Background
Methods
Statistical analysis
Results
Description of the study cohort
N(%) | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Subjects that complete questions on rhinitis and SPT | Excluded |
P-value | Subjects that complete questions on wheeze and SPT | Excluded |
P-value | Subjects that complete questions on eczema and SPT | Excluded |
P-value | Subjects that complete SPT | Excluded |
P-value | |
Gender | ||||||||||||
Male | 299 (51.2) | 262 (55.2) | 0.2 | 299.(50.3) | 262 (56.5) | 0.047 | 326 (50.9) | 235 (56.1) | 0.1 | 398 (52.0) | 163 (55.4) | 0.3 |
Female | 285 (48.8) | 213 (44.8) | 296 (49.7) | 202 (43.5) | 314 (49.1) | 184 (43.9) | 367 (48.0) | 131 (44.6) | ||||
Ethnicity | ||||||||||||
Chinese | 352 (60.3) | 253 (53.3) | 0.1 | 363 (61.0) | 242 (52.2) | <0.01 | 387 (60.5) | 218 (52.0) | <0.01 | 438 (57.3) | 167 (56.8) | 0.8 |
Malay | 138 (23.6) | 127 (26.7) | 147 (24.7) | 118 (25.4) | 156 (24.4) | 109 (26.0) | 194 (25.4) | 71 (24.1) | ||||
Indian | 94 (16.1) | 95 (20.0) | 85 (14.3) | 108 (22.4) | 97 (15.2) | 92 (22.0) | 133 (17.4) | 56 (19.0) | ||||
Maternal Education ≥12 years | 371 (64.0) | 267 (57.3) | 0.03 | 375 (63.5) | 263 (57.8) | 0.1 | 401 (63.1) | 237 (57.7) | 0.1 | 464 (61.3) | 174 (60.2) | 0.8 |
Maternal Education <12 years | 209 (36.0) | 199 (42.7) | 216 (36.5) | 192 (42.2) | 234 (36.9) | 174 (42.3) | 293 (38.7) | 115 (39.8) |
N(%) | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Subjects that complete questions on rhinitis and SPT | Excluded |
P-value | Subjects that complete questions on wheeze and SPT | Excluded |
P-value | Subjects that complete questions on eczema and SPT | Excluded |
P-value | Subjects that complete SPT | Excluded |
P-value | |
Sex | ||||||||||||
Male | 303 (51.2) | 258 (55.2) | 0.2 | 342 (53.0) | 219 (52.9) | 1.00 | 304 (51.6) | 257 (54.7) | 0.3 | 414 (52.9) | 147 (53.1) | 1.00 |
Female | 289 (48.8) | 209 (44.8) | 303 (47.0) | 195 (47.1) | 285 (48.4) | 213 (45.3) | 368 (47.1) | 130 (46.9) | ||||
Ethnicity | ||||||||||||
Chinese | 360 (60.8) | 245 (52.5) | 0.02 | 377 (58.4) | 228 (55.1) | 0.04 | 349 (59.3) | 256 (54.5) | 0.02 | 446 (57.0) | 159 (57.4) | 0.60 |
Malay | 139 (23.5) | 126 (27.0) | 168 (26.0) | 97 (23.4) | 152 (25.8) | 113 (24.0) | 201 (25.7) | 64 (23.1) | ||||
Indian | 93 (15.7) | 96 (20.6) | 100 (15.5) | 89 (21.5) | 88 (14.9) | 101 (21.5) | 135 (17.3) | 54 (19.5) | ||||
Maternal Education ≥12 years | 379 (64.2) | 259 (56.8) | 0.02 | 395 (61.5) | 243 (60.1) | 0.70 | 365 (62.4) | 273 (59.2) | 0.3 | 474 (61.1) | 164 (60.7) | 0.90 |
Maternal Education <12 years | 211 (35.8) | 197 (43.2) | 247 (38.5) | 161 (39.9) | 220 (37.6) | 188 (40.8) | 302 (38.9) | 106 (39.3) |
Associations between weight gain and allergic outcomes
Quartile 1 | Quartile 2 | Quartile 3 | Quartile 4 | Q u arti l e 1 | Quartile 2 | Q uartile 3 | Q u arti le 4 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Period of weight gain | Allergic outcomes | N(%) | N(%) | N(%) | N(%) | Reference group | Adjusted OR (95% CI) | Adjusted OR (95% CI) | Adjusted OR (95% CI) | p-trend |
0 to 3 months | Wheeze with a positive skin prick test | 1 (0.6) | 5 (3.0) | 2 (1.3) | 11 (7.6) | 1.00 | 1.4 (0.1–17.9) | 1.3 (0.1–18.6) | 4.5 (0.4–53.4) | 0.2 |
Prolonged rhinitis with a positive skin prick test | 3 (1.9) | 1 (0.7) | 2 (1.4) | 7 (5.2) | 1.00 | 0.2 (0.0–3.0) | 0.2 (0.0–3.4) | 1.7 (0.2–14.5) | 0.2 | |
Atopic eczema with a positive skin prick test | 5 (3.0) | 4 (2.4) | 2 (1.3) | 9 (6.2) | 1.00 | 0.4 (0.1–2.4) | 0.3 (0.0–2.2) | 0.8 (0.1–4.9) | 0.8 | |
Positive skin prick test | 28 (14.1) | 25 (14.0) | 12 (6.7) | 34 (19.3) | 1.00 | 1.1 (0.5–2.4) | 0.6 (0.2–1.4) | 1.7 (0.7–3.9) | 0.5 | |
3 to 6 months | Wheeze with a positive skin prick test | 5 (3.2) | 4 (2.5) | 2 (1.3) | 3 (1.9) | 1.00 | 1.1 (0.1–8.5) | 0.5 (0.0–6.5) | 1.8 (0.3–12.4) | 0.7 |
Prolonged rhinitis with a positive skin prick test | 0 (0) | 4 (2.8) | 4 (2.9) | 4 (2.9) | 1.00 | # | # | # | # | |
Atopic eczema with a positive skin prick test | 5 (3.1) | 3 (1.8) | 1 (0.7) | 3 (2.0) | 1.00 | 1.6 (0.2–10.6) | # | 1.0 (0.1–8.7) | 0.6 | |
Positive skin prick test | 31 (17.6) | 30 (16.8) | 21 (12.4) | 14 (8.3) | 1.00 | 1.4 (0.7–3.0) | 0.9 (0.4–2.0) | 0.6 (0.2–1.4) | 0.1 | |
6 to 9 months | Wheeze with a positive skin prick test | 3 (1.9) | 2 (1.2) | 5 (3.1) | 3 (2.0) | 1.00 | 0.3 (0.0–3.6) | 1.6 (0.3–9.7) | 0.6 (0.1–7.9) | 0.9 |
Prolonged rhinitis with a positive skin prick test | 2 (1.4) | 1 (0.7) | 3 (2.1) | 1 (0.8) | 1.00 | 1.0 (0.1–12.6) | 0.7 (0.1–9.6) | 0.7 (0.0–11.4) | 0.8 | |
Atopic eczema with a positive skin prick test | 5 (3.2) | 4 (2.6) | 1 (0.7) | 1 (0.7) | 1.00 | 2.4 (0.3–16.7) | 0.6 (0.0–7.0) | # | 0.3 | |
Positive skin prick test | 30 (17.9) | 26 (15.4) | 22 (13.2) | 16 (9.7) | 1.00 | 0.5 (0.2–1.1) | 0.5 (0.2–1.0) |
0.3 (0.1–0.7)
|
<0.01
| |
9 to 12 m o n th s | Wheeze with a positive skin prick test | 3 (1.9) | 1 (0.6) | 3 (1.9) | 0 (0) | 1.00 | 0.7 (0.1–9.6) | 1.8 (0.2–16.1) | # | 0.5 |
Prolonged rhinitis with a positive skin prick test | 1 (0.7) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 2 (1.3) | 1.00 | # | # | # | # | |
Atopic eczema with a positive skin prick test | 3 (2.0) | 2 (1.3) | 1 (0.7) | 3 (2.0) | 1.00 | 0.6 (0.0–7.0) | 0.4 (0.0–4.9) | # | 0.2 | |
Positive skin prick test | 34 (20.0) | 26 (15.8) | 12 (7.3) | 20 (11.3) | 1.00 | 0.9 (0.4–1.8) |
0.4 (0.2–0.96)
| 0.5 (0.2–1.2) |
0.03
| |
12 to 15 months | Wheeze with a positive skin prick test | 0 (0) | 3 (1.7) | 0 (0) | 1 (0.6) | 1.00 | # | # | # | # |
Prolonged rhinitis with a positive skin prick test | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 1.00 | # | # | # | # | |
Atopic eczema with a positive skin prick test | 1 (0.6) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 2 (1.2) | 1.00 | # | # | # | # | |
Positive skin prick test | 32 (17.7) | 25 (14.3) | 19 (11.2) | 20 (11.3) | 1.00 | 0.7 (0.3–1.4) | 0.5 (0.2–1.0) |
0.4 (0.2–0.8)
|
<0.01
|
Quartile 1 | Quartile 2 | Quartile 3 | Quartile 4 | Quartile 1 | Quartile 2 | Quartile 3 | Quartile 4 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Period of weight gain | Allergic outcomes | N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | Reference group | Adjusted OR (95% CI) | Adjusted OR (95% Adjusted OR CI) (95% CI) | Adjusted OR (95% Adjusted | p-trend |
0 to 3 months | Wheeze with a positive skin prick test | 11 (6.7) | 15 (9.3) | 19 (11.8) | 19 (13.1) | 1.00 | 1.6 (0.6–4.5) | 1.8 (0.6–5.4) | 1.3 (0.4–4.0) | 0.7 |
Rhinitis with a positive skin prick test | 10 (6.7) | 9 (6.3) | 16 (10.6) | 24 (17.6) | 1.00 | 0.9 (0.3–3.1) | 1.3 (0.4–4.3) | 1.7 (0.5–6.0) | 0.3 | |
Atopic eczema with a positive skin prick test | 5 (3.4) | 10 (6.7) | 9 (6.6) | 10 (7.3) | 1.00 | 1.9 (0.5–7.1) | 1.4 (0.3–5.8) | 1.1 (0.3–4.9) | 0.9 | |
Positive skin prick test | 34 (17.4) | 36 (20.0) | 45 (24.7) | 59 (31.7) | 1.00 | 1.3 (0.7–2.6) | 1.6 (0.8–3.3) | 1.6 (0.8–3.3) | 0.2 | |
3 to 6 months | Wheeze with a positive skin prick test | 12 (7.6) | 14 (8.4) | 7 (4.5) | 16 (11.0) | 1.00 | 1.3 (0.4–3.9) | 0.3 (0.1–1.5) | 2.6 (0.9–7.3) | 0.2 |
Rhinitis with a positive skin prick test | 9 (6.3) | 22 (14.7) | 10 (7.0) | 13 (10.3) | 1.00 | 6.7 (1.4–31.8) | 3.2 (0.6–16.4) | 4.5 (0.9–22.2) | 0.3 | |
Atopic eczema with a positive skin prick test | 7 (4.9) | 6 (4.0) | 2 (1.4) | 7 (5.3) | 1.00 | 0.8 (0.2–3.1) | 0.2 (0.0–1.6) | 1.0 (0.3–3.8) | 0.8 | |
Positive skin prick test | 43 (23.8) | 41 (22.7) | 46 (25.8) | 35 (21.1) | 1.00 | 1.1 (0.6–2.2) | 1.1 (0.6–2.1) | 0.9 (0.5–1.8) | 0.8 | |
6 to 9 months | Wheeze with a positive skin prick test | 12 (7.6) | 11 (6.7) | 13 (8.5) | 8 (5.3) | 1.00 | 0.4 (0.1–1.4) | 0.7 (0.2–2.0) | 1.1 (0.3–3.5) | 0.9 |
Rhinitis with a positive skin prick test | 12 (8.3) | 13 (9.2) | 12 (8.6) | 9 (7.1) | 1.00 | 0.5 (0.1–1.8) | 0.6 (0.2–2.0) | 0.5 (0.1–1.9) | 0.3 | |
Atopic eczema with a positive skin prick test | 6 (4.2) | 7 (5.1) | 4 (3.0) | 2 (1.6) | 1.00 | 1.4 (0.4–5.8) | 0.8 (0.2–3.6) | 0.7 (0.1–4.3) | 0.6 | |
Positive skin prick test | 40 (23.3) | 45 (25.9) | 37 (22.2) | 34 (20.4) | 1.00 | 0.5 (0.3–0.96) | 0.5 (0.3–1.0) | 0.5 (0.3–1.0) | 0.06 | |
9 to 12 m o n th s | Wheeze with a positive skin prick test | 14 (8.9) | 7 (4.5) | 8 (4.9) | 9 (5.5) | 1.00 | 0.5 (0.1–1.6) | 0.7 (0.2–2.1) |
0.2 (0.0–0.8)
|
0.04
|
Rhinitis with a positive skin prick test | 11 (8.2) | 8 (6.0) | 9 (6.1) | 17 (11.7) | 1.00 | 0.5 (0.1–2.3) | 0.7 (0.2–2.7) | 1.2 (0.3–4.2) | 0.7 | |
Atopic eczema with a positive skin prick test | 4 (2.9) | 1 (0.7) | 6 (4.6) | 4 (2.9) | 1.00 | # | 1.3 (0.3–5.7) | 0.5 (0.1–3.1) | 0.9 | |
Positive skin prick test | 43 (24.9) | 39 (23.8) | 37 (21.4) | 39 (22.9) | 1.00 | 0.9 (0.5–1.6) | 0.8 (0.4–1.5) | 0.5 (0.3–1.1) | 0.1 | |
12 to 15 months | Wheeze with a positive skin prick test | 6 (3.6) | 10 (6.0) | 8 (4.8) | 8 (4.6) | 1.00 | 1.7 (0.5–5.5) | 0.5 (0.1–2.1) | 1.1 (0.3–4.0) | 0.6 |
Rhinitis with a positive skin prick test | 8 (6.1) | 15 (10.7) | 11 (7.6) | 9 (6.0) | 1.00 | 1.3 (0.3–5.2) | 1.3 (0.3–5.1) | 0.8 (0.2–3.3) | 0.7 | |
Atopic eczema with a positive skin prick test | 4 (2.7) | 5 (3.3) | 2 (1.4) | 3 (1.9) | 1.00 | 1.3 (0.3–6.3) | # | 0.8 (0.1–5.4) | 0.3 | |
Positive skin prick test | 49 (27.8) | 40 (23.1) | 37 (20.9) | 37 (20.6) | 1.00 | 0.6 (0.3–1.0) |
0.4 (0.2–0.8)
|
0.4 (0.2–0.8)
|
<0.01
|