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The Journal of Headache and Pain

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Open Access 01.12.2017 | Short report

Effects of non-invasive vagus nerve stimulation on attack frequency over time and expanded response rates in patients with chronic cluster headache: a post hoc analysis of the randomised, controlled PREVA study

verfasst von: Charly Gaul, Delphine Magis, Eric Liebler, Andreas Straube

Erschienen in: The Journal of Headache and Pain | Ausgabe 1/2017

Abstract

Background

In the PREVention and Acute treatment of chronic cluster headache (PREVA) study, attack frequency reductions from baseline were significantly more pronounced with non-invasive vagus nerve stimulation plus standard of care (nVNS + SoC) than with SoC alone. Given the intensely painful and frequent nature of chronic cluster headache attacks, additional patient-centric outcomes, including the time to and level of therapeutic response, were evaluated in a post hoc analysis of the PREVA study.

Findings

After a 2-week baseline phase, 97 patients with chronic cluster headache entered a 4-week randomised phase to receive nVNS + SoC (n = 48) or SoC alone (n = 49). All 92 patients who continued into a 4-week extension phase received nVNS + SoC. Compared with SoC alone, nVNS + SoC led to a significantly lower mean weekly attack frequency by week 2 of the randomised phase; the attack frequency remained significantly lower in the nVNS + SoC group through week 3 of the extension phase (P < 0.02). Attack frequencies in the nVNS + SoC group were significantly lower at all study time points than they were at baseline (P < 0.05). Response rates were significantly greater with nVNS + SoC than with SoC alone when response was defined as attack frequency reductions of ≥25%, ≥50%, and ≥75% from baseline (≥25% and ≥50%, P < 0.001; ≥75%, P = 0.009). The 100% response rate was 8% with nVNS + SoC and 0% with SoC alone.

Conclusions

Prophylactic nVNS led to rapid, significant, and sustained reductions in chronic cluster headache attack frequency within 2 weeks after its addition to SoC and was associated with significantly higher ≥25%, ≥50%, and ≥75% response rates than SoC alone. The rapid decrease in weekly attack frequency justifies a 4-week trial period to identify responders to nVNS, with a high degree of confidence, among patients with chronic cluster headache.

cCH

Chronic cluster headache

Cluster headache

Confidence interval

mITT

Modified intent-to-treat

nVNS

Non-invasive vagus nerve stimulation

PREVA

The PREVention and Acute treatment of chronic cluster headache study

Standard deviation

SoC

Standard of care

Background

Cluster headache (CH) imposes a substantial health care burden and affects approximately 1 in 1000 individuals worldwide [1‐3], with chronic cluster headache (cCH) comprising 10% to 15% of cases [4]. Patients with cCH experience many intense attacks, which have been described as the worst possible pain one can experience [4, 5]. Clinical studies and evidence-based guidelines on CH prophylaxis are limited, and few prophylactic treatment options are available for this condition [6‐9]. Lithium is the only prophylactic medication currently approved for CH (only in Germany); however, there is a lack of rigorous, randomised, controlled studies of this drug and other treatments such as verapamil and topiramate, which are used off-label for CH attack prevention [6, 10, 11].

The PREVention and Acute treatment of chronic cluster headache (PREVA) study of non-invasive vagus nerve stimulation (nVNS) (gammaCore^®; electroCore, LLC; Basking Ridge, NJ, USA) used adjunctively with standard of care (SoC) is the largest cCH prophylaxis trial to show significant treatment effects [6, 12]. The primary end point of PREVA was achieved, demonstrating a significantly more pronounced reduction from baseline in weekly attack frequency with nVNS + SoC than with SoC alone and yielding a mean therapeutic benefit of 3.9 fewer attacks per week (P = 0.02) [12]. Secondary end points were also met for patients in the nVNS + SoC group; 40% had a ≥50% reduction in weekly attack frequency, and a 57% reduction from baseline in abortive medication/oxygen use was observed (P < 0.001) [12]. Economic analyses of PREVA from German and UK perspectives demonstrated that nVNS + SoC was more cost-effective when compared with SoC alone [13].

An increasing interest in clinically informative and patient-centric outcomes, including the time to and level of therapeutic response, has been identified in the literature [4, 14, 15]. These outcomes are improving the ability of health care professionals and payers to assess the clinical significance of observed treatment benefits [4, 14, 15]. Randomised controlled studies of several emerging therapies for primary headache have expanded the definition of responder rate to include various levels of response (i.e. ≥25%, ≥50%, ≥75%, and 100%) [14‐17]. A treatment’s capacity for faster onset and higher levels of response may be of particular importance for patients with CH because of the excruciating nature and therapeutic urgency of the associated pain [18, 19]. Here, we report a post hoc analysis of PREVA to further investigate the time to therapeutic benefit onset and the response rate levels associated with adjunctive nVNS used in cCH prophylaxis. This analysis allows clinicians to justify continued treatment for responders identified within a defined period.

Methods

Study design

A complete description of the methods for the 3-phase, multicentre, prospective, randomised, controlled PREVA study has been reported elsewhere [12]. After a 2-week baseline phase, in which all participants received their individualised SoC therapy, patients were randomly assigned (1:1) to receive nVNS + SoC or SoC alone during a 4-week randomised phase. An optional 4-week extension phase followed, with all patients receiving nVNS + SoC.

Study population

Patients were 18 to 70 years of age and had been diagnosed with cCH according to International Classification of Headache Disorders (ICHD) criteria [4] more than 1 year before enrolment. Patients who had a change in prophylactic medication type or dosage less than 1 month before enrolment were excluded, as were those with a history of intracranial/carotid aneurysm, haemorrhage, surgery (e.g. carotid endarterectomy or vascular neck surgery), syncope, or seizures. Other key exclusion criteria were significant head trauma, known or suspected cardiac/cardiovascular disease, and current implantation with electrical or neurostimulation devices or metallic hardware.

Intervention

Throughout PREVA, no changes in a patient’s prophylactic regimen were allowed. The nVNS-treated patients self-administered three 2-minute prophylactic stimulations (each separated by a period of 5 min) to the right side of the neck (right vagus nerve); this preventive treatment regimen occurred twice daily for a total of 6 stimulations per day. Three additional nVNS stimulations were permitted as needed for the acute treatment of individual CH attacks. Patients were permitted to receive abortive medications if their CH attacks persisted beyond 15 min after stimulation.

End points

Mean weekly attack frequency over time, global percentage change from baseline in weekly CH attack frequency at the end of the randomised phase, and response rates in the randomised phase were evaluated in this post hoc analysis. Cut-offs of ≥25%, ≥50%, ≥75%, and 100% reductions from baseline in attack frequency were used to define response. The ≥50% response rate was a secondary end point of the PREVA study [12]. The remaining response rates were defined specifically for this post hoc analysis.

Statistical analyses

All end points in this post hoc analysis were evaluated using a modified intent-to-treat (mITT) population, defined as subjects who had available data for each study week. For mean weekly attack frequency and global percentage change in weekly attack frequency, P values were derived from the t test. For response rates, P values were derived from the Fisher exact test or the chi-square test as appropriate.

Findings

Patients

Complete descriptions of patient disposition, demographics, and baseline characteristics in PREVA have been reported previously [12]. A total of 97 patients with cCH were randomly assigned to receive nVNS + SoC (n = 48) or SoC alone (n = 49) (Fig. 1). Demographics, baseline characteristics, and use of prophylactic SoC medications (i.e. verapamil, lithium, topiramate, and corticosteroids) were comparable between groups (Table 1). The number of patients in the mITT population varied among the end points because of its dependence on the availability of measurable observations. Of the 92 patients who continued into the extension phase, 44 continued to receive nVNS + SoC and 48 switched from SoC alone to nVNS + SoC.

Table 1

PREVA Demographics and Baseline Characteristics

Characteristic	nVNS + SoC (n = 48)	SoC Alone (n = 49)
Age (y), mean ± SD	45.4 ± 11.0	42.3 ± 11.0
Sex (male), No. (%)	34 (71)	33 (67)
Time since cCH onset (y), mean ± SD	4.7 ± 3.9	5.0 ± 3.7^a
CH attack duration (min), mean ± SD
With acute pharmacologic medications/oxygen	27.4 ± 19.8	29.3 ± 29.9^b
Without acute pharmacologic medications/oxygen	95.2 ± 57.7^c	103.3 ± 66.8
Number of CH attacks in the 4 weeks before enrolment, mean ± SD	67.3 ± 43.6^c	73.9 ± 115.8
Use of prophylactic CH medications, No. (%)
Verapamil/verapamil hydrochloride	25 (52)	26 (53)
Lithium/lithium carbonate	6 (13)	9 (18)
Topiramate	7 (15)	7 (14)
Corticosteroids	2 (4)	2 (4)
Use of acute CH medications/oxygen, No. (%)
Pharmacologic medications	43 (90)	44 (90)
Oxygen	32 (67)	34 (69)

Abbreviations: CH cluster headache, nVNS non-invasive vagus nerve stimulation, SD standard deviation, SoC standard of care

^aData were missing for 2 patients in the SoC alone group. ^bData were missing for 1 patient in the SoC alone group. ^cData were missing for 1 patient in the nVNS + SoC group. Adapted with permission from: Gaul C, Diener HC, Silver N, et al. (2016) Non-invasive vagus nerve stimulation for PREVention and Acute treatment of chronic cluster headache (PREVA): a randomised controlled study. Cephalalgia 36:534–546. Copyright 2016 SAGE Publishing

Weekly attack frequency

The mean weekly attack frequency was significantly lower with nVNS + SoC than with SoC alone from week 2 of the randomised phase through week 3 of the extension phase (P < 0.02; Fig. 2). For the nVNS + SoC group, attack frequencies were significantly reduced from baseline beginning at week 1 of the randomised phase and continuing through week 4 of the extension phase (P < 0.05). Attack frequencies were relatively stable throughout the extension phase.

Global mean attack frequency at the end of the randomised phase had decreased by 40% from baseline in the nVNS + SoC group and had increased by 1% with SoC alone, representing a 41% therapeutic benefit of nVNS (P < 0.001; Fig. 3).

Response rates

At the end of the randomised phase, a significantly higher percentage of patients in the nVNS + SoC group than in the SoC group had ≥25%, ≥50%, and ≥75% attack frequency reductions from baseline (≥25% and ≥50%, P < 0.001; ≥75%, P = 0.009; Fig. 4). There were 3 patients (8%) in the nVNS + SoC group who had a 100% attack frequency reduction; no patients who received SoC alone had a 100% response.

Safety and tolerability

As previously reported [12], nVNS was safe and well tolerated in the PREVA study. There were similar proportions of patients in the nVNS + SoC and SoC groups who reported ≥1 adverse event. Rates of discontinuation due to adverse events were also similar between groups. No serious device-related adverse events occurred.

Discussion

Our post hoc analysis of the PREVA study helps to further define the possible clinical value of the nVNS efficacy observed in the largest study of cCH prophylaxis to date that showed significant treatment effects [6, 12]. Significant beneficial effects were seen with nVNS + SoC (versus SoC alone) within 2 weeks after nVNS initiation. The SoC control group began to experience significant treatment benefits within 1 week after switching to nVNS + SoC. The potential for further benefits with continued nVNS treatment is consistent with findings from several studies [12, 20‐23]. Significant reductions from baseline in weekly attack frequency were observed by the end of the first week of treatment and were sustained until the end of the study (i.e. week 8). In the 4-week randomised phase, nVNS + SoC treatment led to a 40% reduction in CH attack frequency, whereas SoC alone resulted in a 1% increase. The ≥25%, ≥50%, and ≥75% response rates were significantly higher with nVNS + SoC than with SoC alone. Limitations of this analysis are similar to those that have been well documented for post hoc analyses in general [24].

As important as the statistically significant findings, nVNS had effects that were clinically meaningful, defined as the ability to provide practical advantages that address current therapeutic challenges [25]. The excruciating nature of CH attacks warrants a greater sense of urgency for prophylactic treatment [18, 19] that may be addressed by nVNS with its rapid onset of efficacy, which was significant within 2 weeks of nVNS addition to SoC, and its beneficial effects on ≥25%, ≥50%, ≥75%, and 100% response rates. For the nVNS + SoC group, the time to response is as fast as that seen in a previous clinical study of patients with episodic CH treated with verapamil, which is also considered to have an early onset of effect once therapeutic levels are reached [18, 26]. Nearly half of patients treated with nVNS during the randomised phase of PREVA experienced a ≥50% response, which exceeds the 30% improvement that is widely accepted by general pain specialists as clinically meaningful [27‐29]. The ≥25% response experienced by the majority of patients (76%) in the current analysis would likely also be considered clinically meaningful for those suffering from the intense pain of cCH.

Our analysis has identified subgroups of patients with dramatic responses similar to those seen in studies of other therapies for primary headache [14, 16, 17]. In the nVNS + SoC group, 8% of patients were attack free for the duration of the randomised phase, and no patients receiving SoC alone had this result. A ≥75% reduction in weekly attacks occurred in 22% of patients receiving nVNS + SoC compared with 2% of patients receiving SoC alone. Further efforts towards identifying potential predictors of such favourable responses may help to individualise future treatment decisions regarding adjunctive nVNS prophylaxis.

The safety, tolerability, and practicality of nVNS are well established [12, 22, 23, 30‐33]. Based on the frequent pharmacologic dosing and potentially indefinite treatment period required for cCH, important challenges of prophylaxis include the potential for drug interactions and drug-related adverse events including atrioventricular conduction abnormalities, tremor, and confusion [18]. In PREVA, nVNS was easily incorporated into the existing pharmacologic SoC regimens without any risk of drug interactions or drug-related adverse events [12]. The safety and tolerability profile of nVNS may also help to avoid potential delays in pain relief, as seen in certain patients treated with verapamil, which requires gradual titration in order to minimize the risk of third-degree atrioventricular block [18, 34]. The significant reduction in abortive pharmacologic medication/oxygen use in the nVNS + SoC group of PREVA helps to mitigate the drug-related safety and tolerability, dosing, and portability challenges of existing acute CH therapies [7, 12, 35, 36]. Although PREVA did not examine the effects of nVNS in patients with episodic CH, the rapid beneficial effects on attack frequency observed within 2 weeks of treatment initiation in this cCH analysis, combined with the established safety profile of nVNS, suggest that a trial in episodic CH would be clinically reasonable.

Conclusions

In this post hoc analysis of attack frequency over time and expanded response rates, the practical combination of nVNS and currently available cCH treatments led to rapid, sustained, and clinically meaningful responses. Within 2 weeks after the addition of prophylactic nVNS to SoC, sustained reductions in attack frequency were significantly greater with this combination than with SoC alone. After 4 weeks, patients’ average weekly attack frequency was 41% lower with prophylactic nVNS + SoC treatment than with SoC alone. The rapid decrease in weekly attack frequency justifies a 4-week trial period to identify responders to nVNS, with a high degree of confidence, among patients with cCH. The ≥25%, ≥50%, and ≥75% response rates were significantly higher with adjunctive nVNS than with SoC alone.

Preva study group

Investigators are listed by country. 1. Germany: Migraine and Headache Clinic, Königstein – Charly Gaul, MD, PhD (principal investigator), and Ronald Brand, MD (subinvestigator); University Hospital-Essen, Essen – Hans-Christoph Diener, MD, PhD (principal investigator), and Kasja Rabe, Holle Dagny, Steffen Nägel, MD, and Maja Bak, MD (subinvestigators); Ludwig-Maximilian University, Munich – Andreas Straube, MD (principal investigator), and Bernhard Blum, MD, Ruth Ruscheweyh, MD, and Ozan Eren, MD (subinvestigators); Department of Neurology, Charité University Hospital, Berlin – Uwe Reuter, MD (principal investigator), and Heike Israel-Willner, MD, and Lars Neeb, MD (subinvestigators); Krankenhaus Lindenbrunn, Lindenbrunn – Stefan Evers, MD, PhD (principal investigator); 2. United Kingdom: The Walton Centre for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Liverpool – Nicholas Silver, MBBS, PhD (principal investigator), and Helen Banks, MD, and Heike Arndt, MD (subinvestigators); The Southern General Hospital, Glasgow – Alok Tyagi, MD (principal investigator); Hull Royal Infirmary, Hull – Fayyaz Ahmed, MD (principal investigator), and Anwar Osman, MD (subinvestigator); 3. Belgium: Liège University, Liège – Delphine Magis, MD, PhD (principal investigator), and Jean Schoenen, MD (subinvestigator); 4. Italy: Sant’Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome – Paolo Martelleti, MD (principal investigator), and Andrea Negro, MD (subinvestigator).

Acknowledgements

The authors would like to acknowledge Hans-Christoph Diener, MD, PhD; Nicholas Silver, MBBS, PhD; Uwe Reuter, MD; and Annelie Andersson for their contributions to the original publication of the PREVA study, as well as all of the investigators and study sites. The PREVA study investigators acknowledge the contributions of all the nurses and study coordinators. Post hoc statistical analyses were conducted by Candace McClure, PhD, of North American Science Associates Inc. (Minneapolis, MN, USA). Professional writing and editorial support was provided by Stefanie Dorlas, BMath, BEd, of MedLogix Communications, LLC, under the direction of the authors.

Funding

The PREVA study and this post hoc analysis were funded by electroCore, LLC. Statistical analyses by North American Science Associates (NAMSA) Inc. (Minneapolis, MN, USA) were supported by electroCore, LLC. Professional writing and editorial support from MedLogix Communications, LLC (Schaumburg, IL, USA), funded by electroCore, LLC, was provided under the direction of the authors throughout draft development and revisions in accordance with International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE) criteria for authorship. The authors are guarantors of this document, which expresses the opinions and conclusions of the authors and not those of their corresponding affiliations. None of the authors received compensation from a pharmaceutical company, device company, or other agency for their contributions to the development of this manuscript.

Availability of data and materials

Data from the PREVA study are available in the following publication: Gaul C, Diener HC, Silver N, et al. (2016) Non-invasive vagus nerve stimulation for PREVention and Acute treatment of chronic cluster headache (PREVA): a randomised controlled study. Cephalalgia 36:534–546. doi:10.1177/0333102415607070. The datasets supporting the conclusions of this article are included within the article and have been validated by NAMSA; additional files can be provided upon request.

Authors’ contributions

CG: drafting/revising the manuscript, study concept or design, analysis or interpretation of data, acquisition of data, and approval of the final draft. DM: drafting/revising the manuscript, acquisition of data, and approval of the final draft. EL: drafting/revising the manuscript, study concept or design, analysis or interpretation of data, and approval of the final draft. AS: drafting/revising the manuscript, acquisition of data, and approval of the final draft.

Competing interests

CG has received honoraria from Allergan plc; Bayer AG; Boehringer Ingelheim GmbH; Desitin Arzneimittel GmbH; electroCore, LLC; Grünenthal GmbH; Hormosan Pharma GmbH; Eli Lilly and Company; Novartis Pharma AG; Ratiopharm GmbH; and Reckitt Benckiser Group plc. He has no ownership interests and does not own any pharmaceutical company stocks. DM has received travel grants from Allergan, Inc.; Bayer; Biogen Idec, Inc; and electroCore, LLC. EL is an employee of electroCore, LLC, and receives stock ownership. AS has received honoraria from Allergan plc; Berlin-Chemie AG; Boehringer Ingelheim GmbH; Desitin Arzneimittel GmbH; electroCore, LLC; Hormosan Pharma GmbH; Medical Specialties Distributors, LLC; Novartis Pharma AG; and Teva GmBh. He has also received grants from the German Council of Science and Humanities; the German Secretary of Education; the Else Kröner-Fresenius Foundation; and the Ludwig-Maximilian University.

Not applicable.

The PREVA study was conducted in accordance with principles and requirements of the Declaration of Helsinki, Good Clinical Practices, and clinical trial registration (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT01701245). Investigators obtained ethics approval for this study from Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Charité Mitte Ethik-Kommission (reference number: EA1/272/12); Ethik-Kommission der Universität Duisburg-Essen (reference number: 12-5228-BO); Ethik-Kommission bei der Landesärztekammer Hessen (reference number: FF97/2012); Ärztekammer Niedersachsen (reference number: grae/257/2012); Ethik-Kommission der Medizinischen Fakultät (reference number: 461/12); Comitato Etico dell’Azienda Ospedaliera Sant’Andrea, Istituito ai sensi del OM (reference number: 13918/2013); Belgium Local Ethics Committee (reference number: B412201317020 1307); West of Scotland Research Ethics Committee 4 (reference number: 13/WS/0143). Upon recruitment, all study subjects provided informed consent to participate.

Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.

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Titel: Effects of non-invasive vagus nerve stimulation on attack frequency over time and expanded response rates in patients with chronic cluster headache: a post hoc analysis of the randomised, controlled PREVA study
verfasst von: Charly Gaul
Delphine Magis
Eric Liebler
Andreas Straube
Publikationsdatum: 01.12.2017
Verlag: Springer Milan
Erschienen in: The Journal of Headache and Pain / Ausgabe 1/2017
Print ISSN: 1129-2369
Elektronische ISSN: 1129-2377
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s10194-017-0731-4

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Springer Medizin

Effects of non-invasive vagus nerve stimulation on attack frequency over time and expanded response rates in patients with chronic cluster headache: a post hoc analysis of the randomised, controlled PREVA study

Abstract

Background

Findings

Conclusions

Background

Methods

Study design

Study population

Intervention

End points

Statistical analyses

Findings

Patients

Weekly attack frequency

Response rates

Safety and tolerability

Discussion

Conclusions

Preva study group

Acknowledgements

Funding

Availability of data and materials

Authors’ contributions

Competing interests

Neu im Fachgebiet AINS

Magen-Darm-Blutungen werden präklinisch oft falsch eingeschätzt

Sepsis-Verdacht: Eine Stunde, fünf essenzielle Maßnahmen

Hinter dieser Appendizitis steckte ein Erreger

Ärztliche Empathie hilft gegen Rückenschmerzen

Update AINS

Springer Medizin

Abstract

Background

Findings

Conclusions

Background

Methods

Study design

Study population

Intervention

End points

Statistical analyses

Findings

Patients

Weekly attack frequency

Response rates

Safety and tolerability

Discussion

Conclusions

Preva study group

Acknowledgements

Funding

Availability of data and materials

Authors’ contributions

Competing interests

Consent for publication

Ethics approval and consent to participate

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Subjective cognitive decline in patients with migraine and its relationship with depression, anxiety, and sleep quality

Alteration of gray matter texture features over the whole brain in medication-overuse headache using a 3-dimentional texture analysis

Erratum to: Psychiatric comorbidities and photophobia in patients with migraine

Identification of subgroups of patients with tension type headache with higher widespread pressure pain hyperalgesia

Lower inhibitory control interacts with greater pain catastrophizing to predict greater pain intensity in women with migraine and overweight/obesity

Neu im Fachgebiet AINS

Magen-Darm-Blutungen werden präklinisch oft falsch eingeschätzt

Sepsis-Verdacht: Eine Stunde, fünf essenzielle Maßnahmen

Hinter dieser Appendizitis steckte ein Erreger

Ärztliche Empathie hilft gegen Rückenschmerzen

Update AINS