Introduction
Participants and methods
Participants and recruitment
Randomization of vitamin D and calcium supplements
RNI | ||
---|---|---|
Energy (kJ) | 163 | 9079/8088 (male/female) |
Protein (g) | 10.2 | 75 |
Fat (g) | 4.7 | 53.7~64.4△ |
Carbohydrate (g) | 20.0 | 271.1~302.5△ |
Dietary fiber (g) | 3.6 | 25.9△ |
Vitamin D (IU) | 400 | 200 |
Calcium (mg) | 300/600/900 | 1000* |
Dietary intake
Anthropometry and bone mineral density
Biochemical analyses
Statistical analysis
Results
Participant characteristics
Control | Ca3D | Ca6D | Ca9D | p value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
N (female) | 73(37) | 49(26) | 56(24) | 54(30) | 0.5745 |
Age (years) | 13.0 ± 0.7 | 13.0 ± 0.7 | 13.1 ± 0.6 | 13.2 ± 0.6 | 0.5118 |
Height (cm) | 155.6 ± 6.9 | 156.4.1 ± 6.7 | 155.5 ± 8.0 | 154.2 ± 8.5 | 0.4752 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 19.2 ± 3.4 | 19.9 ± 4.2 | 18.6 ± 3.1 | 19.2 ± 3.5 | 0.3731 |
Pubertal stage, N (%) | 0.8264 | ||||
I | 4 (5.63) | 5 (9.80) | 5 (8.77) | 5 (8.47) | |
II | 27 (38.03) | 13 (25.49) | 23 (40.35) | 16 (27.12) | |
III | 26 (36.62) | 22 (43.14) | 20 (35.09) | 33 (55.93) | |
IV | 14 (19.72) | 10 (19.61) | 9 (15.79) | 4 (6.78) | |
V | 0 (0) | 1 (1.96) | 0 (0) | 1 (1.69) | |
Calcium intake (mg) | 315.8 ± 260.9 | 372.6 ± 265.9 | 372.5 ± 239.9 | 410.2 ± 318.2 | 0.2481 |
Biochemistry | |||||
ALP (U/L) | 60.02 ± 30.58 | 58.44 ± 21.91 | 61.16 ± 25.15 | 54.98 ± 22.69 | 0.6120 |
TRAP-5b (U/L) | 4.18 ± 2.67a | 4.76 ± 3.16a,b | 5.69 ± 3.54b | 4.11 ± 2.29a | 0.0110 |
IGF-1 (ng/mL) | 789.14 ± 372.40 | 751.65 ± 428.89 | 693.56 ± 423.73 | 666.57 ± 327.42 | 0.2708 |
25(OH)D (nmol/L) | 29.51 ± 9.10 | 29.93 ± 7.94 | 28.58 ± 8.89 | 29.66 ± 8.95 | 0.8615 |
PTH (pg/mL) | 77.26 ± 44.50 | 89.07 ± 39.59 | 99.16 ± 63.31 | 84.71 ± 45.12 | 0.0819 |
Effects of intervention on 25(OH)D, ALP, and TRAP-5b
Control | Ca3D | Ca6D | Ca9D | p value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(N = 62) | (N = 43) | (N = 54) | (N = 48) | Time | Group by time | |
25(OH)D (nmol/L) | − 2.75 ± 1.14* | − 0.73 ± 1.46 | − 0.30 ± 1.19 | 0.29 ± 1.39 | 0.2553 | 0.2588 |
ALP (U/L) | 8.93 ± 5.77 | 12.08 ± 5.87 | 21.46 ± 6.88* | 8.99 ± 5.89 | < 0.0001 | 0.3697 |
TRAP-5b (U/L) | 8.88 ± 0.90* | 9.27 ± 0.98* | 9.39 ± 1.24* | 8.83 ± 1.12* | < 0.0001 | 0.9862 |
Effects of intervention on PTH and IGF-1
Effects of intervention on bone
Control (N = 73) | Ca3D (N = 49) | Ca6D (N = 56) | Ca9D (N = 54) | p value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Time | Group by time | |||||
Total body BMC (g) | ||||||
Baseline | 1831.2 ± 278.3 | 1874.8 ± 347.7 | 1784.6 ± 322.8 | 1801.2 ± 356.0 | < 0.0001 | 0.5142 |
one year | 2039.9 ± 281.9 | 2071.4 ± 309.4 | 2015.3 ± 334.3 | 2004.5 ± 399.2 | ||
one and a half years | 2171.3 ± 328.9 | 2180.9 ± 324.2 | 2136.0 ± 337.8 | 2146.3 ± 435.4 | ||
Total body aBMD (g/cm2) | ||||||
Baseline | 0.749 ± 0.071 | 0.762 ± 0.092 | 0.733 ± 0.076 | 0.748 ± 0.085 | < 0.0001 | 0.4225 |
one year | 0.781 ± 0.073 | 0.787 ± 0.090 | 0.774 ± 0.082 | 0.779 ± 0.097 | ||
one and a half years | 0.816 ± 0.089 | 0.812 ± 0.089 | 0.810 ± 0.094 | 0.813 ± 0.112 | ||
Lumbar spine aBMD (g/cm2) | ||||||
Baseline | 0.812 ± 0.139 | 0.816 ± 0.170 | 0.781 ± 0.131 | 0.805 ± 0.127 | < 0.0001 | 0.6132 |
one year | 0.918 ± 0.169 | 0.918 ± 0.165 | 0.869 ± 0.160 | 0.895 ± 0.169 | ||
one and a half years | 0.952 ± 0.135 | 0.946 ± 0.164 | 0.933 ± 0.153 | 0.937 ± 0.138 | ||
Total hip aBMD (g/cm2) | ||||||
Baseline | 0.845 ± 0.102 | 0.855 ± 0.131 | 0.837 ± 0.118 | 0.856 ± 0.108 | < 0.0001 | 0.1780 |
one year | 0.870 ± 0.108 | 0.889 ± 0.124 | 0.856 ± 0.116 | 0.865 ± 0.120 | ||
one and a half years | 0.892 ± 0.124 | 0.888 ± 0.123 | 0.900 ± 0.150 | 0.892 ± 0.133 |