | E + SP: 8 ± 6 SP: 8 ± 5 | E + SP: 66.7 ± 13.3 SP: 67.6 ± 7.3 | E + SP: 163 ± 7 SP: 161 ± 6 | n.g n.g |
Going, 2003 | E: 91 C: 70 | E: 56 ± 5 C: 57 ± 5 | > 3 | E: 68.9 ± 11.4 C: 67.8 ± 11.4 | E: 163 ± 7 C: 163 ± 5 | E: 25.8 ± 3.4 C: 25.5 ± 4 |
Grove, 1992 | LI: 5 HI: 5 C: 5 | LI: 57 ± 4 HI: 54 ± 2 C: 56 ± 4 | LI: 3 ± 2 HI: 4 ± 3 C: 4 | LI: 69 ± 12.7 HI: 72.3 ± 19.2 C: 70.5 ± 10.1 | n.g n.g n.g | n.g n.g n.g |
Hans, 2002 | E: 110 C: 35 | E: 68 ± 5 C: 66 ± 5 | > 5 | E: 63 ± 7.3 C: 59.5 ± 7.5 | E: 161 ± 8 C: 159 ± 8 | n.g n.g |
Hartard, 1996 | E: 18 C: 16 | E: 64 ± 6 C: 67 ± 10 | > 2 | E: 67 ± 7.7 C: 63.8 ± 11.2 | E: 162 ± 7 C: 158 ± 6 | n.g n.g |
Hatori, 1993 | E–H: 12d E-M: 9 C: 12 | H: 56 ± 4 M: 58 ± 5 C: 58 ± 8 | H: 7 ± 5 M: 6 ± 4 C: 9 ± 8 | H: 54 ± 5 M: 53.4 ± 6.8 C: 53.9 ± 6 | H: 151 ± 3 M: 151 ± 5 C: 151 ± 5 | H: 23.3 ± 2.3 M: 23.5 ± 2.4 C: 24.6 ± 3.3 |
Iwamoto, 2001 | E: 8 C: 20 | E: 65 ± 5 C: 65 ± 6 | E: 16 ± 6 C: 15 ± 6 | E: 45.5 ± 6.5 C: 45.8 ± 4 | E: 152 ± 8 C: 152 ± 6 | E: 19.7 ± 1.3 C: 19.9 ± 2.1 |
Jessup, 2003 | E: 10 C: 10 | E: 69 ± 3 C: 69 ± 4 | E: 24 ± 11 C: 22 ± 11 | E: 78 ± 9.2 C: 84.2 ± 17.7 | n.g n.g | n.g n.g |
Karakiriou, 2011h | E: 10 C: 9 | E: 53 ± 1 C: 53 ± 1 | E: 5 ± 1 C: 3 ± 1 | E: 71.2 ± 2.8 C: 75.4 ± 2 | E:159 ± 1 C:157 ± 2 | E: 28.1 ± 1.1 C: 30.4 ± 0.8 |
Kemmler, 1999 | E-PM: 15 L-PM: 17 C: 18 | E-PM: 54 ± 5 L-PM:65 ± 6 C: 56 ± 8 | E-PM ≤ 8 L-PM > 8 C > 1 | n.g n.g n.g | n.g n.g n.g | E-PM: 25.5 ± 4.2 L-PM: 26.2 ± 3.8 C: 27.4 ± 5.3 |
Kemmler, 2004 | E: 86 C: 51 | E: 55 ± 3 C: 56 ± 3 | > 1 | E: 67.6 ± 9.7 C: 64.8 ± 13.6 | E: 164 ± 6 C: 162 ± 7 | E: 25.1 ± 3.3 C: 24.7 ± 3.9 |
Kemmler, 2010 | E: 123 C: 123 | E: 69 ± 4 C: 69 ± 4 | n.g n.g | E: 68.1 ± 10.9 C: 69.5 ± 12 | E: 162 ± 6 C: 160 ± 6 | n.g n.g |
Kemmler, 2013 | E: 43 C: 42 | E: 52 ± 2 C: 52 ± 3 | E: 2 ± 1 C: 2 ± 1 | E: 69.5 ± 9.6 C: 70.9 ± 16.8 | E: 165 ± 5 C: 165 ± 6 | n.g n.g |
Kerr, 2001 | RE: 42 Fit: 42 C: 42 | RE: 60 ± 5 Fit: 59 ± 5 C: 62 ± 6 | RE: 11 ± 6 Fit: 9 ± 5 C: 12 ± 6 | RE: 72.2 ± 12 Fit: 69 ± 11.4 C: 69.3 ± 14.6 | RE: 163 ± 5 Fit: 165 ± 6 C: 162 ± 7 | n.g n.g n.g |
Kerr, 1996 | En: 28e S: 28 | En: 56 ± 5 S: 58 ± 4 | En: 6 ± 4 S: 8 ± 3 | En: 70.8 ± 10 S: 69.4 ± 11.4 | En: 165 ± 6 S: 165 ± 7 | n.g n.g |
Kohrt, 1997h | JRF: 15 GRF: 18 C: 15 | JRF: 65 ± 1 GRF: 66 ± 1 C: 68 ± 1 | n.g n.g n.g | JRF: 72.6 ± 2.3 GRF: 70.9 ± 4.2 C: 71.6 ± 1.8 | JRF: 164 ± 2 GRF: 163 ± 1 C: 163 ± 2 | n.g n.g n.g |
Kohrt, 1995 | E: 8f C: 8 | E: 65 ± 3 C: 66 ± 3 | > 10 | E: 63.4 ± 11.9 C: 63.4 ± 8.1 | E: 161 ± 5 C: 161 ± 5 | n.g n.g |
Korpelainen, 2006 | E: 84 C: 76 | E: 73 ± 1 C: 73 ± 1 | n.g n.g | E: 61.2 ± 7.9 C: 62.2 ± 9.2 | E: 154 ± 5 C: 156 ± 5 | E: 25.7 ± 3.4 C: 25.5 ± 3.5 |
Kwon, 2008 | E: 20 C: 20 | E: 77 ± 2 C: 77 ± 3 | n.g n.g | E: 56.4 ± 3.8 C: 58.1 ± 5.6 | E: 149 ± 6 C: 152 ± 3 | E: 25.9 ± 1.9 C: 25.2 ± 2.8 |
Lau, 1992 | E + Pl: 15 Pl: 15 | E + Pl: 79 Pl: 75 | n.g n.g | n.g n.g | n.g n.g | n.g n.g |
Liu, 2015 | E: 50 C: 48 | E: 63 ± 7 C: 62 ± 8 | E: 14 ± 6 C: 13 ± 7 | n.g n.g | E: 154 ± 4 C: 157 ± 4 | n.g n.g |
Lord, 1996 | E: 90 C: 89 | E: 72 ± 5 C: 71 ± 5 | n.g n.g | E: 66 ± 11.4 C: 64.7 ± 14.4 | E: 157 ± 6 C:157 ± 7 | n.g n.g |
Maddalozzo, 2007 | E: 35 C: 34 | E: 52 ± 3 C: 52 ± 3 | E: 2 ± 1 C: 2 ± 1 | E: 70 ± 8.7 C: 67.1 ± 12.6 | n.g n.g | n.g n.g |
Marques, 2011 | E: 30 C: 30 | E: 70 ± 5 C: 68 ± 5 | n.g n.g | n.g n.g | n.g n.g | E: 28.4 ± 3.7 C: 28.2 ± 3.7 |
Marques-Wanderley, 2011 | RE: 23 AE: 24 C: 24 | RE: 67 ± 5 AE: 70 ± 5 C: 68 ± 6 | n.g n.g n.g | n.g n.g n.g | n.g n.g n.g | RE: 28.8 ± 4.6 AE: 27.5 ± 3.8 C: 28.1 ± 3.5 |
Martin, 1993 | 45minE:25 30minE:27 C: 24 | 45 min: 58 ± 7 30 min: 60 ± 8 C: 57 ± 7 | 45 min: 9 ± 9 30 min: 13 ± 9 C: 8 ± 7 | 45 min: 65.6 ± 11.9 30 min: 68.9 ± 11.5 C: 72.9 ± 15.5 | 45 min: 159 ± 5 30 min: 162 ± 7 C: 162 ± 4 | n.g n.g n.g |
Milliken, 2003 | E: 26 C: 30 | E: 57 ± 5 C: 57 ± 5 | E: 6 ± 3 C: 6 ± 3 | E: 68.4 ± 10.6 C: 68.4 ± 10.6 | E: 162 ± 6 C: 162 ± 6 | n.g n.g |
Nelson, 1994 | E: 21 C: 19 | E: 61 ± 4 C: 57 ± 6 | E: 12 ± 5 C: 10 ± 5 | E: 64.7 ± 7.7 C: 62.2 ± 8.9 | E: 163 ± 6 C: 164 ± 8 | E: 24.4 ± 2.5 C: 23.1 ± 2.2 |
Nelson, 1991h | E: 21g C: 20 | E: 60 ± 1 C: 60 ± 1 | E: 11 ± 1 C: 11 ± 1 | E: 64 ± 1.4 C: 64 ± 1.4 | E: 162 ± 1 C: 162 ± 1 | E: 24.4 ± 0.5 E: 24.4 ± 0.5 |
Nichols, 1995h | E: 17 C: 17 | E: 68 ± 2 C: 65 ± 1 | E: 18 ± 1 C: 18 ± 1 | E: 68.8 ± 2.8 C: 72 ± 13.5 | E: 163 ± 1 C: 164 ± 1 | n.g n.g |
Nicholson, 2015 | E: 28 C: 29 | E: 66 ± 4 C: 66 ± 5 | > 5 | E: 70.6 ± 9.1 C: 66.8 ± 10.7 | E: 164 ± 4 C: 163 ± 5 | E: 26 ± 3.2 C: 24.5 ± 2.9 |
Orsatti, 2013 | E + Pl: 20 Pl: 20 | E + Pl: 56 ± 9 Pl: 55 ± 8 | E + Pl: 9 ± 6 Pl: 8 ± 6 | n.g n.g | n.g n.g | E + Pl: 26 ± 3 Pl: 30.4 ± 5.3 |
Park, 2008 | E: 25 C: 25 | E: 68 ± 4 C: 68 ± 3 | E: 18 ± 2 C: 19 ± 3 | n.g n.g | E: 153 ± 4 C: 152 ± 4 | n.g n.g |
Prince, 1995 | E + Ca: 42 Ca: 42 | E + Ca: 63 ± 5 Ca: 62 ± 5 | E + Ca: 16 ± 5 Ca: 16 ± 6 | n.g n.g | n.g n.g | n.g n.g |
Pruitt, 1992h | E: 17 C: 10 | E: 54 ± 1 C: 56 ± 1 | E: 3 C: 4 ± 1 | E: 64.2 ± 1.9 C: 65.5 ± 2.9 | E: 162 ± 1 C: 163 ± 2 | n.g n.g |
Pruitt, 1995 | H-int: 15 L-int: 13 C: 12 | H-int: 67 ± 1 L-int: 68 ± 1 C: 70 ± 4 | n.g n.g n.g | H-int: 64.5 ± 9.2 L-int: 61.5 ± 4.6 C: 63.8 ± 9.1 | H-int: 162 ± 7 L-int: 160 ± 5 C: 160 ± 9 | H-int: 24.5 ± 3.4 L-int: 23.9 ± 1.6 C: 25.1 ± 3.1 |
Ryan, 1998 | E: 18 C: 18 | E: 62 ± 6 C: 63 ± 6 | > 2 | E: 79.3 ± 8 C: 83.1 ± 11.3 | n.g n.g | E: 30.5 ± 2.8 C: 30.9 ± 3 |
Sakai, 2010h | E: 49 C: 45 | E: 68 ± 1 C: 68 | n.g n.g | E: 51.4 ± 1.1 C: 51.7 ± 0.9 | E: 151 ± 1 C: 151 ± 1 | E: 22.4 ± 0.4 C: 22.6 ± 0.4 |
Silverman, 2009 | E: 46 C: 40 | E: 60 ± 5 C: 58 ± 5 | E: 12 ± 8 C: 11 ± 7 | E: 84.6 ± 11.3 C: 87.4 ± 14.4 | n.g n.g | E: 32.1 ± 4.2 C: 32.6 ± 4.6 |
Sinaki, 1989 | E: 34 C: 34 | E: 56 ± 4 C: 56 ± 4 | > 0.5 | E: 66.2 ± 9.3 C: 66.1 ± 10.6 | E: 163 ± 6 C: 161 ± 5 | n.g n.g |
Sugiyama, 2002h | E: 13 C: 13 | E: 52 ± 1 C: 53 ± 1 | E: 3 C: 2 | E: 54.7 ± 3.4 C: 50.9 ± 1.7 | E: 155 ± 2 C: 153 ± 1 | E: 22.7 ± 1.2 C: 21.7 ± 0.7 |
Tartibian, 2011 | E: 20 C: 18 | E: 61 ± 7 C: 59 ± 8 | > 8 | E: 77.5 ± 10.4 C: 75.9 ± 17.2 | E: 167 ± 8 C: 168 ± 16 | E: 25.1 ± 7.1 C: 28.5 ± 3.7 |
Tolomio, 2009 | E: 81 C: 79 | E: 62 ± 5 C: 64 ± 5 | n.g n.g | E: 66 ± 10.9 C: 63 ± 9.7 | E: 161 ± 10 C: 159 ± 10 | n.g n.g |
Verschueren, 2004 | E: 22 C: 24 | E: 64 ± 4 C: 64 ± 3 | E: 15 ± 6 C: 15 ± 7 | E: 70.5 ± 9.6 C: 68.6 ± 14.5 | E: 161 ± 6 C: 160 ± 6 | E: 27.4 ± 3.5 C: 26.5 ± 5.8 |
Wang, 2015 | TC: 40 TC + RT:40 C: 39 | TC: 58 ± 3 TCRT: 58 ± 3 C: 58 ± 3 | > 0.5 | TC: 60.5 ± 8.3 TCRT: 60 ± 6 C: 60.5 ± 8.3 | TC: 159 ± 5 TCRT: 161 ± 4 C: 159 ± 5 | n.g n.g n.g |
Woo, 2007 | TC: 30 RE: 30 C: 30 | TC: 70 ± 3 RE: 70 ± 3 C: 69 ± 3 | n.g n.g n.g | n.g n.g n.g | n.g n.g n.g | TC: 24.4 ± 4.3 RE: 24.6 ± 4 C: 24.9 ± 3 |
Wu, 2006 | E + Pl: 34 Pl: 34 | E + Pl: 55 ± 3 Pl: 55 ± 3 | E + Pl: 4 ± 2 Pl: 4 ± 2 | E + Pl: 54.1 ± 7.3 Pl: 51.4 ± 7.1 | E + Pl: 155 ± 6 Pl: 157 ± 6 | E + Pl: 22.4 ± 2.9 Pl: 20.9 ± 2.2 |
Yamazaki, 2004 h | E: 32 C: 18 | E: 64 ± 3 C: 66 ± 3 | E: 17 ± 2 C: 15 ± 2 | E: 51.2 ± 1.4 C: 50.1 ± 1.6 | E: 155 ± 1 C: 156 ± 1 | E: 21.2 ± 0.7 C: 21.1 ± 1.1 |
First author, year | Health-, menopausal- and exercise -status | Duration (months) | Progression intensity | Types and specifications of the exercise content | Site specificity | Volume (min/week), supervision (attendance) | Exercise/strain composition and further details of the protocol |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
WB type exercise (n = 30) | |||||||
Basat, 2013 | Osteopenia 6 ± 4 y post No-BSE | 6 | No | Rope skipping | ? Yes | 7 × 35, S-JE (> 60%) | 15 min warm up (walking), maximum 50 jumps/session (more details n.g.) |
Bassey, 1995 | Healthy 7 ± 4 y post No-BSE | 12 | No | Heel drops, jumping, skipping | ? Yes | 1 × ?, S-JE 7 × ?, HE (84%) | HE: 50 heel drops barefoot on a thinly covered floor with knee & hip extended. S-JE: jumping & skipping (more details n.g.) |
Bassey, 1998 | Healthy 7 ± 4 y post No vigorous Ex > 1 h/w | 12 | No | Jumping: counter-movement jumps (CMJ) | ? Yes | 5 × 10, HE 1 × 10, S-JE (91%) | 50 CMJ barefoot with both legs, 5 sets × 10 reps with ground reaction forces (GRF): 4 × body mass |
Brooke-Wavell, 2001 | Healthy > 5 y post Sedentary | 12 | No | Brisk walking | No Yes | > 3x > 20 (140 min/w), Non-supervised (> 90%) | 4–5 × 25–35- min/d ≈ 70% HRmax |
Brooke-Wavell, 1997 | Healthy 15 ± 6 y post Sedentary | 12 | No | Brisk walking | No Yes | 140 min/w, Non-supervised (100%) | 20–50 min long for each walk, ≈ 70% HRmax |
Chan, 2004 | Healthy 5 ± 2 y post No > 0.5 h/w | 12 | No | Tai Chi: Yang-Style (all main muscle groups (more details n.g.)) | ? Yes | 5 × 50, S-JE (≈ 84%) | Slow, smooth movements with constant velocity |
Ebrahim, 1997 | Healthy (upper limb fractures) 66 ± 8 y No limit | 24 | No | Brisk walking | No Yes | 3 × 40, HE (100%) | 40 min walking, “faster than usual, but not so fast as to be uncomfortable “ |
Evans, 2007 | Healthy ≈ 8 ± 6 y post n.g | 9 | Yes | Walking/running, stairclimbing (machines) | ? Yes | 3 × 45, S-JE (n.g.) | WB & Non-WB AET (machines) at 55–80% VO2peak. Rest by changing exercise mode |
Hans, 2002 | ≥ Osteopenia > 5 y post n.g | 24 | Yes (?) | Heel drops: barefoot on a force measuring platform (osteocare) | ? Yes | 5 × 3–5, HE (65%) | Impact loading: strength or height 25–50% above the estimated resting force, daily 120 correct force impacts |
Hatori, 1993 | Healthy ≈ 7 ± 5 y post n.g | 7 | No | Walking below the anaerobic threshold | No Yes | 3 × 30, n.g (n.g.) | 30 min walking at 90% anaerobic threshold HR (6.2 km/h) at “flat grass covered ground” |
7 | No | Walking above the anaerobic threshold | No Yes | 3 × 30, n.g (n.g.) | 30 min walking at 110% anaerobic threshold HR (7.2 km/h) at “flat grass covered ground” | ||
Kohrt, 1995 | Healthy > 8 y post Sedentary | 11 | Yes | Walking, jogging, stair climbing | ? Yes | 3–5 × 45, HE (≈ 70%) | First 2 months flexibility, 9 months WB: 5–10 min warm up (treadmill 60–70% HRmax), 30 min WB at 65–85% HRmax |
Kohrt, 1997 | Healthy > 8 y post Sedentary | 11 | Yes | Walking, jogging, stair climbing | ? Yes | 3–5 × 30–45, n.g. (presumably S-HE) (≈ 70%) | First 2 months flexibility, 9 months WB at 60–85% HRmax |
Korpelainen, 2006 | Osteopenia> 8 y post n.g | 30 | Yes | Jumping, walking/jogging, dancing, stamping, chair climbing | ? Yes | 1 × 60, S-JE 7 × 20, HE (≈ 75%) | S-JE: 45 min WB AET. The first six months: 1 × 60 min S-JE & daily × 20 min HE. The second six months: HE: daily × 20 min HE applying the same exercise to S-JE |
Lau, 1992 | Healthy > 8 y post n.g | 10 | No | Stepping up and down, Upper trunk movements | ? Yes | 4× ≈ 20–25, S-JE (n.g.) | 100 steps on a 23 cm block 15 min upper trunk movements (?) in a standing position with sub-maximum effort (more details n.g.) |
Liu, 2015 | Osteoporosis 14 ± 6 y post n.g | 12 | No | Tai Chi | ? Yes | 3 × daily ≈ 3–5,HE (96%) | 8 exercise brocade, 7 reps (slowly raising the arms, moving to tip toe, stretching the back and go back on the heel with arms hanging down) |
Marques, 2011 | Healthy > 8 y post Sedentary | 8 | Yes | Walking, stepping, skipping, jogging, dancing, DRT (first 6 weeks only) | ? Yes | 3 × 60, S-JE (78%) | Only the first 6 w 10 min DRT (lower body). 35–40 min of WB AET (50–85% HRR) with Peak-GRF up to 2.7 × body mass with up to 120 beats/min |
Martin, 1993 | Healthy ≈11 ± 9 y post No-BSA | 12 | Yes | Brisk walking on treadmill | No Yes | 3 × 36–40, n.g. (presumably S-JE) (79%) | 30 min brisk walking (4–6.2 km/h at 3–7% incline) at 70–85% HRmax |
12 | Yes | Brisk walking on treadmill | No Yes | 3 × 51–55, n.g. (presumably S-JE) (82%) | 45 min brisk walking (4–6.2 km/h at 3–7% incline) at 70–85% HRmax | ||
Nelson, 1991 | Healthy 11 ± 1 y post Sedentary | 12 | No | Walking with weighted vest | No Yes | 4 × 50, S-JE (90%) | Walking with a 3.1 kg weighted vest at 75–80% HRmax |
Prince, 1995 | Healthy > 8 y post ≤ 2 h/w Ex | 24 | No | WB AET (more details n.g.) | ? Yes | 4 × 60, 2 × S-JE/2 × HE (39%) | 4 × WB exercise (including 2 × walking) at 60% HRmax (more details n.g.) |
Ryan, 1998 | Healthy > 2 y post Sedentary | 6 | Yes | Walking, jogging on treadmill | ? Yes | 3 × 55, S-E (> 90%) | Up to (4th month) 35 min walking/jogging at 50–70% VO2max, 10 min cool down (cycle ergometer), Energy-intake restriction of 250–350 kcal/d (weight loss study) |
Sakai, 2010 | Healthy > 8 y post n.g | 6 | No | Unilateral standing on one leg | No Yes | 7 × 2, HE (≥ 70%) | 3 sets (early, at noon, in the evening) of unilateral standing for 1 min on each leg with eyes open |
Silverman, 2009 | Healthy 12 ± 8 y post Sedentary | 6 | No | Walking | No Yes | 3 × 45–60, S-JE > 1session (78%) | walking at 50–75% HRmax, energy-intake restriction of 250–350 kcal/d (weight loss study) |
Sugiyama, 2002 | Healthy 3 y post n.g | 6 | No | Rope skipping (more details n.g.) | ? Yes | 2–3 × ?, HE (82%) | 100 jump/session (more details n.g.) |
Tartibian, 2011 | Healthy > 8 y post Sedentary | 6 | Yes | Walking/jogging on treadmill | ? Yes | 3–6 × 25–45, S-JE (95%) | First 12 weeks: 3–4 × 25–30 min at 45–55% HRmax, second 12 weeks: 4–6 × 40–45 min at 55–65% HRmax |
Wang, 2015 | Healthy > 0.5 y post No Tai Chi | 12 | No | Tai Chi (Yang-style) | ? Yes | 2 × 60, S-JE 2 × 60, Group E with video (n.g.) | 40 min: 5 reps × 6 min set, 42 type compositions each, 2 min rest (more details n.g.) |
Woo, 2007 | Healthy > 8 y post Sedentary | 12 | No | Tai Chi (Yang-Style) | ? Yes | 3 × ?, S-JE (81%) | 24 forms of Yang-Style Tai Chi |
Wu, 2006 | Healthy 4 ± 2 y post Sedentary | 12 | No | Walking | No Yes | 3 × 60, S-JE (n.g.)* | 45 min of walking with 5–6 km/h |
Yamazaki, 2004 | ≥ Osteopenia 17 ± 8 y post Sedentary | 12 | No | Walking | No Yes | ≥ 4 × 60, n.g. (presumably HE) (100%) | 8000 steps/session at 50% VO2max |
DRT type exercise (n = 18) | |||||||
Bemben, 2000 | Healthy 3 ± 1 y post No-RT | 6 | Yes | DRT (all main muscle groups) with machines | Yes Yes | 3 × 60, S-JE (87%) | DRT:45 min, 8 exercises, 3 sets, 8 reps, 80% 1RM |
6 | Yes | DRT (all main muscle groups) with machines | Yes Yes | 3 × 60, S-JE (93%) | DRT: 45 min, 8 exercises, 3 sets, 16 reps, 40% 1RM | ||
Chilibeck, 2002 | Healthy 9 ± 2 y post No vigorous Ex | 12 | Yes | DRT (all main muscle groups) on machines | Yes Yes | 3 × ?, S-JE (78%) | 12 exercises, 2 sets, 8–10 reps, ≈ 70% 1RM |
De Oliveira, 2018 | Healthy 8 ± 7 y post Sedentary | 6 | Yes | Pilates (all main muscle groups) on machines | Yes Yes | 3 × 60, S-JE (93%) | 21 exercises (strengthening & flexibility), 1 set, 10 reps, 1 min rest between exercises, 5–6 at Borg CR10 |
Duff, 2016 | Healthy > 8 y post No-RT | 9 | Yes | DRT (all main muscle groups) on machines & with free weights | Yes Yes | 3 × ?, S-JE (84%) | 12 exercises, 2 sets, 8–12 reps to muscular fatigue, ? 1RM (more details n.g.) |
Hartard, 1996 | Osteopenia > 2 y post < 1 h/w, No-BSE | 6 | Yes | DRT (all main muscle groups) on machines | Yes Yes | 2 × ?, S-JE (> 83%) | 14 exercises, 1–2 sets, 8–12 reps, 70% 1RM, TUT: concentric: 3-4 s – eccentric 3-4 s. ≥ 2 min rest between sets |
Kerr, 1996 | Healthy ≈ 7 ± 4 y post No-RT, No-Ex > 3 h/w | 12 | Yes | Unilateral DRT (all main muscle groups, randomized allocation of the left side or right side to exercise or control group) on machines or free weights | Yes Yes | 3 × 45–60, S-JE (89%) | 13 exercises, 3 sets at 20 RM, 3–5 rep (≈ 60–65% 1RM), 2–3 min rest between sets |
12 | Yes | Unilateral DRT (see above) | Yes Yes | 3 × 20–30, S-JE (87%) | 13 exercises, 3 sets at 8 RM, 3–5 rep (≈75–80% 1RM), 2–3 min rest between sets | ||
Maddalozzo, 2007 | Healthy 1–3 y post n.g | 12 | Yes | DRT (back squat, deadlifts) with free weights | Yes Yes | 2 × 50, S-JE (85%) | 15–20 min warm up (exercise focusing on posture, muscle engagement, abdominal strength, flexibility) 2 sets, 10–12 reps, 50% 1 RM. Main part: 20–25 min, 2 exercises, 3 sets, 8–12 reps, 60 s rest between sets at 60–75% 1RM, TUT: 1-2 s concentric, 2-3 s eccentric |
Nelson, 1994 | Healthy (6 women with 1 spine fracture) 12 ± 5 y post Sedentary | 12 | Yes | DRT (most main muscle groups) on machines | Yes Yes | 2 × 55, S-JE (88%) | 45 min, 5 exercises, 3 sets, 8 reps, 50- 80% 1RM, TUT-6–9 s/rep, 3 s rest between reps, 90–120 s rest between sets |
Nicholsen, 2015 | Healthy> 5 y post No-RT | 6 | Yes | DRT (all main muscle groups): „Body Pump Release 83 “ (i.e., barbell exercises) | Yes Yes | 2 × 50, S-JE (89%) | 10 × up to 6 min blocks of exercises for all main muscle groups (21 exercises in total); up to 108 reps (squats), ≤ 30% 1RM |
Orsatti, 2013 | Healthy 9 ± 6 y post Sedentary | 9 | Yes | DRT (all main muscle groups) with free weights and on machines | Yes Yes | 3 × 50–60, S-JE (n.g.) | 8 exercises 3 sets, 8–15 reps at 40–80% 1RM, 3 sets -20–30 reps for trunk flexion & calf raises, 1–2 min rest between sets |
Pruitt [28], 1992 | Healthy 3 ± 1 y post No-BSE | 9 | Yes | DRT (all main muscle groups) with free weights and on machines | Yes Yes | 3 × 60, S-JE (83%) | 40 min, 11 exercises, 1 set, at 10 -12 RM for upper body & 10–15 RM for lower body (more details n.g.) |
Pruitt, 1995 | Healthy > 8 y post No-RT | 12 | Yes | DRT (all main muscle groups) on machines | Yes Yes | 3 × 55–65, S-JE (81%) | 50–55 min, 10 exercises, 1 warm up set, 14 reps, at 40% 1 RM, 2 sets, 7 reps, 80% 1RM |
Healthy > 8 y post No-RT | 12 | Yes | DRT (all main muscle groups) on machines | Yes Yes | 3 × 55–65, S-JE (77%) | 50–55 min, 10 exercises, 3 sets, 14 reps, at 40% 1RM | |
Sinaki, 1989 | Healthy > 0.5 y post n.g | 24 | Yes | DRT (back strengthening exercise in a prone position using a back pack; ≈ hyperextensions) with free weights | Yes No | 5 × ?, HE (n.g.) | One back strengthening exercise, 1 set, 10 reps, with a weight equivalent to 30% of the maximum isometric back muscle strength in pounds (maximum 23 kg) |
Wang, 2015 | Healthy > 0.5 y post No Tai Chi | 12 | No | Tai Chi-RT (includes 4 resistance based Chen style actions) | ? Yes | 2 × 60, S-JE 2 × 60, Group E with video (n.g.) | 40 min: 6 reps × 5 min exercise, 2 min rest (more details n.g.) |
Woo, 2007 | Healthy > 8 y post Sedentary | 12 | No | DRT (arm-lifting, hip abduction, heel raise, hip-flexion,-extension, squat) with elastic bands | Yes Yes | 3 × ?, S-JE (76%) | 6 exercises, 30 reps (no more information given) |
Combined WB und DRT (n = 36) | |||||||
Adami, 1999 | Healthy 16 ± 7 y post Sedentary | 6 | No | Walking, DRT; volleyball in a sitting/standing position | No Yes | 2 × 95–110, S-JE (83%) 7 × 30 HE (n.g.) | S-JE: 15–30 min warm up (walking), 70 min press-up, volleyball, 10 min DRT for the forearm with a 500 g weight. Number of reps (10–25)/min increased progressively. HE: Repeat all exercise |
Basat, 2013 | Osteopenia 6 ± 4 y post No-BSE | 6 | No | Walking, DRT (focus on lower body with few trunk exercises) | Yes Yes | 3 × 60, S-JE (> 60%) | 15 min warm up (walking), 30–40 min RT: ≥ 9 exercises, 1 set, 10 reps (more details n.g.) |
Bello, 2014 | Diabetes 61 ± 6 y Low intensity | 8 | No | Walking; DRT (all main muscle groups); aquatic exercise (RT main muscle groups) | Yes Yes | 3 × 40-?, S-JE (85%) | 40 min walking 1 × w, WB circuit training 1 × w with easy loads: 6 exercises, 3 sets, 15–20 reps. Aquatic RT exercise 1 × w: 4 exercise, 3 sets, 15–20 reps; all at RPE 12–15 of Borg CR 20. 1 × week each type of exercise |
Bemben, 2010 | Healthy > 5 y post No-RT | 8 | No | Walking, DRT (all main muscle groups) with machines | Yes Yes | 3 ×≈ 60, S-JE (90%) | 5 min warm up (walking), 8 exercises, 3 sets, 10 reps, 80% 1RM + dumbbell wrist curls & seated abdominal flexion L/M intensity |
Bergström, 2008 | Osteopenia 59 ± 4 y No-BSE | 12 | Yes | Walking, DRT (all main muscle groups); | Yes Yes | 1–2 × 60, S-JE 3 × 30, HE HT & S-JE (95%) | S-JE: 25 min DRT, 25 min WB AET (more details n.g.) HE: fast walking (more details n.g.) |
Bocalini, 2009 | Healthy > 8 y post Sedentary | 6 | Yes | Running, DRT (all main muscle groups) | Yes Yes | 3 × 60, S-JE (> 90%) | 10 min warm up (low impact running), 12 exercises, 3 sets, 10 reps, 85% 1RM with focus on eccentric exercises, 1 min rest (alternate upper & lower body exercises) between ex |
Bolton, 2012 | Osteopenia 13 ± 7 y post No-BSE | 12 | Yes | Jumping, DRT (muscle groups n.g.: “loading the proximal femur”) | No Yes | 3 × 60, S-JE 1/w (88%) Daily HT | S-JE: 40 min (?) exercises, 2 sets, 8 reps, 80% 1RM with slow velocity, 1 set with reduced load & high velocity (12 rep). HT: Daily 3 sets, 10 reps of jumps (more details n.g.) |
Caplan, 1993 | Healthy 18 ± 8 y post n.g | 24 | No | Aerobic dance, ball games; DRT: floor exercises (more details n.g.) | ? Yes | 2 × 60, S-JE (n.g.) ≥ 1 × 20–30, HT (n.g.) | 20–25 min AET, 10 min ball games (more details n.g.) 20–30 min DRT (more details n.g.) |
Chilibeck, 2013 | Healthy > 1 y post No-BSE | 24 | Yes | Walking; DRT (all main muscle groups) on machines | Yes Yes | 2 × n.g., S-JE 4 × 20–30, HT & S-JE (77%) | S-JE: 15 exercises, 2 sets, 8 reps, 80% 1RM HT & S-JE: walking at 70% HRmax |
Choquette, 2011 | Healthy 8 ± 8 y post Sedentary | 6 | Yes | Running & cycling; DRT (all main muscle groups) on machines & with free weights | Yes Yes | 3 × 60, S-JE (≥ 85%) | AET: 30 min at 40–85% HRmax; after 3 months H-intensity intervals of 4 × 4 min ≥ 90% HRmax, 3 min rest at 50–65% HRmax. RT: 30 min, ? exercise, 1 set, 12–15 rep increased to 4 sets 4–6 reps, at 60%-85%1RM |
Chuin, 2009 | Healthy > 8 y post n.g | 6 | Yes | Running & cycling, DRT (most main muscle groups) on machines | Yes Yes | 3 × 60, S-JE (> 90%) | 15 min warm up (treadmill/cycle ergometer), DRT: 45 min, 8 exercises, 3 sets, 8 reps at 80% 1RM, rest between sets 90–120 s, 1 RM-test each 4 weeks |
De Matos, 2009 | ≥ Osteopenia 10 y post n.g | 12 | Yes | Running, stepping, cycling, DRT (all main muscle groups) on machines or free weights; | Yes Yes | 3 × 45–65, n.g. (presumably S-JE) (n.g.) | WB / non-WB AET (treadmill, stepper, bike): 5–20 min (RPE 4–6 on Borg CR 10). DRT: 30–40 min, 9 exercises,? sets, 10–15 reps, ? 1RM, TUT: 3 s conc-3 s eccentric; 1 min rest between sets & exercise |
Deng, 2009 | Healthy 4 ± 3 y post No-BSE | 12 | Yes | Brisk walking, stepping, jumping; DRT (all main muscle groups) on machines with free weights | Yes Yes | 2 × 60, S-JE 3–5 × 60, HE (82%) | S-EJ: 45 min DRT, 9 exercises, 2–5 sets, 12–40 reps, at 50–60% 1RM, self-selected rest (more details n.g.) HE: 30 min walking, at 50–80% HRmax, 15 min step routine, 50–300 jumps from a 4 inch bench |
Englund, 2005 | Healthy > 8 y post n.g | 12 | Yes | Walking/jogging; DRT (all main muscle groups) | Yes Yes | 2 × 50, S-JE (67%) | WB AET: 10 min warm up, 15 min walking/jogging. DRT: 12 min, 2 sets, 8–12 reps., ? 1RM (more details n.g.) |
Going, 2003 | Healthy 3–11 y post No-RT, < 120 min Ex | 12 | Yes | Walking, Jogging, skipping, hopping, stepping with weighted vests; DRT (all main muscle groups) on machines with free weights | Yes Yes | 3 × ≈ 60, S-JE (72%) | 10 min warm up (walking), 20–25 min WB AET at 60% HRmax, 120–300 stair/steps with 5- 13 kg weighted vest DRT: 7 exercises, 2 sets, 6–8 reps 70–80% 1 RM |
Grove, 1992 | Healthy 4 ± 3 y post Sedentary | 12 | No | Jumping variations, heel drops (GRF ≥ 2 × body mass); DRT | ? Yes | 3 × 60, S-JE (83%) | 20 min of high impact exercises. 15 min cool down (RT with abdominal & leg adduction/abduction exercises) |
12 | No | Walking, charleston, heel jacks (GRF < 1.5 × body mass), DRT | No Yes | 3 × 60, S-JE (80%) | 20 min of low impact exercises. 15 min cool down (RT with abdominal & leg adduction/abduction exercises) | ||
Iwamoto, 2001 | Osteoporosis 16 ± 6 y post Sedentary | 24 | Yes | Walking; DRT (“Gymnastics”: lower limbs & trunk exercises) | Yes Yes | Daily (walking), ?, HE 2 × daily RT?, HE (n.g.) | Additionally (to basic activity walking) ≈ 3000 steps/d, RT: ≥ 4 exercises, 2 sets, 15 reps, ?% 1RM |
Jessup, 2003 | Healthy > 8 y post Sedentary | 8 | Yes | Walking, stairclimbing; DRT (most main muscle groups) on machines | Yes Yes | 3 × 60–90, S-JE (n.g.) | DRT: 20–35 min, 8 exercises, ? sets, 8–10 reps, 50%- 75% 1RM. WB AET: 30–45 min with weighted vest (increased up to 10% body mass) |
Karakiriou, 2011 | Osteopenia 5 ± 2 y post Sedentary | 6 | No | Walking, jumping, step aerobic exercise; DRT (all main muscle groups) | Yes Yes | 2 × ? RT, S-JE 1 × 45 min AET (80%) | 15 min warm up (walking, cycling, jumping). 2 × RT/w.:11 exercises, 2–3 sets, 10–12 reps at 70% 1RM, 30 s rest between exercises, 3 min between sets. 1 × Step aerobic/w.: 20 min, 9 exercise, 2 circuits of 40 s; rest: 20 s between exercises, 2 min between circuits, 70–85% HRmax |
Kemmler, 1999 | Healthy Early-post-menopausal No-BSE | 9 | Yes | Running, gaming, jumping; DRT (all main muscle groups) | Yes Yes | 2 × 90, S-JE (82%) 2 × 35, HT (59%) | AET: 25 min at 70–80% HRmax. RT: 65 min, 12–15 exercises, 2–4 sets of 8 s maximum isometric contractions; 6 trunk, upper back, lower extremity exercises, 20–25 reps at 60–65% 1 RM. HT: resistance exercises |
Healthy Late-post-menopausal No-BSE | 9 | Yes | Running, gaming, jumping; DRT (all main muscle groups) | Yes Yes | 2 × 90, S-JE (82%) 2 × 35, HT (59%) | AET: 25 min at 70–80% HRmax. RT: 65 min, 12–15 exercises, 2–4 sets of 8 s maximum isometric contractions; 6 trunk, upper back, lower extremity exercises, 20–25 reps at 60–65% 1 RM. HT: resistance exercises | |
Kemmler, 2004 | Osteopenia 1–8 y post No-BSE | 26 | Yes | Running, HI-aerobic dance jumping; DRT (all main muscle groups) on machines, with free weight, body mass | Yes Yes | 2 × 60–70, S-JE (79%) 2 × 25, HT (61%) | AET: 20 min at 65–85% HRmax. Jumping started after 5–6 months with 4 × 15 multilateral jumps. DRT: 30–40 min, 1/w. The first 6 month: 13 ex, 2 sets, 20–12 rep, TUT: 2 s concentric, 2 s eccentric at 50–65% RM, 90 s rest between sets & exercises. Then, 12 w blocks of H-intensity at 70–90% 1RM interleaved by 4 w at 55–79% 1RM. Isometric RT: 30–40 min, 1/w, 12–15 exercises (trunk& femur), 2–4 sets, 15–20 rep, 15–20 s rest. HT: rope skipping (3 set, 20 rep), RT |
Kemmler, 2010 | Healthy > 8 y post Sedentary | 18 | Yes | HI-aerobic dance; DRT (all main muscle groups) | Yes Yes | 2 × 60, S-JE (76%) 2 × 20, HE (42%) | AET: 20 min at 70–85% HRmax. RT: 10–15 exercises, 1–3 sets of 6–10 s maximum isometric contractions, 20–30 s rest, 3 upper body exercises, 2–3 sets 10–15 reps, TUT: 2 s concentric, 2 s eccentric at 65–70% 1RM; 3 lower extremity exercises, 2 sets 8 reps, 1 min rest at 80% 1RM. HT: RT 1–2 sets, 6–8 exercise, 10–15 rep. 2–3 belt exercises, 2 sets, 10–15 rep |
Kemmler, 2013 | Healthy 2 ± 1 y post No-BSE | 12 | Yes | HI-aerobic dance, walking/ running, jumping; isometric & DRT (all main muscle groups) exercise on machines, with free weight, body mass | Yes Yes | 3 × 45–60, S-JE (67%) | Block I: 1 × 45 min/w H-Impact aerobic 75–85% HRmax, 2 × 20 min/w aerobic 75–85% HRmax, 4 × 15–20 jumps, 90 s rest. RT: 15 min, 8–12 floor exercises (trunk, hip, legs), 1–2 sets, 10–20 rep, 30 s rest. RT: 20 min, 8 exercises, 2 sets, 8-9rep, 45 s rest up, TUT: 2 s concentric, 2 s eccentric. to 80% 1RM |
Kerr, 2001 | Healthy ≈10 ± 6 y post < 2 h/w | 24 | Yes | Walking, DRT (all main muscle groups) | Yes Yes | 3 × 60, S-JE (74%) | ≈ 30 min brisk walking & stretching, RT: 30 min, 9 exercises, 3 sets at 8 RM (≈ 75–80% 1RM) |
24 | No | Walking, DRT (all main muscle groups); Stationary cycling | Yes Yes | 3 × 60, S-JE (77%) | ≈ 30 min brisk walking & stretching. RT: 30 min, 9 exercises, 3 set, 8 rep, 40 s/exercise with “minimal load”; 10 s rest between the exercises (more details n.g.). Stationary cycling 40 s, HR < 150 beats/min | ||
Kwon, 2008 | Healthy > 8 y post No-Ex > 2/w | 6 | Yes RT? | Aerobic dance; DRT (6 upper & lower body exercises) with free weights | Yes Yes | 3 × 80, n.g. (presumably S-JE) (n.g.) | 30 min AET at 40–75% HRmax, 30 min DRT of 6 exercises, ? sets, 3–10 reps to voluntary fatigue (i.e., 75% 1RM) |
Lord, 1996 | Healthy > 8 y post No equal intensity with the intervention | 12 | No | Brisk walking, multilateral stepping, lunges, heel rises; DRT (all main muscle groups) using owns body mass | Yes Yes | 2 × 60, S-JE (73%) | 5 min warm up (paced walking), conditioning period 35–40 min: AET & guided functional gymnastics for all main muscle groups (sets?, reps?, intensity?) |
Marques and Mota, 2011 | Healthy > 8 y post Sedentary | 8 | Yes | Marching, bench stepping, heel drops; DRT (most main muscle groups) with weighted vests, elastic bands, free weights | Yes Yes | 2 × 60, S-JE (72%) | 15 min WB AET with Peak-GRF up to 2.7 × body mass & high strain frequency (120–125 beats/min), 10 min for ≥ 7 muscle endurance exercises, 1–3 sets, 8–15 reps, ?1RM (more details n.g.), 10 min balance & dynamic exercise (walking, playing with ball, rope, sticks, etc.), 10 min agility training (coordination, balance, ball games, dance) |
Marques and Wanderley, 2011 | Healthy > 8 y post Sedentary | 8 | Yes | DRT (all main muscle groups) on machines, walking during cool down | Yes Yes | 3 × 60, S-JE (78%) | 8–10 min warm up (cycling/rowing ergometer) at low intensity. 30–40 min DRT, 8 exercises, 2 sets, 15–6 reps, 50–80% 1RM with variable TUT (3-6 s/rep.), 120 s rest between sets, 5–10 min cool down (walking & stretching) |
Milliken, 2003 | Healthy 6 ± 3 y post < 2 h/w | 12 | Yes | Walking, skipping, multilateral stepping, jumping with weighted vests; DRT (all main muscle groups) with free weights, on machines; functional gymnastics | Yes Yes | 3 × 75, S-JE (n.g.) | 20 min WB AET at 50–70% HRmax. 35 min DRT: 8 exercises, 2 sets, 6–8 reps, 70–80% 1 RM. Functional gymnastics for shoulder & abdominals using elastic bands and physio-balls |
Nichols, 1995 | Healthy > 8 y post ≥ 3 × 30 min/w | 12 | Yes | Walking, DRT (all main muscle groups) on machines | Yes Yes | 3 × ≈ 45–60, S-JE (82%) | 5 min warm up (walking), 8 exercises, 1–3 sets, 10–12 reps, 50–80% 1RM; 30-60 s rest between exercises, 60 s rest between sets |
Park, 2008 | Healthy > 8 y post ≤ 7 h/w M-Ex | 12 | No | WB AET; RT (more details n.g.) | ? Yes | 3 × 60, n.g (n.g.) | 10 min RT, 23 min of WB exercise at 65–70% HRmax (more details n.g.) |
Tolomio, 2009 | ≥ Osteopenia 2–22 y post n.g | 11 | No | Walking, DRT (joint mobility, elastic bands, balls); aquatic exercise (more details n.g.) | ? Yes | 3 × 60, S-JE & 1 × HE (n.g.) | The first 11 w only in gym, then 2 times in gym & once in water. 15 min warm up (brisk walking, stretching), 2 × 30 min/week RT, 1 × 30 min/week water gymnastics (more details n.g.). 2 periods (6 &10 w) training at home (more details n.g.) |
Verschueren, 2004 | Healthy 15 ± 6 y post n.g | 6 | Yes | Running, Stepping, DRT (leg press, leg extension) | ? Yes | 3 × 60, n.g. (presumably S-JE) (n.g.) | 20 min warm up (running, stepping, or cycling) at 60–80% HRmax, DRT:2 exercise, 1–3 set, 20–8 rep |
Intervention Characteristics
Cholecalciferol, Calcium Supplementation
Exercise Intervention
Dynamic Resistance Exercise (DRT)
Weight Bearing Exercise
Combined WB and DRT Studies
Methodologic Quality
First author, year | Eligibility criteria | Random allocation | Allocation concealment | Inter group homogeneity | Blinding subjects | Blinding personnel | Blinding assessors | Participation ≥ 85% allocation | Intention to treat analysisa | Between group comparison | Measure of variability | Total score |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Adami, 1999 | Y | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 4 |
Basat, 2013 | Y | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 5 |
Bassey, 1995 | Y | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 4 |
Bassey, 1998 | Y | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 4 |
Bello, 2014 | Y | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 5 |
Bemben, 2000 | Y | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 4 |
Bemben, 2010 | Y | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 5 |
Bergström, 2008 | Y | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 6 |
Bocalini, 2009 | Y | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 5 |
Bolton, 2012 | Y | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 7 |
Brooke-Wavell, 1997 | Y | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 5 |
Brooke-Wavell, 2001 | Y | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 5 |
Caplan, 1993 | Y | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 5 |
Chan, 2004 | Y | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 5 |
Chilibeck, 2002 | Y | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 8 |
Chilibeck, 2013 | Y | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 8 |
Choquette, 2011 | Y | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 5 |
Chuin, 2009 | Y | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 5 |
de Matos, 2009 | Y | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 3 |
Deng, 2009 | Y | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 4 |
de Oliveira, 2019 | Y | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 8 |
Duff, 2016 | Y | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 8 |
Ebrahim, 1997 | Y | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 7 |
Englund, 200 | Y | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 4 |
Evans, 2007 | Y | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 6 |
Going, 2003 | Y | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 5 |
Grove, 1992 | Y | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 6 |
Hans, 2002 | Y | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 5 |
Hartard, 1996 | Y | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 5 |
Hatori, 1993 | Y | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 6 |
Iwamoto, 2001 | Y | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 5 |
Jessup, 2003 | Y | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 7 |
Karakiriou, 2011 | Y | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 3 |
Kemmler, 1999 | Y | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 5 |
Kemmler, 2004 | Y | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 4 |
Kemmler, 2010 | Y | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 9 |
Kemmler, 2013 | Y | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 7 |
Kerr, 1996 | Y | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 5 |
Kerr, 2001 | Y | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 5 |
Kohrt, 1995 | Y | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 4 |
Kohrt, 1997 | Y | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 4 |
Korpelainen, 2006 | Y | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 7 |
Kwon, 2008 | Y | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 3 |
Lau, 1992 | Y | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 5 |
Liu, 2015 | Y | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 6 |
Lord, 1996 | Y | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 5 |
Maddalozzo, 2007 | Y | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 6 |
Marques, 2011 | Y | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 6 |
Marques, 2011 | Y | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 6 |
Martin, 1993 | Y | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 5 |
Milliken, 2003 | Y | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 6 |
Nelson, 1991 | Y | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 5 |
Nelson, 1994 | Y | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 6 |
Nichols, 1995 | Y | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 5 |
Nicholson, 2015 | Y | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 7 |
Orsatti, 2013 | Y | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 7 |
Park, 2008 | Y | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 7 |
Prince, 1995 | Y | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 6 |
Pruitt, 1992 | Y | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 5 |
Pruitt, 1995 | Y | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 5 |
Ryan, 1998 | Y | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 4 |
Sakai, 2010 | Y | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 6 |
Silverman, 2009 | Y | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 4 |
Sinaki, 1989 | Y | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 6 |
Sugiyama, 2002 | Y | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 3 |
Tartibian, 2011 | Y | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 6 |
Tolomio, 2009 | Y | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 5 |
Verschueren, 2003 | Y | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 6 |
Wang, 2015 | Y | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 6 |
Woo, 2007 | Y | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 8 |
Wu, 2006 | Y | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 6 |
Yamazaki, 2004 | Y | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 4 |