Background
Methods
Participant recruitment and familiarization
Strength training program
Supplementation protocol
Testing sequence
Procedures
Training assessment
Diet assessment
Side effect assessment
Body composition
Resting heart rate & blood pressure
Cognitive function assessment
Readiness to perform assessment
Strength testing
Anaerobic capacity testing
Blood chemistry
Statistical analysis
Results
Participant demographics
Variable | Group | Number | Means ± SD |
p-value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age (y) | PLA | 27 | 22.3 ± 3.9 | 0.31 |
PWS | 27 | 20.9 ± 3.9 | ||
PWS + S | 26 | 22.0 ± 2.6 | ||
Height (cm) | PLA | 27 | 178.4 ± 6.9 | 0.64 |
PWS | 27 | 177.0 ± 4.6 | ||
PWS + S | 26 | 177.8 ± 5.6 | ||
Body Weight (kg) | PLA | 27 | 81.1 ± 13.3 | 0.94 |
PWS | 27 | 81.5 ± 13.0 | ||
PWS + S | 26 | 80.2 ± 15.8 | ||
BMI (kg/m2) | PLA | 27 | 25.4 ± 3.4 | 0.72 |
PWS | 27 | 26.1 ± 4.6 | ||
PWS + S | 26 | 25.4 ± 3.4 |
Training volume and diet analysis
Variable | Group | Number | Total Volume |
p-value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Upper body (kg) | PLA | 25 | 279,831 ± 132,101 | 0.33 |
PWS | 27 | 236,691 ± 87,062 | ||
PWS + S | 23 | 269,928 ± 103,130 | ||
Lower body (kg) | PLA | 25 | 314,516 ± 136,966 | 0.66 |
PWS | 27 | 283,825 ± 100,541 | ||
PWS + S | 23 | 305,906 ± 133,611 |
Variable | Group | Number | Time (wk) |
p-value | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 | 4 | 8 | |||||
Energy Intake (kcal/d/kg) | PLA | 26 | 27.06 ± 10.94 | 25.33 ± 9.31 | 24.72 ± 13.50 | Group | 0.27 |
PWS | 25 | 30.15 ± 8.76 | 25.72 ± 8.10 | 26.29 ± 10.99 | Time | 0.29 | |
PWS + S | 23 | 29.03 ± 9.73 | 29.35 ± 13.75 | 32.13 ± 16.48 | G x T | 0.19 | |
Protein (g/d/kg) | PLA | 26 | 1.48 ± 0.57 | 1.46 ± 0.64 | 1.49 ± 0.79 | Group | 0.18 |
PWS | 25 | 1.54 ± 0.50 | 1.37 ± 0.47 | 1.51 ± 0.84 | Time | 0.86 | |
PWS + S | 23 | 1.74 ± 0.79 | 1.83 ± 1.13 | 1.77 ± 0.94 | G x T | 0.72 | |
Carbohydrate (g/d/kg) | PLA | 26 | 2.60 ± 1.11 | 2.56 ± 0.95 | 2.21 ± 1.10 | Group | 0.91 |
PWS | 25 | 2.87 ± 1.10 | 2.46 ± 1.02 | 2.30 ± 1.00 | Time | 0.008 | |
PWS + S | 23 | 2.61 ± 0.89 | 2.64 ± 1.43 | 2.42 ± 1.17 | G x T | 0.55 | |
Fat (g/d/kg) | PLA | 26 | 1.05 ± 0.54 | 0.90 ± 0.41 | 0.98 ± 0.67 | Group | 0.14 |
PWS | 25 | 1.22 ± 0.41 | 1.05 ± 0.45 | 1.14 ± 0.52 | Time | 0.30 | |
PWS + S | 23 | 1.19 ± 0.51 | 1.19 ± 0.84 | 1.30 ± 0.71 | G x T | 0.79 |
Side effect analysis
Body composition
Variables | Group | Number | Time (wk) |
p-value | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 | 4 | 8 | |||||
Body Weight (kg) | PLA | 27 | 81.1 ± 13.4 | 81.8 ± 14.2 | 82.1 ± 14.0 | Group | 0.98 |
PWS | 27 | 81.8 ± 13.3 | 81.3 ± 11.3 | 82.2 ± 12.8 | Time | 0.003 | |
PWS + S | 26 | 80.4 ± 16.1 | 81.3 ± 16.7 | 81.8 ± 17.3 | G x T | 0.28 | |
Fat Mass (kg) | PLA | 27 | 11.3 ± 5.4 | 11.9 ± 5.5 | 11.9 ± 5.2 | Group | 0.75 |
PWS | 27 | 12.7 ± 7.6 | 13.0 ± 7.7 | 12.8 ± 7.4 | Time | 0.10 | |
PWS + S | 26 | 11.3 ± 7.3 | 11.6 ± 8.3 | 11.5 ± 8.5 | G x T | 0.61 | |
Fat-Free Mass (kg) | PLA | 27 | 63.0 ± 10.7 | 63.2 ± 11.2 | 63.4 ± 11.0 | Group | 0.94 |
PWS | 27 | 62.3 ± 7.2 | 62.2 ± 6.7 | 62.7 ± 6.6 | Time | 0.001 | |
PWS + S | 26 | 62.4 ± 9.2 | 63.0 ± 9.0 | 63.6 ± 9.1 | G x T | 0.28 | |
Body Fat (%) | PLA | 27 | 15.1 ± 6.2 | 15.7 ± 6.0 | 15.7 ± 5.6 | Group | 0.55 |
PWS | 27 | 16.1 ± 6.6 | 16.4 ± 6.7 | 16.2 ± 6.3 | Time | 0.23 | |
PWS + S | 26 | 14.5 ± 5.8 | 14.5 ± 6.3 | 14.3 ± 6.1 | G x T | 0.36 | |
Total Body Water (%) | PLA | 27 | 53.6 ± 6.4 | 53.0 ± 4.6 | 52.0 ± 5.5 | Group | 0.40 |
PWS | 27 | 50.5 ± 5.5 | 51.0 ± 5.7 | 51.7 ± 6.3 | Time | 0.82 | |
PWS + S | 26 | 52.2 ± 5.7 | 51.4 ± 5.1 | 51.8 ± 5.9 | G x T | 0.37 |
Resting heart rate & blood pressure
Cognitive function assessment
Variable | Group | Number | Time (wk) |
p-value | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 | 4 | 8 | |||||
Word (counts) | PLA | 27 | 109.8 ± 16.9 | 113.6 ± 17.2 | 116.2 ± 17.5 | Group | 0.33 |
PWS | 27 | 107.7 ± 11.4 | 110.6 ± 10.9 | 115.3 ± 10.9 | Time | <0.001 | |
PWS + S | 26 | 102.3 ± 11.2 | 108.2 ± 17.0 | 112.4 ± 16.1 | G x T | 0.45 | |
Mean ± SD | 106.7 ± 13.7 | 110.8 ± 15.3* | 114.7 ± 15.0*^ | ||||
Color (counts) | PLA | 27 | 80.8 ± 10.6c
| 83.2 ± 11.8c
| 85.7 ± 12.5*c
| Group | 0.35 |
PWS | 27 | 78.2 ± 9.4 | 83.6 ± 9.6*c
| 86.7 ± 10.1*^c
| Time | <0.001 | |
PWS + S | 26 | 77.0 ± 10.4a
| 79.7 ± 9.8*ab
| 82.1 ± 10.8*ab
| G x T | 0.087l
| |
Mean ± SD | 78.7 ± 10.1 | 82.2 ± 10.5* | 84.9 ± 11.2*^ | ||||
Word-Color (counts) | PLA | 27 | 54.1 ± 11.5c
| 55.5 ± 11.5 | 58.5 ± 12.6*c
| Group | 0.42 |
PWS | 27 | 53.1 ± 5.9c
| 56.7 ± 7.4* | 59.1 ± 7.6*c
| Time | <0.001 | |
PWS + S | 26 | 49.2 ± 11.1ab
| 55.0 ± 9.6* | 55.6 ± 10.2*ab
| G x T | 0.04q
|
Readiness to perform assessment
Variable | Group | Number | Time (wk) |
p-value | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 | 4 | 8 | |||||
I slept well last night | PLA | 27 | 3.46 ± 0.90 | 3.43 ± 0.92 | 3.53 ± 0.90 | Group | 0.25 |
PWS | 27 | 3.77 ± 0.93a
| 3.75 ± 0.89 | 3.52 ± 1.17 | Time | 0.83 | |
PWS + S | 26 | 3.21 ± 1.09b
| 3.26 ± 1.11 | 3.59 ± 0.91 | G x T | 0.34 | |
I am looking forward to today’s workout | PLA | 27 | 3.93 ± 0.64 | 3.92 ± 0.61 | 3.63 ± 0.84 | Group | 0.94 |
PWS | 27 | 3.85 ± 0.90 | 4.01 ± 0.68 | 3.77 ± 0.86 | Time | 0.22 | |
PWS + S | 26 | 3.73 ± 0.66 | 3.92 ± 0.68 | 3.93 ± 0.82 | G x T | 0.35 | |
I am optimistic about my future performance | PLA | 27 | 4.39 ± 0.49 | 4.16 ± 0.66 | 3.71 ± 0.95 | Group | 0.25 |
PWS | 27 | 4.50 ± 0.63 | 4.42 ± 0.63 | 4.05 ± 0.66 | Time | <0.001 | |
PWS + S | 26 | 4.21 ± 0.75 | 4.30 ± 0.67 | 3.88 ± 0.99 | G x T | 0.51 | |
I feel vigorous and energetic | PLA | 27 | 3.56 ± 0.71 | 3.24 ± 0.75 | 3.21 ± 0.93 | Group | 0.26 |
PWS | 27 | 3.46 ± 0.94 | 3.46 ± 0.84a
| 3.55 ± 0.73 | Time | 0.17 | |
PWS + S | 26 | 3.21 ± 0.80 | 3.00 ± 0.93b
| 3.38 ± 0.85 | G x T | 0.17 | |
My appetite is great | PLA | 27 | 4.48 ± 0.64b
| 4.25 ± 0.81 | 4.17 ± 0.79 | Group | 0.13 |
PWS | 27 | 4.03 ± 0.81c
| 4.03 ± 0.88 | 4.03 ± 0.79 | Time | 0.12 | |
PWS + S | 26 | 4.05 ± 0.92 | 3.96 ± 1.03 | 3.73 ± 1.11 | G x T | 0.63 | |
I have little muscle soreness | PLA | 27 | 3.84 ± 0.73 | 3.84 ± 0.99 | 3.58 ± 1.04 | Group | 0.66 |
PWS | 27 | 3.56 ± 1.15 | 3.67 ± 1.11 | 3.52 ± 1.00 | Time | 0.93 | |
PWS + S | 26 | 3.52 ± 1.17 | 3.52 ± 1.17 | 3.73 ± 1.11 | G x T | 0.68 |
Performance assessment
Variable | Group | Number | Time (wk) |
p-value | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 | 4 | 8 | |||||
Bench Press (kg) | PLA | 27 | 100.6 ± 20.8 | 102.9 ± 24.7 | 104.0 ± 23.3 | Group | 0.56 |
PWS | 27 | 96.7 ± 23.1 | 99.2 ± 21.3 | 102.7 ± 21.7 | Time | <0.001 | |
PWS + S | 26 | 102.0 ± 16.3 | 106.2 ± 16.7 | 108.6 ± 17.1 | G x T | 0.33 | |
Leg Press (kg) | PLA | 27 | 472.8 ± 149.8 | 490.3 ± 134.2 | 491.1 ± 131.0 | Group | 0.67 |
PWS | 27 | 436.6 ± 96.6 | 466.0 ± 101.9 | 474.0 ± 96.3 | Time | <0.001 | |
PWS + S | 26 | 454.2 ± 79.4 | 474.4 ± 92.1 | 494.9 ± 100.9 | G x T | 0.28 | |
Peak Power (Watt) | PLA | 27 | 1,472 ± 485 | 1,630 ± 475 | 1,507 ± 385 | Group | 0.91 |
PWS | 27 | 1,502 ± 384 | 1,602 ± 354 | 1,603 ± 466 | Time | 0.01 | |
PWS + S | 26 | 1,445 ± 324 | 1,605 ± 444 | 1,544 ± 403 | G x T | 0.83 | |
Mean Power (Watt) | PLA | 27 | 647 ± 146 | 640 ± 133 | 636 ± 127 | Group | 0.95 |
PWS | 27 | 630 ± 72 | 643 ± 66 | 638 ± 69 | Time | 0.23 | |
PWS + S | 26 | 630 ± 114 | 656 ± 134 | 612 ± 145 | G x T | 0.40 | |
Peak Power (Watt/kg) | PLA | 27 | 18.3 ± 5.6 | 20.2 ± 5.4 | 18.4 ± 4.0 | Group | 0.90 |
PWS | 27 | 18.6 ± 4.7 | 19.8 ± 4.6 | 19.8 ± 5.8 | Time | 0.02 | |
PWS + S | 26 | 18.3 ± 3.6 | 20.2 ± 5.3 | 19.4 ± 4.8 | G x T | 0.80 | |
Mean Power (Watt/kg) | PLA | 27 | 8.0 ± 1.1 | 7.9 ± 1.0 | 7.7 ± 0.9 | Group | 0.73 |
PWS | 27 | 7.8 ± 1.2 | 8.0 ± 1.1 | 7.9 ± 1.0 | Time | 0.18 | |
PWS + S | 26 | 8.0 ± 1.1 | 8.2 ± 1.4 | 8.0 ± 1.2 | G x T | 0.33 | |
Total Work (Joules) | PLA | 27 | 19,394 ± 4,377 | 19,217 ± 4,019 | 19,109 ± 3,826 | Group | 0.98 |
PWS | 27 | 18,927 ± 2,166 | 19,319 ± 2,003 | 19,156 ± 2,095 | Time | 0.17 | |
PWS + S | 26 | 18,923 ± 3,431 | 19,680 ± 4,025 | 19,213 ± 3,110 | G x T | 0.29 |
Blood chemistry assessment
Variable | Group | Number | Time (wk) |
p-value | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 | 4 | 8 | |||||
ALP (U/L) | PLA | 27 | 76.8 ± 15.1 | 66.4 ± 12.9 | 71.2 ± 13.4 | Group | 0.24 |
PWS | 27 | 87.2 ± 24.7 | 72.3 ± 19.0 | 78.4 ± 24.9 | Time | <0.001 | |
PWS + S | 26 | 76.4 ± 22.8 | 68.1 ± 17.3 | 74.4 ± 19.6 | G x T | 0.25 | |
ALT (U/L) | PLA | 27 | 25.3 ± 10.0 | 25.0 ± 22.4 | 24.6 ± 13.0 | Group | 0.74 |
PWS | 27 | 25.1 ± 10.1 | 26.9 ± 16.0 | 30.9 ± 17.9 | Time | 0.73 | |
PWS + S | 26 | 26.6 ± 23.0 | 28.6 ± 20.8 | 26.0 ± 12.2 | G x T | 0.55 | |
AST (U/L) | PLA | 27 | 29.1 ± 11.0 | 27.6 ± 17.7 | 27.1 ± 9.8 | Group | 0.47 |
PWS | 27 | 28.8 ± 9.7 | 31.6 ± 26.1 | 33.1 ± 19.7 | Time | 0.96 | |
PWS + S | 26 | 28.4 ± 15.1 | 28.4 ± 10.3 | 27.3 ± 8.5 | G x T | 0.76 | |
CK (U/L) | PLA | 27 | 310.0 ± 217.2 | 263.1 ± 214.4 | 215.5 ± 115.1 | Group | 0.34 |
PWS | 27 | 297.5 ± 160.4 | 256.9 ± 203.7 | 336.1 ± 242.0 | Time | 0.79 | |
PWS + S | 26 | 261.2 ± 130.0 | 324.1 ± 232.2 | 274.8 ± 172.3 | G x T | 0.86 | |
LDH (U/L) | PLA | 27 | 164.2 ± 36.2 | 153.5 ± 33.9 | 159.4 ± 29.5 | Group | 0.90 |
PWS | 27 | 157.7 ± 24.2 | 160.7 ± 37.6 | 162.8 ± 24.3 | Time | 0.19 | |
PWS + S | 26 | 158.8 ± 32.1 | 152.5 ± 24.3 | 160.4 ± 23.6 | G x T | 0.44 | |
BUN (mg/dl) | PLA | 27 | 14.9 ± 4.9 b
| 12.3 ± 6.7 | 16.2 ± 6.8 | Group | 0.62 |
PWS | 27 | 12.0 ± 4.0 c
| 12.3 ± 5.8 | 16.1 ± 5.3 | Time | <0.001 | |
PWS + S | 26 | 13.6 ± 4.9 | 12.6 ± 6.6 | 16.5 ± 5.0 | G x T | 0.55 | |
Creatinine (mg/dl) | PLA | 27 | 1.15 ± 0.44 | 0.72 ± 0.47 | 0.85 ± 0.36a
| Group | 0.27 |
PWS | 27 | 1.08 ± 0.41 | 0.75 ± 0.38 | 0.95 ± 0.31 | Time | <0.001 | |
PWS + S | 26 | 1.13 ± 0.51 | 0.82 ± 0.43 | 1.05 ± 0.28c
| G x T | 0.78 | |
BUN:Creatinine | PLA | 27 | 15.7 ± 9.6 | 24.7 ± 19.1 | 26.5 ± 23.4 | Group | 0.20 |
PWS | 27 | 12.7 ± 6.8 | 22.7 ± 17.3 | 20.4 ± 15.0 | Time | 0.002 | |
PWS + S | 26 | 15.3 ± 10.9 | 20.9 ± 15.1 | 17.9 ± 12.6 | G x T | 0.63 |
Variable | Group | Number | Time (wk) |
p-value | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 | 4 | 8 | |||||
Glucose (mg/dl) | PLA | 27 | 86.6 ± 7.0 | 93.7 ± 12.8* | 93.8 ± 13.0* | Group | 0.90 |
PWS | 27 | 89.4 ± 7.1 | 89.7 ± 8.9 | 95.1 ± 9.2* | Time | <0.001 | |
PWS + S | 26 | 90.7 ± 8.2 | 90.1 ± 5.0 | 95.4 ± 7.9* | G x T | 0.017q
| |
Cholesterol (mg/dl) | PLA | 27 | 159.5 ± 31.6 | 156.9 ± 34.3 | 156.1 ± 41.7 | Group | 0.34 |
PWS | 27 | 164.1 ± 31.3 | 158.1 ± 26.0 | 163.3 ± 32.8 | Time | 0.16 | |
PWS + S | 26 | 174.5 ± 42.8 | 171.9 ± 40.9 | 165.9 ± 36.1 | G x T | 0.44 | |
HDL-C (mg/dl) | PLA | 27 | 53.4 ± 12.6 | 51.8 ± 13.1 | 51.3 ± 15.0 | Group | 0.99 |
PWS | 27 | 52.7 ± 14.7 | 50.0 ± 13.9 | 52.6 ± 14.7 | Time | 0.10 | |
PWS + S | 26 | 53.5 ± 16.2 | 52.7 ± 12.7 | 49.6 ± 15.0 | G x T | 0.24 | |
CHL:HDL | PLA | 27 | 3.1 ± 0.7 | 3.1 ± 0.8 | 3.1 ± 0.7 | Group | 0.38 |
PWS | 27 | 3.2 ± 0.9 | 3.3 ± 0.8 | 3.2 ± 0.7 | Time | 0.35 | |
PWS + S | 26 | 3.9 ± 3.7 | 3.5 ± 1.8 | 4.1 ± 4.4 | G x T | 0.22 | |
LDL-C (mg/dl) | PLA | 27 | 106.0 ± 29.6 | 105.0 ± 31.4 | 104.7 ± 35.1 | Group | 0.32 |
PWS | 27 | 111.4 ± 29.8 | 108.0 ± 23.4 | 110.6 ± 27.9 | Time | 0.43 | |
PWS + S | 26 | 121.0 ± 35.2 | 119.2 ± 42.3 | 116.2 ± 42.2 | G x T | 0.56 | |
Triglyceride (mg/dl) | PLA | 27 | 74.2 ± 33.8 | 81.9 ± 31.5 | 83.6 ± 30.7 | Group | 0.11 |
PWS | 27 | 92.8 ± 43.3 | 98.5 ± 37.8a
| 86.5 ± 37.6 | Time | 0.89 | |
PWS + S | 26 | 81.6 ± 36.6 | 73.9 ± 22.9b
| 80.4 ± 41.9 | G x T | 0.31 |
Variable | Group | Number | Time (wk) |
p-value | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 | 4 | 8 | |||||
WBC Count (x103/μl) | PLA | 27 | 6.09 ± 2.09 | 5.84 ± 1.17 | 6.04 ± 1.52 | Group | 0.36 |
PWS | 27 | 6.64 ± 1.54 | 6.21 ± 1.66 | 5.92 ± 1.17 | Time | 0.09 | |
PWS + S | 26 | 5.98 ± 1.25 | 5.66 ± 1.40 | 5.68 ± 1.74 | G x T | 0.64 | |
RBC Count (x106/μl) | PLA | 27 | 5.09 ± 0.72 | 4.82 ± 0.47 | 4.87 ± 0.54 | Group | 0.72 |
PWS | 27 | 4.92 ± 0.51 | 4.92 ± 0.51 | 4.88 ± 0.34 | Time | 0.88 | |
PWS + S | 26 | 4.87 ± 0.60 | 5.04 ± 0.56 | 5.05 ± 0.64 | G x T | 0.16 | |
Hemoglobin (g/dl) | PLA | 27 | 15.55 ± 2.49 | 14.90 ± 1.35 | 15.12 ± 1.46 | Group | 0.84 |
PWS | 27 | 15.24 ± 1.33 | 15.26 ± 1.76 | 15.03 ± 0.95 | Time | 0.97 | |
PWS + S | 26 | 14.84 ± 2.13 | 15.60 ± 1.78 | 15.61 ± 1.98 | G x T | 0.13 | |
Hematocrit (%) | PLA | 27 | 47.28 ± 6.86 | 44.66 ± 4.31 | 45.04 ± 5.08 | Group | 0.76 |
PWS | 27 | 45.84 ± 4.71 | 45.74 ± 5.60 | 45.45 ± 3.07 | Time | 0.85 | |
PWS + S | 26 | 45.24 ± 5.77 | 46.87 ± 5.22 | 46.77 ± 5.77 | G x T | 0.16 | |
MCV (fL) | PLA | 27 | 92.87 ± 3.89 | 92.72 ± 3.51 | 92.48 ± 3.61 | Group | 0.34 |
PWS | 27 | 93.22 ± 3.37 | 92.98 ± 3.28 | 93.18 ± 2.86 | Time | 0.32 | |
PWS + S | 26 | 92.74 ± 3.03 | 92.98 ± 3.26 | 92.60 ± 3.27 | G x T | 0.37 | |
MCH (pg/cell) | PLA | 27 | 30.53 ± 1.76 | 30.98 ± 2.09 | 31.12 ± 1.81 | Group | 0.80 |
PWS | 27 | 31.06 ± 1.44 | 31.07 ± 1.53 | 30.83 ± 1.48 | Time | 0.13 | |
PWS + S | 26 | 30.37 ± 1.33 | 30.96 ± 1.24 | 30.93 ± 1.60 | G x T | 0.36 | |
MCHC (g/dl) | PLA | 27 | 32.87 ± 1.39 | 33.40 ± 1.46 | 33.69 ± 1.90 | Group | 0.73 |
PWS | 27 | 33.34 ± 1.35 | 33.41 ± 1.42 | 33.09 ± 1.22 | Time | 0.11 | |
PWS + S | 26 | 32.75 ± 0.91 | 33.31 ± 1.37 | 33.39 ± 1.10 | G x T | 0.30 | |
RDW (%) | PLA | 27 | 13.38 ± 0.62c
| 13.28 ± 0.51 | 12.98 ± 0.59 | Group | 0.43 |
PWS | 27 | 13.09 ± 0.58 | 13.11 ± 0.88 | 13.18 ± 0.73 | Time | 0.65 | |
PWS + S | 26 | 12.97 ± 0.58a
| 12.99 ± 0.77 | 13.08 ± 0.72 | G x T | 0.02 | |
Platelet Count (x103/μl) | PLA | 27 | 220.66 ± 75.84 | 233.14 ± 53.34 | 228.96 ± 55.60 | Group | 0.46 |
PWS | 27 | 230.77 ± 45.80 | 234.11 ± 38.24 | 242.92 ± 41.94 | Time | 0.58 | |
PWS + S | 26 | 222.53 ± 67.23 | 222.26 ± 48.51 | 217.38 ± 51.95 | G x T | 0.65 |
Marker | Category | PLA | PWS | PWS + S |
p-value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lipids & Glucose | Cholesterol | No Change | 23 | 24 | 25 | 0.42 |
Normal Baseline, Exceed at 4-weeks | 2 | 0 | 1 | |||
Normal Baseline, Exceed at 8-weeks | 0 | 1 | 0 | |||
Normal 4-weeks, Exceed 8-weeks | 2 | 2 | 0 | |||
HDL-C | No Change | 25 | 21 | 26 | 0.10 | |
Normal Baseline, Exceed at 4-weeks | 1 | 1 | 0 | |||
Normal Baseline, Exceed at 8-weeks | 1 | 1 | 0 | |||
Normal 4-weeks, Exceed 8-weeks | 0 | 4 | 0 | |||
LDL-C | No Change | 15 | 15 | 17 | 0.49 | |
Normal Baseline, Exceed at 4-weeks | 11 | 9 | 9 | |||
Normal Baseline, Exceed at 8-weeks | 1 | 1 | 0 | |||
Normal 4-weeks, Exceed 8-weeks | 0 | 2 | 0 | |||
Triglycerides | No Change | 27 | 27 | 25 | 0.35 | |
Normal Baseline, Exceed at 4-weeks | 0 | 0 | 1 | |||
Normal Baseline, Exceed at 8-weeks | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||
Normal 4-weeks, Exceed 8-weeks | 0 | 0 | 1 | |||
Glucose | No Change | 21 | 23 | 24 | 0.49 | |
Normal Baseline, Exceed at 4-weeks | 2 | 0 | 0 | |||
Normal Baseline, Exceed at 8-weeks | 1 | 1 | 0 | |||
Normal 4-weeks, Exceed 8-weeks | 3 | 3 | 2 | |||
Muscle | LDH | No Change | 20 | 18 | 18 | 0.74 |
Normal Baseline, Exceed at 4-weeks | 1 | 2 | 0 | |||
Normal Baseline, Exceed at 8-weeks | 2 | 1 | 3 | |||
Normal 4-weeks, Exceed 8-weeks | 4 | 6 | 5 | |||
Creatine Kinase | No Change | 19 | 22 | 21 | 0.42 | |
Normal Baseline, Exceed at 4-weeks | 1 | 0 | 0 | |||
Normal Baseline, Exceed at 8-weeks | 0 | 1 | 2 | |||
Normal 4-weeks, Exceed 8-weeks | 7 | 4 | 3 | |||
Kidney | Creatinine | No Change | 23 | 25 | 23 | 0.72 |
Normal Baseline, Exceed at 4-weeks | 2 | 0 | 1 | |||
Normal Baseline, Exceed at 8-weeks | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||
Normal 4-weeks, Exceed 8-weeks | 2 | 2 | 2 | |||
BUN | No Change | 17 | 18 | 19 | 0.41 | |
Normal Baseline, Exceed at 4-weeks | 3 | 2 | 1 | |||
Normal Baseline, Exceed at 8-weeks | 0 | 0 | 2 | |||
Normal 4-weeks, Exceed 8-weeks | 7 | 7 | 4 | |||
Liver | ALP | No Change | 25 | 23 | 25 | 0.28 |
Normal Baseline, Exceed at 4-weeks | 1 | 0 | 0 | |||
Normal Baseline, Exceed at 8-weeks | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||
Normal 4-weeks, Exceed 8-weeks | 1 | 4 | 1 | |||
ALT | No Change | 24 | 22 | 22 | 0.72 | |
Normal Baseline, Exceed at 4-weeks | 1 | 0 | 0 | |||
Normal Baseline, Exceed at 8-weeks | 1 | 2 | 1 | |||
Normal 4-weeks, Exceed 8-weeks | 1 | 3 | 3 | |||
AST | No Change | 23 | 21 | 21 | 0.84 | |
Normal Baseline, Exceed at 4-weeks | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||
Normal Baseline, Exceed at 8-weeks | 0 | 1 | 2 | |||
Normal 4-weeks, Exceed 8-weeks | 3 | 4 | 2 |